Localization Of Pathological Changes Research Articles

Characteristics of X-ray pattern of lung lesion in COVID-19 in adult patients with cystic fibrosis

Background. Patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) fall into the risk group of breathing passages infection as a result of clinical features of the disease. During the period of COVID-19 pandemic,the necessity of understanding how infection affects the course of the main disease has appeared, taking into account that viability of patients is essentially determined by the degree of lung lesion. Early diagnostics and complex therapy of coronavirus infection increase the lifespan of CF patients and improve quality of life. X-ray examinations play the leading role in solving this problem.
 Purpose – to establish risk factors of the main pathological process aggravation by determining diagnostic significance of roentgen sings of lung lesion in COVID-19 in CF adult patients.
 Materials and methods. Theanalysis of radiography and computed tomography results of 11 adult patients with CF of moderate and severe degree who were also diagnosed with coronavirus infection.
 Results. The main X-ray symptoms in observed patients with CF with confirmed diagnosis of coronavirus infection was pneumonic infiltration of different degrees in the setting of diffuse changes of lung pattern and features of pulmonary emphysema. Besides symptoms of the main disease, computed tomography allowed us to find the signs, which we consider to be the signs of pneumonia caused by COVID-19 infection – induration of lung tissue in the form of ground-glass opacity, presence of ground-glass areas of different shapes with reticular changes and consolidation of lung tissue, bilateral localization of pathological changes, predominantly in basal and subpleural areas.
 Conclusions. Lung lesion conditioned by COVID-19 in radiography of CF patients may be disguised by the features of the main disease manifestations. Therefore, any X-ray evidence of inflammatory lung changes in CF patients during the epidemic period must be regarded as COVID-19 suspected, and polymerase chain reaction and computed tomography must be performed.

СКРИНИНГОВОЕ ПАТОЛОГО-АНАТОМИЧЕСКОЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ПОСЛЕДА КАК РЕЗЕРВ ДЛЯ СНИЖЕНИЯ ПЕРИНАТАЛЬНОЙ ЛЕТАЛЬНОСТИ

Introduction. The continuity of the morphofunctional system "mother-placenta-fetus" allows for the histological examination of the placenta to reveal risk groups for the newborn, pregnant women, puerperas, and to take out preventive measures. Aim of the research. To study the structure and localization of pathological changes in the placenta and the significance of mass pathomorphological studies as a reserve for reducing infant and perinatal mortality. Materials and methods. The afterbirths were examined according to the algorithm proposed by A.P. Milovanov (1999). Histological examination assessed the maturity of the placenta, the severity of compensatory-adaptive reactions and involutive-dystrophic changes, noted the presence and severity of inflammatory changes both in the placenta (placentitis, intervillusitis, villusitis) and extraplacental membranes (choriodeciduiitis, chorioamnionitis). Results. In a large-scale pathoanatomical examination of placentas, the proportion of normal mature placentas without pathological findings was up to 20%. The main pathological process in the placenta is an acute and chronic inflammation, often combined with chronic placental insufficiency (up to 77%). Among the forms of chronic placental insufficiency, the variant of pathological immaturity predominates – immature intermediate villi. For severe inflammation, the most common localization was noted in the fetal membranes, which reflects the ascending route of intrauterine infection. For chronic inflammation, the most common localization was basal deciduitis and parietal choriodeciduitis, which is associated with a high incidence of latent infectious foci in women. Conclusion. A large-scale pathoanatomical examination of placentas , with the identification of risk groups for newborns, along with other factors, can serve as a reserve for reducing perinatal and early neonatal mortality.

A robust method for the detection of small changes in relaxation parameters and free water content in the vicinity of the substantia nigra in Parkinson's disease patients.

Alterations in the substantia nigra are strongly associated with Parkinson’s disease. However, due to low contrast and partial volume effects present in typical MRI images, the substantia nigra is not of sufficient size to obtain a reliable segmentation for region-of-interest based analysis. To combat this problem, the approach proposed here offers a method to investigate and reveal changes in quantitative MRI parameters in the vicinity of substantia nigra without any a priori delineation. This approach uses an alternative method of statistical, voxel-based analysis of quantitative maps and was tested on 18 patients and 15 healthy controls using a well-established, quantitative free water mapping protocol. It was possible to reveal the topology and the location of pathological changes in the substantia nigra and its vicinity. Moreover, a decrease in free water content, T1 and T2* in the vicinity of substantia nigra was indicated in the Parkinson’s disease patients compared to the healthy controls. These findings reflect a disruption of grey matter and iron accumulation, which is known to lead to neurodegeneration. Consequently, the proposed method demonstrates an increased sensitivity for the detection of pathological changes—even in small regions—and can facilitate disease monitoring via quantitative MR parameters.

