Load Location Research Articles

A bi-layer optimization based temporal and spatial scheduling for large-scale electric vehicles

Electric vehicle (EV) is a promising, environmental friendly technique for its potential to reduce the using of fossil fuels. Massive EVs pose both opportunities and challenges for power systems, especially with the growing amount of wind-power integration. This paper investigates the problem of collaborative optimization scheduling of generators, EVs and wind power. A novel bi-layer optimization of transmission and distribution system is proposed to solve the scheduling problem of EVs charging and discharging load from respective time and space domain in the presence of wind-power. The upper layer optimization in transmission grid coordinates EVs with thermal generators, base load, with the consideration of wind power, to optimize load periods of EVs in the time domain. The lower layer optimization in distribution grid then spatially schedules the location of EVs load. Based on a power system benchmark with a 10-unit transmission grid and an IEEE 33-bus distribution grid, the performance of the proposed bi-layer optimization strategy is evaluated. The impacts of electricity price profile, EVs penetration and EVs load location are analyzed. Simulation results show that the proposed bi-layer optimization strategy can accommodate wind power and improve both the economics of grid operation and benefits of EV users by scheduling EVs charging and discharging temporally and spatially. Also, the results have shown that the location of EVs charging and discharging load is critical for the distribution network planning.

Identifying Magnitudes and Locations of Multiple Loads and the Resultant of a Distributed Load on a Slender Beam Using Strain Gage Based Methods

Unique strain gage based methods are developed to identify magnitudes and locations of multiple loads and the resultant of a distributed load on a slender beam. Four uniaxial strain gages mounted to the bottom surface of the beam create a force transducer capable of identifying the magnitude and location of a load inside the weight area, where the load can be a concentrated or distributed load. For the case of multiple loads separated by two or more strain gage locations, uniaxial strain gages forming multiple force transducers can still identify the magnitudes and locations of all the loads. However, this creates an ill-posed problem for loads separated by only one strain gage location. A new method has been developed using two shear gages mounted on the neutral axis of the beam, one on each side of a load, to identify the magnitude of the load in this case. A combination of two uniaxial strain gages and two shear gages, with one uniaxial strain gage and one shear gage at the same location on each side of a load, can be used to identify the location of the load. The strain gage based methods are experimentally validated on a prismatic beam with rest boundary conditions.

Indentation of Metal Foam Core Sandwich Beams: Experimental and Theoretical Investigations

Indentation behavior of metal foam core sandwich beams is investigated experimentally and theoretically. The deformation mechanisms of indentation are explored. The interaction of plastic bending and stretching in the local deformation regions of the top face sheet is considered. An analytical model is developed to predict large deflections of indentation of the sandwich beams transversely loaded at any location of the span. The analytical predictions are in good agreement with experiment results. Effects of the punch shape, the face sheet thickness and loading location on the indentation are discussed. It is shown that the loading location drives various deformation mechanisms of indentation for a given sandwich beam. The membrane force plays an important role in the large deflection of indentation of sandwich beams when the loading point exceeds the face sheet thickness.

Modeling and analysis of proximal tibial growth plate fractures in adolescents: Theory and potential applications

Background: Overuse injuries in children and adolescents are becoming increasingly common, particularly in those who regularly participate in a single sport. As a result, prevention, early detection and treatment of these injuries is vital. However, existing research in adult populations cannot always be directly applied to analogous cases in younger populations. This study attempts to provide an example of how both mathematical and computer modeling can be utilized to predict alterations in load locations, directions, and magnitudes resulting from maturational changes in a way not possible in vivo. Methods: A 2D leg extension model was created and used to calculate relevant forces at the proximal knee joint. Individual aspects of the model, such as quadriceps force and leg length, were changed to quantify how increases in a growing adolescent’s force generation and limb length may affect the forces at the joint. The derived forces were input into a 3D finite element model incorporating a growing young adult’s relatively weaker epiphyseal plate material to calculate the stresses and strains on the tibia of an adolescent. Results: Findings indicated that a shortened patellar tendon and increased quadriceps muscle strength were potentially greater contributors to increased stress on the proximal tibia, as opposed to aspects such as height and weight changes. Conclusions: The theoretical and computational methods employed show promise in their ability to predict potential injury risks in populations for whom evidence-based research is lacking. Models incorporating the elbow and shoulder have high impact potential for young baseball pitchers.

