Location Of Line Research Articles

Parameters to Improve the Accuracy of Intraoral Scanners for Fabricating Tooth-Supported Restorations.

To review the factors that impact the accuracy of intraoral scanners (IOSs) when fabricating tooth-supported restorations. Factors can have a different impact on IOS accuracy depending on the scanning purpose. If the goal is to fabricate tooth-supported restorations, it is essential to review the following operator-related factors: IOS technology and system, scan extension and starting quadrant, scanning pattern, scanning distance, and rescanning methods. Additionally, it is critical to interpret the following patient-related factors differently: edentulous spaces, presence of existing restorations on adjacent teeth, and characteristics of the tooth preparation (build-up material, geometry, total occlusal convergence [TOC], finish line location, and surface finishing), and interdental spaces (between tooth preparations or between preparation and the adjacent tooth). For crown or short-span fixed dental prostheses, a reduced scan extension is recommended. For complete-arch scans, it is advisable to start the scan in the same quadrant as the preparation. If the IOS permits locking the scan, rescanning may be indicated. Restorations on tooth preparations and adjacent teeth reduce accuracy. The simpler the geometry and the larger the TOC, the higher the IOS accuracy. Intracrevicular finish lines result in lower accuracy than equigingival or supragingival positions. Air-particle procedures showed better accuracy than coarse and fine grit and immediate dentin sealing. The greater the space between a preparation and the adjacent tooth, the better the accuracy. Dental professionals must understand and handle the factors that impact the scanning accuracy of intraoral scanners differently depending on the purpose of the scan.

Production line location strategy for foreign manufacturer when selling in a market lag behind in manufacturing

It is a prevalent practice for foreign manufacturers to market their products in regions with lower manufacturing capabilities. However, the manufacturer’s choice of production line location strategy is significantly influenced by tariffs and negative brand effects caused by localized production. In this paper, we build a game-theoretical model considering a supply chain composed of a foreign manufacturer and a local retailer. The foreign manufacturer initially produces both high-end and low-end products at the oversea (with higher manufacturing capabilities), selling them in the local market through a local retailer. We explore various production line location strategies for the foreign manufacturer, including both location at the oversea, both location at the local market (with lower manufacturing capabilities), and separate location, and analyze the impacts of tariffs and negative brand effects. By comparing equilibrium results in different strategies, we discover that as tariffs rise, both location at the oversea may be the best choice for the foreign manufacturer instead of separate location strategy, which challenges the prevalent practice where many foreign manufacturers opt to produce high-end products overseas to uphold brand influence while localizing low-end products to minimize tariff costs. Overall, there is no singularly dominant production line location strategy for the foreign manufacturer, and each strategy holds the potential to yield the highest overall supply chain profit. In addition, as tariffs rise, customer surplus will increase under separate location, and only the separate location strategy or both location at the local market strategy is likely to yield the highest consumer surplus.

Underwater Line Monitoring Using Optimally Placed Inclinometers

Underwater monitoring presents challenges related to maintaining a continuous power supply and communication, necessitating the use of a smaller number of sensors to effectively cover the entire line. An underwater line tracking method is proposed to evaluate global behaviors and stresses in real time. The method employs angles at several points on the line, as well as displacements and curvatures at both ends. In this method, any line displacement, angle, and curvature are expressed as Fourier series, and Fourier coefficients are obtained by utilizing sensor data. Then, the behavior of any line location is assessed. In addition, to reduce the number of sensors and improve accuracy, optimal inclinometer locations are determined by a genetic algorithm. The proposed line tracking algorithm was validated through two numerical examples; one with an inclined tunnel and one with a marine steel catenary riser attached to a Floating Production Storage and Offloading (FPSO) vessel. Through these examples, the proposed algorithm was proven to capture global behaviors accurately when optimally located sensors are used. In the riser monitoring case, the optimized sensor placement with eight intermediate sensors achieved an average mean distance error of 1.91 m, which is lower than the 2.65 m error obtained with ten intermediate sensors without optimization.

A Case Study on the Integration of Remote Sensing for Predicting Complicated Forest Fire Spread