Częstość występowania i różnorodność patologicznych zmian w jamie ustnej u pacjentów leczonych w Zakładzie Chirurgii Stomatologicznej WUM w latach 2012–2017. Badanie retrospektywne

Introduction A large number of lesions of various etiopathogenesis may be found in the oral cavity. They range from benign inflammatory-hyperplastic changes to malignant tumors. The following study aims to statistically show the frequency and type of changes depending on the age and sex of patients treated in the Department of Dental Surgery of the Medical University of Warsaw. Material and methods 612 results of histopathological examinations of sections or entire lesions of the oral cavity collected from patients in the years 2012–2017 were analyzed. The results were analyzed in terms of gender, age and the site of tissue collection. Neoplasms and 8 other groups of lesions of the mucosa were distinguished. Results The most common lesion was fibroma (35%), followed by a chronic inflammatory process (15.4%), and salivary gland cysts (11.9%). Papillomas (HPV) accounted for 10.5%, epilemomas 9.64%, tumors 6.54%, cysts and ulcers 4.74% and 4.25%, respectively. Pre-neoplastic lesions were found in 70 cases. These included ulcerations, leukoplakia, changes with metaplasia, dysplasia and pseudo-neoplastic hyperplasia. The most common localization of pathological changes in the oral cavity was related to the gums. Conclusions Many lesions of various etiology may present with a similar clinical manifestation. Therefore, in order to correctly diagnose pathological changes in the oral cavity, it is necessary to conduct a thorough medical history and physical examination, and identify the factors that may have caused the lesion. A particular group of pathological changes of the oral mucosa are ulcers which, despite a conservative approach, do not respond to treatment. In such cases a neoplasm should be suspected and a section of the lesion be obtained for histopathological evaluation which is the only reliable method that allows a final diagnosis.

Interpretation of Brain Morphology in Association to Alzheimer's Disease Dementia Classification Using Graph Convolutional Networks on Triangulated Meshes.

We propose a mesh-based technique to aid in the classification of Alzheimer's disease dementia (ADD) using mesh representations of the cortex and subcortical structures. Deep learning methods for classification tasks that utilize structural neuroimaging often require extensive learning parameters to optimize. Frequently, these approaches for automated medical diagnosis also lack visual interpretability for areas in the brain involved in making a diagnosis. This work: (a) analyzes brain shape using surface information of the cortex and subcortical structures, (b) proposes a residual learning framework for state-of-the-art graph convolutional networks which offer a significant reduction in learnable parameters, and (c) offers visual interpretability of the network via class-specific gradient information that localizes important regions of interest in our inputs. With our proposed method leveraging the use of cortical and subcortical surface information, we outperform other machine learning methods with a 96.35% testing accuracy for the ADD vs. healthy control problem. We confirm the validity of our model by observing its performance in a 25-trial Monte Carlo cross-validation. The generated visualization maps in our study show correspondences with current knowledge regarding the structural localization of pathological changes in the brain associated to dementia of the Alzheimer's type.

Idiopathic lobular panniculitis: clinical and morphological correlations

To study the morphological features of idiopathic lobular panniculitis (ILP) in accordance with the nature of the course and clinical forms of the disease. Biopsy specimens were studied in 62 patients with various clinical forms of ILP. Biopsy and surgical materials were investigated by light optical morphological methods. The results were statistically processed using a statistical analysis software Statistica Version 10 package for Windows ('StatSoft Inc.', USA). The differences were considered statistically significant at an error level of p<0.05. Methods, such as Pearson's c2 test (analysis of contingency tables), Student's t-test, Z-test for comparison of proportions, nonparametric tests, such as Mann-Whitney U-test, Kruskal-Wallis test, were used to assess the results. The nature of the morphological parameters of the disease corresponded to the course of ILP. The acute course of the disease was characterized by the predominance of liponecrosis and inflammation concurrent with productive-destructive vasculitis. In the chronic course, there was a preponderance of lymphohistiocytic infiltrate with gigantic macrophages (lipophages) and granuloma-like structures. The above morphological changes were characteristic of the phagocytic morphological stage of node formation. The fibroplastic stage of panniculitis was absent in this study. The morphological features of the disease were shown depending on the form of idiopathic lobular panniculitis, which may be of diagnostic value in the differential diagnosis of panniculitis. The pathologist must first of all pay attention to the preferential localization of pathological changes (in the SAT septa or slices), the presence or absence of vasculitis and the nature of the infiltrate. The skin in panniculitis is typically intact or has minimal changes following the pattern seen in reactive ones. Panniculitis shows an undulatory course, and therefore all signs of this disease are present in biopsy specimens; however, morphological signs of the acute inflammatory, lipophagic or fibroplastic stage of the disease predominate depending on the stage and activity of the process.