Load Location and Measurement System Based on Fiber Bragg Grating Sensor

Load Location and Measurement System Based on Fiber Bragg Grating Sensor

A Dynamic and Heuristic Phase Balancing Method for LV Feeders

Due to the single-phase loads and their stochastic behavior, the current in the distribution feeders is not balanced. In addition, the single-phase loads are located in different positions along the LV feeders. So the amount of the unbalanced load and its location affect the feeder losses. An unbalanced load causes the feeder losses and the voltage drop. Because of time-varying behavior of the single-phase loads, phase balancing is a dynamic and combinatorial problem. In this research, a heuristic and dynamic solution for the phase balancing of the LV feeders is proposed. In this method, it is supposed that the loads’ tie could be connected to all phases through a three-phase switch. The aim of the proposed method is to make the feeder conditions as balanced as possible. The amount and the location of single-phase loads are considered in the proposed phase balancing method. Since the proposed method needs no communication interface or no remote controller, it is inexpensive, simple, practical, and robust. Applying this method provides a distributed and dynamic phase balancing control. In addition, the feasibility of reducing the used switches is investigated. The ability of the proposed method in the phase balancing of the LV feeders is approved by carrying out some simulations.

Evaluation of Structural Behavior of Precast Prestressed Concrete Pavement with Finite Element Analysis

A full-scale precast prestressed concrete pavement (PPCP) system was constructed and evaluated under actual traffic load conditions to develop the design guideline under Florida conditions. This test section showed good load transfer efficiency and riding quality. However, information was lacking about its structural response and potential performance. A three-dimensional finite element model was developed for stress analysis of PPCP under critical loading conditions. The developed three-dimensional model was calibrated by using deflection data obtained with a falling weight deflectometer. The model was used to perform a parametric analysis to determine the effects of critical loading location, concrete modulus, coefficient of thermal expansion of concrete, loss of prestress force, and subgrade stiffness under typical Florida conditions. Results of the parametric study indicate that the maximum stresses in the concrete increased significantly as the concrete modulus and coefficient thermal expansion increased. Because of the increase in flexural strength associated with the increase in elastic modulus of the concrete, an increase in elastic modulus of the concrete results in a decrease in the computed stress-to-strength ratio under critical load–temperature conditions. The PPCP system that was evaluated appeared to have a good predicted pavement performance with a computed stress-to-strength ratio of less than 0.5, with up to an additional loss of 20% of prestress force in the longitudinal and transverse directions. Variations in the base and subbase properties were found to have a minimal effect on the maximum induced stresses in concrete. This finding indicates that the PPCP system is appropriate for a wide variety of subbase and subgrade conditions.

Fully Stressed Design of Fink Truss Using STAAD.Pro Software

This paper presents study of optimization of Fink Truss by Fully Stressed Design (FSD) method using STAAD.Pro software version STAAD.Pro V8i (SELECT series 5). Three spans of the trusses have been considered and each truss has been subjected to 27 types of load cases by changing nodal load locations. Central node load has been kept constant in each truss as 100 kN. Three sets of load condition is taken, viz, 100 kN, 120 kN and 150 kN. Total 81 trusses have been analyzed in this study to achieve a target stress of 100 MPa. Steel take-off for each case and maximum displacement for each case have been calculated and compared in this study and it shows that weight does not always increase with increase in the span or height. Results of the study could be helpful in designing a truss that does not waste material.

A novel approach for classification of loads on plate structures using artificial neural networks

In this study the location of applied load on an aluminum and a composite plate was identified using two type of neural network classifiers. Surface Response to the Excitation (SuRE) method was used to excite and monitor the elastic guided waves on plates. The characteristic behavior of plates with and without load was obtained. The experiments were conducted using two set of equipment. First, laboratory equipment with a signal generator and a data acquisition card. Then same test was conducted with a low cost Digital Signal Processor (DSP) system. With experimental data, Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) and Radial Basis Function (RBF) neural network classifiers were used comparatively to detect the presence and location of load on both plates. The study indicated that the Neural Networks is reliable for data analysis and load diagnostic and using measurements from both laboratory equipment and low cost DSP.