Forest fires can occur suddenly and have significant environmental, economic, and social consequences. The timely and accurate evaluation and prediction of their progression, particularly the spread speed in difficult-to-access areas, are essential for emergency management departments to proactively implement prevention strategies and extinguish fires using scientific methods. This paper provides an analysis of models for predicting forest fire spread in China and globally. Incorporating remote sensing (RS) technology and forest fire science as the theoretical foundation, and utilizing the Wang Zhengfei forest fire spread model (1983), which is noted for its broad adaptability in China as the technical framework, this study constructs a forest fire spread model based on remote sensing interpretation. The model improves the existing model by adding elevation an factor and optimizes the method for acquiring certain parameters. By considering regional landforms (ridge lines, valley lines, and slopes) and vegetation coverage, this paper establishes three-dimensional visual interpretation markers for identifying hotspots; the orientation of the hotspots can be identified to simulate the spread of the fire uphill, downhill, in the direction of the wind, left-level slope, and right-level slope. Then, the data of Sentinel-2 and DEM were used to invert the fuel humidity and slope of pixels in the fire line areas. The statistical inversion data from pixels, which replaced fixed-point values in traditional models, were utilized for predicting forest fire spread speed. In this paper, the model was applied to the case of a forest fire in Mianning County, Sichuan Province, China, and verified using high-time-resolution Himawari-8 data, Gaofen-4 data, and historical data. The results demonstrate that the direction and maximum speed of fire spread for the fire lines in Baifen Mountai, Jiaguer Villageand, Muchanggou, Xujiabaozi, and Zhaizigou are uphill, 16.5 m/min; wind direction, 17.32 m/min; wind direction, 1.59 m/min; and wind direction, 5.67 m/min. The differences are mainly due to the locations of the fire lines, moisture content of combustibles, and maximum slopes being different. Across the entire fire line area, the average rate of increase in the area of open flames within one hour was 3.257 hm2/10 min (square hectares per 10 min), closely matching the average increase rate (3.297 hm2/10 min) monitored by the Himawari-8 satellite in 10 min intervals. In contrast, conventional fixed-point fire spread models predicted an average rate of increase of 3.5637 hm2/10 min, which shows a larger discrepancy compared to the Himawari-8 satellite monitoring results. Moreover, when compared to the fire spot monitoring results from the Gaofen-4 satellite taken 54 min after the initial location of the fire line, the predictions from the RS-enabled fire spread model, which integrates remote sensing interpretations, closely matched the actual observed fire boundaries. Although the predictions from the RS-enabled fire spread model and the traditional model both align with historical data in terms of the overall fire development trends, the RS-enabled model exhibits higher reliability and can provide more accurate information for forest fire emergency departments, enabling effective pre-emptive measures and scientific firefighting strategies.

Electricity arbitrage for mobile energy storage in marginal pricing mechanism via bi-level programming

The rapid growth of renewable energy is integrated into the distribution system. The creation of both new market mechanisms and investment models has critical effects on the economics and security of the distribution market. Mobile energy storage has been used to increase the resilience of distribution grids due to their advantages in mobility and flexibility, which offer electricity arbitrage options for merchant investments. This paper presents a bi-level optimization framework based on location marginal pricing settlement of mobile energy storage financial rights revenue in active distribution systems. In the developed framework, the upper-level problem determines the optimal capacity, routing, and dispatching of mobile energy storage to maximize revenue in the liberalized electricity market. The lower-level problem performs the joint optimization of energy and reserve market clearing as well as renewable energy capacity optimization based on the alternating current optimal power flow model. The non-convexity of the line flow and location marginal pricing is linearized via second-order cone relaxation and Karush-Kuhn-Tucker. The bi-level programming is reformatted as mathematical programming with equilibrium constraints. Further, the revenue risk due to renewable energy uncertainty is measured via conditional value-at-risk. Finally, the effectiveness of the optimization framework and solution method is verified using the modified IEEE-33 test system. The results show that mobile energy storage promotes renewable energy and reduces distribution network costs by 2.3%.

Культурно-исторические особенности языковой картины мира участников военных действий: прошлое и современные отечественные реалии

The article delves into the cultural and historical specifics shaping the linguistic worldview of participants in special military operations (SVOs), as reflected in the modern media field. The most popular slang words and expressions among military personnel are identified and analyzed. The primary reasons for the use of war-related imagery, stemming from the implementation of a special operation in Ukraine, are characterized. Unofficial designations for weapons and other objects, enemies and civilian populations, locations of combatants and lines of demarcation of forces, as well as words and expressions related with death in war, are highlighted. Particular attention is paid to the comparative analysis of the imagery of frontline life during the Great Patriotic War and SVOs. The method of selective analysis of posts is used as the main method of researching posts in the virtual Telegram environment. The practical significance of the conducted research lies in the fact that the linguistic space created by front-line soldiers aids in understanding their mental world and values, as well as in establishing an inseparable link between different eras.