Clinical and morphological characteristics of enamel during pigment hypoplasia of tooth tissues.

Background. Dystrophic changes in enamel and dentin occur as a result of metabolic disturbances in the hard tissues of the tooth and are characterized by its insufficient formation and mineralization, or excessive accumulation of pigments in the form of spots. The accumulation of pigment (qualitative and quantitative) is irreversible, that is, pigmentary dystrophy has no reverse development and remains in the enamel for life. Objectivе. To analyze the structural changes in tooth enamel in case of pigmentary dystrophy. Methods. After extraction, the teeth were embedded with Epon-812 epoxy. After polymerization, the obtained block was cut with a separating disk on thin sections 0.25 mm thick, an aluminum layer was applied to the preparations in vacuum and examined on a scanning electron microscope REM - 102E with an accelerating voltage of 30 kV. Results. It has been established that in case of chronic discolorites the enamel is partially fragmented, the phenomena of lysis of the enamel are determined. Lacunae are observed on the enamel-dentin border. Enamel preparations with congenital discolorations revealed a thickening of enamel prisms, mosaic expressiveness of Retzius lines. In exogenous pigmentary dystrophy, the main changes are established on the enamel surface. The phenomena of focal fragmentation, diffuse thinning of enamel prisms (atrophic changes) were observed. In endogenous pigmental dystrophy, the main changes are determined by the enamel-dentin boundary. Prisms are thinned and fragmented. Conclusion. Congenital dystrophy of pigment has a diffuse nature and affects the entire thickness of the enamel, which is caused by disorders in the process of histogenesis. With acquired discolorites, the localization of pathological changes depends on the etiology - endogenous, or exogenous. In endogenous pigmental dystrophy, morphological changes are found in the surface layers of enamel, developing as a result of disruption of the tertiary mineralization process, which create favorable conditions for the penetration of pigments by reducing the content of inorganic substances. In endogenous pigmental dystrophy, major changes develop in the deep layers of enamel adjacent to the dentine-enamel border. The source of pigment in this case is enamel spindles, which have a low content of inorganic substances and penetrate into the enamel on 1/3 of its thickness.

Recent developments in 3-D reconstruction and stereology to study the pulmonary vasculature.

Alterations of the pulmonary vasculature are an important feature of human lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pulmonary hypertension, and bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Experimental studies to investigate the pathogenesis or a therapeutic intervention in animal models of these diseases often require robust, meaningful, and efficient morphometric data that allow for appropriate statistical testing. The gold standard for obtaining such data is design-based stereology. However, certain morphological characteristics of the pulmonary vasculature make the implementation of stereological methods challenging. For example, the alveolar capillary network functions according to the sheet flow principle, thus making unbiased length estimations impossible and requiring other strategies to obtain mechanistic morphometric data. Another example is the location of pathological changes along the branches of the vascular tree. For developmental defects like in bronchopulmonary dysplasia or for pulmonary hypertension, it is important to know whether certain segments of the vascular tree are preferentially altered. This cannot be overcome by traditional stereological methods but requires the combination of a three-dimensional data set and stereology. The present review aims at highlighting the great potential while discussing the major challenges (such as time consumption and data volume) of this combined approach. We hope to raise interest in the potential of this approach and thus stimulate solutions to overcome the existing challenges.

A Method for Noninvasive Diagnosis of Bronchial Asthma Based on Microwave Technology

A means for the noninvasive diagnosis of bronchial asthma (BA) and identifying the location of pathological changes in the bronchopulmonary system based on the characteristics of the propagation of microwave electro-magnetic radiation through the human thoracic cavity is discussed. The method proposed here provides for the diagnosis of respiratory system diseases, particularly bronchial asthma, in patients of all age groups, including young children; the method also provides for monitoring patient status and the dynamics of illnesses throughout treatment.