Experimental investigation of stress and damage characterization of steel beam buckling using magnetic memory signals

Summary Metal magnetic memory is a new passive nondestructive method for assessing stress conditions that can be used in the detection of early damage in ferromagnetic materials. To obtain the signal characteristics of steel beams, the normal components of the surface-spontaneous magnetic signals of a flange and web of Q235B I-steel beams were measured using four-point flexural tests under different loads. The variation in the normal component and its gradient were analyzed. The results show that the normal component can reflect the stress distribution of the flange, a significant decrease in the normal component of the flange, and a reversal of the normal component of the web can predict the instability of a beam. The location of a concentrated load on a steel beam can be determined by the highest value of the magnetic signal and the peak–peak value of the magnetic gradient. Finite element software was employed to calculate the von Mises stress, and a qualitative relationship between the distribution of the normal component and the distribution of the von Mises stress was obtained. A quantitative correlation between the applied stress and the average value of the normal component of the flange was developed. Quantitative analyses of the applied stress should consider the dimensional effect of different specimens. A new method is proposed to estimate the location of the stress concentration and to evaluate the degree of damage using a gradient curve, and several parameters are defined to characterize the metal magnetic memory signal. These characteristic parameters may reflect the degree of damage and the range of loads. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

석탄하역기 붐 호이스팅 실린더의 구조 안전성에 관한 연구

석탄하역기는 화력발전소의 주 원료인 석탄을 체인 버킷을 구동하여 선박으로부터 컨베이어 벨트로 하역하는 장비이다. 그러나 국내에서는 석탄하역기의 하역위치에 따라 붐 각도를 제어하는 유압시스템인 붐 호이스팅 실린더에 대한 연구가 이루어지지 않아, 전량 수입하고 있는 실정이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 두꺼운 실린더에서 접촉면압의 이론 값을 FEM 을 수행하여 얻은 결과 값과 비교하여 접촉면압해석기법의 타당성을 확립하였고, 이를 통하여 브이 실을 갖는 붐 호이스팅 실린더에서 작동유의 누설여부 판단과 접촉면압을 최대로 갖는 브이 실 형상을 설계하였다. 또한, 실린더의 스트로크에 따른 구동시뮬레이션을 수행하였고, 최대 출력 상태에서의 붐 호이스팅 실런더의 구조 안전성을 검증하였다.

Abstract A28: C-reactive protein as a predictive marker of response to sunitinib treatment in metastatic clear cell renal carcinoma

Abstract Background: Antiangiogenic treatment, is currently first line therapy in metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Due to high drug costs and potentially serious side effects there is an urgent need for clinically useful predictive markers. We conducted a single center phase II clinical trial with sunitinib treatment for metastatic RCC. Study Design: Forty-five patients with metastatic or non-resectable clear cell RCC were included. Sunitinib was given in cycles of six weeks (four weeks of treatment, two weeks pause). Follow up was every six week. Primary endpoint was response rates (RECIST 1.1). Secondary endpoints were time to progression (TTP) and overall survival (OS). Toxicity and quality of life were recorded. Results: Twenty five (55 %) cases showed clinical benefit with complete response (CR): 1, partial response (PR): 6, stable disease (SD)>6months: 18. Twelve patients showed progressive disease (PD). Eight patients stopped treatment or were still under treatment prior to the first radiologic evaluation, and were recorded as non-evaluable. The following parameters were recorded at baseline; gender, age, ECOG-, WHO- and Karnofsky's performance status, Heng- and Motzer prognostic criteria, blood pressure, hemoglobin, white blood count, neutrophil count, platelets, sodium, potassium, creatinine, corrected calcium, C-reactive protein(CRP), albumin, lactate dehydrogenase, thyroid-stimulating hormone, thyroid hormones and D dimer, body mass index, use of antihypertensive medication, location of metastasis and tumor load. Of these, CRP ≤ 10 mg/L at baseline (vs CRP > 10 mg/L), was significantly associated with objective response (CR+PR) (Fisher's Exact test, p=0,030). Good performance status showed a significant association with clinical benefit (Fisher's Exact test, p=0,049). Toxicity data and quality of life data will be presented. Conclusion: Of the clinical markers under investigation, only CRP at baseline as well as performance status were found to be possible predictive markers of response to sunitinib in metastatic RCC. Our patient population is comparable to those in already reported studies and might be useful to further investigations of angiogenesis related predictive markers of response. Citation Format: Martin Pilskog, Christian Beisland, Oddbjørn Straume. C-reactive protein as a predictive marker of response to sunitinib treatment in metastatic clear cell renal carcinoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Tumor Angiogenesis and Vascular Normalization: Bench to Bedside to Biomarkers; Mar 5-8, 2015; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2015;14(12 Suppl):Abstract nr A28.