Component analysis of somatosensory evoked potentials for identifying spinal cord injury location

This study aims to determine whether the time-frequency components (TFCs) of somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) can be used to identify the specific location of a compressive spinal cord injury using a classification technique. Waveforms of SEPs after compressive injuries at various locations (C4, C5 and C6) in rat spinal cords were decomposed into a series of TFCs using a high-resolution time-frequency analysis method. A classification method based on support vector machine (SVM) was applied to the distributions of these TFCs among different pathological locations. The difference among injury locations manifests itself in different categories of SEP TFCs. High-energy TFCs of normal-state SEPs have significantly higher power and frequency than those of injury-state SEPs. The location of C5 is characterized by a unique distribution pattern of middle-energy TFCs. The difference between C4 and C6 is evidenced by the distribution pattern of low-energy TFCs. The proposed classification method based on SEP TFCs offers a discrimination accuracy of 80.2%. In this study, meaningful information contained in various SEP components was investigated and used to propose a new application of SEPs for identification of the location of pathological changes in the cervical spinal cord.

Computed tomography-assisted angiography in the differential diagnosis of extralobular pulmonary sequestration in newborns

Relevance. Pulmonary sequestrations are rare pathology and make from 0.15 to 6.4 % of all congenital abnormality. Thus intra-abdominal localization of this malformation is described only in 2.5 % of all pulmonary sequestrations. Objective. Reflect the difficulty of differential diagnosis of rare lung malformation in newborns. Materials and methods. 2 cases of the extralobar sequestration located under the diaphragm diagnosed for newborns in a children's hospital for the last 20 years are in details described. Results. The diagnosis of an intra-abdominal extralobular pulmonary sequestration was finalized only after surgical treatment, confirmed histologically. Questions of differential diagnostics of rare congenital pulmonary malformations are discussed with tumors of suprarenal localization at newborns, comparison of own results to data of literature. Conclusions. In the differential diagnosis of suprarenal lesions at newborns it is necessary to consider the possibility of intra-abdominal extralobar pulmonary sequestration, especially in the localization of pathological changes at the left side.

Guidelines for medical treatment of acute Kawasaki disease: report of the Research Committee of the Japanese Society of Pediatric Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery (2012 revised version).

Guidelines for medical treatment of acute Kawasaki disease: report of the Research Committee of the Japanese Society of Pediatric Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery (2012 revised version).

Comparison of radiography, nuclear scintigraphy, and magnetic resonance imaging for detection of specific conditions of the distal tarsal bones of horses: 20 cases (2006–2010)

To describe pathological findings identified with MRI in the distal tarsal bones of horses with unilateral hind limb lameness attributable to tarsal pain and to compare the usefulness of MRI with that of radiography and nuclear scintigraphy in evaluation of this region. Retrospective case series. 20 lame horses. In all horses, MRI, radiography (4 standard projections), and nuclear scintigraphy of the tarsus had been performed. Horses were excluded if the results of all 3 imaging modalities were not available or if lameness was detected in more than 1 limb. Pathological changes identified with MRI were cross-referenced with the findings determined with other imaging modalities. Compared with MRI findings, the following lesions were identified with radiography: medullary and subchondral bone sclerosis in 9 of 16 horses, pathological changes related to osseous hyperintensity in 0 of 10 horses, and osteoarthritis in 5 of 8 horses. Standard radiographic projections did not aid in the identification of fracture of the distal tarsal bones (3 horses). Location of increased radiopharmaceutical uptake with nuclear scintigraphy corresponded with the location of pathological changes detected with MRI in all horses. The intensity of the radiopharmaceutical uptake on nuclear scintigraphic images did not correspond with the severity of the pathological changes identified with MRI. Radiography was unreliable for the detection of pathological changes related to osseous hyperintensity identified with MRI, fracture, and subchondral bone sclerosis in the equine tarsus. Nuclear scintigraphy was effective in localizing pathological changes, but MRI provided superior anatomic detail.

Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM)

ADEM is a disease that is characterized by an inflammatory reaction and demyelination in the central nervous system, with a distinct tendency to a peripheral localization of pathological changes. ADEM happens to occur with a temporal, and probably also with a causative relationship to viral, exanthematous diseases, as well as to preventive vaccinations. However, there are still many unresolved problems with respect to the relationship of ADEM to multiple sclerosis (MS), especially in instances with a multiphasic course of the disease. Many question marks can also be raised in cases, in which the examinations were unable to determine the exact preceding or causative factor. A lot of studies on cytokines and chemokines in blood plasma and CSR from patients with ADEM have enabled investigators to get a better insight into some stages of immunopathological processes, leading to an evolvement of the disease, without a more important impact on the clinical diagnosis.

Essential tremor with ubiquitinated Purkinje cell intranuclear inclusions

Essential tremor with ubiquitinated Purkinje cell intranuclear inclusions

Is the Routine Abdominal Ultrasound a Sufficiently Sensitive Method for the Detection of Colonic Malignancy?