Deformation reconstruction of a smart Geogrid embedded with fiber Bragg grating sensors

Due to the disadvantages of the current smart Geogrid for geotechnical use only being able measure strain and evaluate load location, a smart Geogrid embedded with fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors has been developed. Also, a deformation reconstruction technique has been investigated, which enables the newly designed smart Geogrid to evaluate the deformation fields of the key areas in geotechnical structures. After the fabricating process of the FBG embedded smart Geogrid was briefly introduced, a curvature information based deformation reconstruction method for the smart Geogrid was detailed. In order to optimize the distribution of the FBG nodes in the smart Geogrid, the finite element (FE) simulation data of the three possible causes of deformation were extracted, and the reconstruction results of the four distributions were compared. The results indicated that equidistantly distributed FBG sensors at the ribs of the smart Geogrid were the optimal distribution for the newly designed smart Geogrid. In addition, a modified deformation reconstruction technique was proposed to reduce reconstruction errors due to the stress concentration on the junctions of the smart Geogrid. The modified method, which employs FBG measured strains for calculating the deformation of the ribs and weighted strains to compute the coordinates of the two junctions, was validated by FE simulations. The simulation results illustrated that the modified method can improve the deformation reconstruction accuracy for both a Geogrid embedded with one fiber optic cable into one warp thread and a Geogrid embedded with multiple fiber optic cables in different warp threads. For the purpose of verifying the feasibility of the deformation measurements for the designed smart Geogrid using the proposed reconstruction techniques, experiments for the smart Geogrid embedded with one fiber optic cable were conducted in constant temperature environments. The curvatures of the smart Geogrid were calibrated prior to the deformation experiments in order to remove the errors induced by the strain measurement. The experimental results demonstrated that the reconstruction technique for the newly designed smart Geogrid was capable of evaluating the deformation field, and the modified reconstruction technique was able to effectively improve the reconstruction accuracy in order to fulfill the requirements of geotechnical usages. The newly developed smart Geogrid with deformation reconstruction techniques can be a promising smart Geosynthetic for the reinforcement as well as the monitoring of geotechnical engineering-related applications.

Random Vibration of Diamond-Beaded Rope Subject to a Concentrated Load

In this work, the random vibration characteristics of a beaded rope under a concentrated load are investigated. A stochastic model describing the sawing force of a single diamond-beaded rope was established, based on the principle of volume invariability. The governing equations of the beaded rope were obtained using Hamilton's principle. Theoretical expressions were derived to calculate the response power spectral density (PSD), load-response cross-PSD and the mean square value of the beaded rope lateral displacement, for a beaded rope subject to a concentrated load. The influence of the parameters on the random vibration characteristics of a beaded rope was analyzed, including the effects of the linear speed of the beaded rope, the tension of the beaded rope, and the location of the concentrated load. Numerical examples are given. Results show that as the tension of the beaded rope increases, the PSD and mean square value of the rope displacement are reduced. However, as the linear velocity of the beaded rope increases, the PSD and mean square value of the rope displacement are also increased. During movement of the diamond-beaded rope, the mean square value of the transverse displacement fluctuates predominantly, because of the time-varying impact force caused by the diamond beads.

The impact of capacity and location of multidistributed generator integrated in the distribution system on electrical line losses, reliability, and interruption cost

The primary purpose of this article is to study the impact of distributed generator (DG) integrated into the distribution system in terms of electrical line losses, reliability and interruption cost. The single‐ and multi‐distributed generators (DG) under this study are connected to a 22 kV distribution system of the Provincial Electricity Authority (PEA) that is a part of Thailand's distribution system. Geographic information systems data, including the lengths of the distribution line and the load locations that are key parameters of PEA, are simulated using digital simulation and electrical network calculation program (DIgSILENT). In addition, the capacity and location of DG installed into the distribution system are considered. The system average interruption frequency index (SAIFI), the system average interruption duration index (SAIDI) and the interruption cost are assessed as reliability indices by comparing the SAIFI, SAIDI, and interruption cost of the base case (without DG) and the cases of single‐ and multi‐DGs connected to the distribution system. Moreover, the electrical line loss is considered in terms of active power line loss, which is also compared with the base case. The results can be summarized by focusing on the location of DG, the capacity of DG, the number of DG, the size of the load, and the distance to the load, which are factors capable of impacting the electrical line loss, SAIFI, SAIDI, and interruption cost. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 34: 1763–1773, 2015

Enhanced MIH (media independent handover) for collaborative green wireless communications

SummaryIn this paper, we address the issue of energy saving in wireless communication networks; a special interest is given to heterogeneous networks (HetNets) which are supposed to be the key feature of the future communication networks, namely, the 5G cellular networks . In a HetNet, different communication technologies coexist; with the use of vertical handovers, the users could switch between the different operating ones. Our work aims to make the used protocols for vertical handover collaborative, in such a way to reduce the overall network energy consumption. Our study is based on Media Independent Handover (MIH) protocol . We bring modifications into this later for energy saving purposes in order to create a green collaborative MIH protocol. The proposed enhancements on MIH protocol allow gathering detailed information about network state and using them as statistics and indicators to manage network density according to traffic load and users location. Our experiments are performed using NS2.29 with National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) add‐on which implements the MIH protocol (802.21). By comparing the results while using our proposed contribution and the conventional MIH protocol, we can see that the modifications done allow a significant improvement in terms of energy saving while maintaining reliability. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Structural Analysis of Rail Device in Stone Board Cutting System with Load Location

Structural Analysis of Rail Device in Stone Board Cutting System with Load Location

The investigation of particle flow mechanisms of bulk materials in dustiness testers

ABSTRACTThe generation of dust occurs in many bulk materials handling applications, including during free-fall, material impact on conveyor transfers, or impact with other materials. Dust has potentially serious consequences to the surrounding environment as well as workers and nearby communities. Companies need to identify and quantify the dust being generated so they can find ways to reduce or eliminate this dust generation. Dustiness testers are one method which can be used to quantify dust generation. This paper investigates the experimental material flow and the subsequent discrete element method (DEM) simulation in the rotating drums of two dustiness testers: the European Standard dustiness tester and the Australian Standard dustiness tester. Preliminary comparisons of the rotating drum designs were undertaken using particle/bulk parameters of polyethylene pellets, a granular “non-dusty” material to investigate the flow behavior, to provide a reference base to compare equivalent simulations and subsequent analysis. A calibrated DEM material model for polyethylene pellets was generated via experimental comparison. Investigations of the rotational speed, volume, and initial loading location of product sample have been performed. The motion of particles in the simulated rotating drums has been compared to visual observation from experimental testing.

Identification of critical load for scratch adhesion strength of nitride-based thin films using wavelet analysis and a proposed analytical model

The use of Acoustic Emission (AE) signal of scratch test to evaluate the thin films' adherence led to unavoidable large uncertainties due to the problematic determination of the frequency band and the improper installation of the acoustic sensor, especially for coatings thinner than 100μm. In this paper, thin film–substrate adherence in high-speed steel is evaluated by Wavelet Analysis (WA) of the force–displacement curve in micro-scratch tests performed on the samples. The measured load displacement signals of deposited thin films were used as inputs for the wavelet module. We propose an analytical model combined with wavelet analysis, which is based on experimental data. Scratch adhesion strength could be identified by applying wavelet technique to the measured force displacement data to detect the location of the critical load during micro-scratch testing for TiSiN coating on high-speed steel. An analytical model is also proposed to predict the adhesion stress and to support the wavelet analysis technique where the stress is difficult to be assessed. Thin films were studied by optical microscopy, micro scratch testing machine and X-ray diffraction. The WA results are compared with model predictions in order to establish indication of scratch adhesion strength aimed at improving the manufacturing process.

The sensitivity of bridge safety to spatial correlation of load and resistance

Random Field theory has emerged in recent years to model the statistical correlation of resistance in concrete structures and to determine its influence on the probability of structural failure. A major shortcoming in the work carried out to date is the spatial variability and corresponding correlation associated with applied traffic loads. In this paper the influence of spatial correlation of both traffic load and resistance is considered in the context of bridge safety assessment. The current study, explores, the nature of the problem by three theoretical examples. As a general trend, examples show that while traffic loads are weakly correlated, load effects are strongly correlated as the same heavy vehicle often causes extremes of load effect in different parts of the bridge which is due to the transverse sharing of load (measured here using a load sharing factor).It is found that the strength of correlation of load effect depends greatly on the load sharing factor which is treated in a simple way in many studies. In a more sophisticated beam-and-slab bridge example, load sharing factors are derived from a finite element analysis to assess transverse load sharing, and are shown to vary by girder number, girder segment and by load location. Despite the fact that load effect at points along the length of a bridge is strongly correlated, the combined influence of correlation in load and resistance on probability of failure is small.