This study examined the sensitivity of routine abdominal ultrasound scanning in the detection of colonic malignancy. A case control prospective study included 101 patients hospitalized at the Department of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases of Zemun Clinical Hospital over a four-year period. Since the complaints pointed to colonic malignancy, the patients underwent routine golden standard diagnostic procedures. These patients were referred to an experienced abdominal ultrasound operator who searched for some characteristic signs of colonic malignancy. All of the participants were surgically treated after the completion of relevant procedures for diagnosing colonic malignancy. SPSS for Windows 10.0 was used for data analysis. The sensitivity of an abdominal ultrasound scan in the detection and location of pathological changes pointed to colonic malignancy was different- 76% and 84% respectively. This method was very reliable in detecting right-sided colonic carcinoma (100%). Some specific ultrasonographic signs of colonic carcinoma were observed at the advanced stages of disease. The routine abdominal ultrasonography can be used for the screening of colonic malignancy owing to its high sensitivity, particularly in advanced disease, but solely in conjunction with other methods. Finally, abdominal ultrasonography cannot be a definitive diagnostic tool for colonic carcinoma.

Scanning laser densitometry in visual acuity loss of unknown origin.

To assess foveal cone photoreceptor function in patients with unexplained loss of central visual acuity. Testing of foveal cone photoreceptor function was performed using scanning laser densitometry, colour matching (Rayleigh equation), and pattern electroretinography (ERG). Standard tests included full field ERG, electrooculography, visual evoked potentials, static perimetry, and fluorescein angiography. Decreased foveal cone photopigment density and abnormal pattern ERG were found in three patients. Results of colour matching were not unequivocal. Testing of foveal cone photoreceptor function using scanning laser densitometry may determine the location of pathological changes in certain patients with unexplained visual loss.

Pathological changes in the Brown Norway rat cerebellum after mercury vapour exposure

Our previous studies have demonstrated that mercury vapour exposure of Brown Norway rats induced an autoimmune response with development of glomerulonephritis and resulted in mercury deposition in the central nervous system, particularly in the neurons. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect on the central nervous system. A loss of Purkinje cells accompanied by Bergmann glial cell proliferation was found at a brain mercury level of 0.71 μg/g and became even more pronounced as the exposure dose increased. At a brain mercury level of 5.0 μg/g, a heavy gliosis was present in the brain stem, particularly around the pontine nuclei. In comparison with our previous study, the pathological changes in the brain appeared at the same mercury exposure dose as the glomerulonephritis. However, the location of pathological changes at the mercury level of 0.71 μg/g was not completely in accordance with the mercury distribution in the brain, which might be due to the sequence of mercury deposition, its amount or the vulnerability of the various cells classes.

Spinal cord penetration of intrathecally administered cytarabine and methotrexate: a quantitative autoradiographic study.

Carcinomatous meningitis is an increasingly common complication of systemic cancer. Treatment usually involves the use of intrathecal methotrexate or cytarabine, which have been reported to be toxic to the spinal cord. This study was performed to determine the penetration and distribution of intrathecally administered chemotherapy within the spinal cord. Tritiated methotrexate and cytarabine were administered intraventricularly and by lumbar puncture to New Zealand White rabbits. The extent and pattern of penetration of drug into the spinal cord were determined using quantitative autoradiographic techniques. The results demonstrate that 1 hour after administration 67%-99% of the total area of the spinal cord sections were exposed to these intrathecally administered agents. The pattern of distribution of the labeled drugs was inhomogeneous and was not dependent on the agent or the route of administration. High drug levels were seen in the area of the substantia gelatinosa and peripheral white matter which correspond to the location of pathological changes seen in the spinal cords of patients with neurotoxicity from intrathecal chemotherapy. This rapid and extensive penetration of intrathecally administered chemotherapy may offer insight into the myelopathy observed with these treatments.

LOCALIZATION OF CHANGES IN THE EYEGROUND AND PEILINGATION OF THEIR PROJECTIONS ON THE SCLEROTIC

The precise localization of pathologic changes or a foreign body in the eyeground is one of the important and difficult problems of ophthalmology. At the Thirteenth International Congress of Ophthalmology (held in Amsterdam in 1929), in discussing the operative treatment of retinal detachment, Lindner, Igersheimer, Bruckner, Lowenstein and others pointed out that the precise localization of retinal rupture and the touching of this place with a thermocautery are very difficult and that the operation for detachment of the retina cannot become popular among ophthalmologists so long as new methods are lacking for the localization of the ruptured place and for the finding of its projection on the sclerotic when operating. It is equally important to be able to localize precisely a foreign body adjacent to the eyeground, particularly in the posterior section of the eyeball. Professor Natanson found search for a foreign body in the vitreous with a magnet