Change in grounding line location on the Antarctic Peninsula measured using a tidal motion offset correlation method

Abstract. The grounding line position of glaciers and ice shelves is an essential observation for the study of the Earth's ice sheets. However, in some locations, such as the Antarctic Peninsula, where many grounding lines have not been mapped since the 1990s, remote sensing of grounding line position remains challenging. Here we present a tidal motion offset correlation (TMOC) method for measuring the grounding line position of tidewater glaciers and ice shelves, based on the correlation between tide amplitude and synthetic aperture radar offset tracking measurements. We apply this method to the Antarctic Peninsula Ice Sheet to automatically delineate a new grounding line position for 2019–2020, with near complete coverage along 9300 km of coastline, updating the 20-year-old record. A comparison of the TMOC grounding line to contemporaneous interferometrically measured grounding line position shows the method has a mean seaward offset compared to interferometry of 185 m and a standard deviation of 295 m. Our results show that over the last 24 years there has been grounding line retreat at a number of fast-flowing ice streams on the Antarctic Peninsula, with the most retreat concentrated in the north-eastern sector, where grounding lines have retreated following the collapse of ice shelves. We observe a maximum grounding line retreat since 1996 of 16.3 ± 0.5 km on Hektoria Glacier, with other notable glaciers retreating by 9.3 ± 0.5, 9.1 ± 0.5 and 3.6 ± 0.5 km. Our results document dynamic change on Antarctic Peninsula glaciers and show the importance of using an updated grounding line location to delineate the boundary between floating and grounded ice.

Effect of radial inlet distortion on aerodynamic stability in a high load axial flow compressor

Radial inlet distortion induced by boundary layer separation can significantly affect the aerodynamic performance of the compressor. The effect of radial inlet distortion on the flow structure is numerically investigated in a high load axial flow compressor. The inlet boundary is determined by the experimental results at the downstream of the distortion generator. The results reveal that tip distortion leads to a reduction in the stall margin, whereas hub distortion extends it. Radial distortion redistributes the main flow toward undistorted region due to the obstructive effect of lattice ring. The deficit in axial velocity with tip radial distortion causes the rotor to operate at a higher incidence angle near the casing, while hub radial distortion alleviates the tip blade loading. The detailed three-dimensional flow field analysis indicates that increased blade loading with tip distortion shifts the trajectories of both primary and secondary tip leakage flow toward the leading edge, thereby expanding the blockage region. Conversely, hub radial distortion unloads the rotor tip region, thereby reducing the blockage region induced by tip leakage flow. Additionally, with hub distortion, the location of separation line on the blade suction surface moves closer to the leading edge, and the flow separation around the trailing edge is intensified.

Shear lines trigger heavy rainfalls in the Philippines during the winter monsoon

Heavy rainfall events (HREs) occur almost throughout the year in the Philippines, with relatively limited research during the winter monsoon. This study analyzes the 20-year (2003–2022) daily precipitation from 55 rain gauges and Integrated Multi-satellitE Retrievals for GPM (IMERG) from November to February. HREs are classified into three clusters by employing a cluster analysis on the most pertinent principal modes extracted from the principal component analysis. Each cluster exhibits a distinct heavy rainfall spatial pattern, mostly showing more than 50 mm/day of rainfall in the eastern part of the country. We noted that heavy rainfall in the Philippines during the winter monsoon occurs during a strong East Asian Winter Monsoon and caused by the interaction of shear line and low-level cyclonic vortex. The different location of rainfall maxima in each HRE cluster is a result of the variation of locations of the shear line and cyclonic vortex.

Standardized Ultrasound Protocol for Peripherally Inserted Central Catheters in Neonates: A Retrospective, X-ray Controlled Observational Study.

Objectives: Ultrasound (US) has been reported to be a reliable imaging modality for locating the tip of peripherally inserted central venous catheters (PICC) in neonates. However, its use requires a certain level of expertise, which may limit its application. Standardization of US examinations using designed protocols may improve their efficiency and ease of use. The objective of our study is to evaluate the effectiveness of introducing a standardized US protocol for PICC guidance. Methods: An expert panel was formed in order to develop a standardized US protocol for PICC assessment. Institutional review board agreement was obtained. This protocol was then used by participating clinicians to assess PICC position. Every assessment was followed by a radiographic control. The study group consisted of 262 US examinations of PICC lines in a level III neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) performed according to the designed protocol. Subsequent statistical analysis was made with the RStudio software, R version 4.3.1 (2023-06-16 ucrt). Results: Compared to the X-ray control, standardized US examinations showed 100% sensitivity, 81% specificity, an accuracy of 98% and a 98% precision for assessing catheter placement. The Cohen's Kappa value for the comparison of X-ray and US studies was 0.88, indicating good agreement between the two methods. Conclusions: Standardized US examinations have shown similar potential for evaluating the location of PICC lines when compared with radiographic studies. Implementing a standardized protocol in the NICU may facilitate the ultrasound assessment of PICC lines and reduce exposure to ionizing radiation.

Optimal Placement of HVDC-VSC in AC System Using Self-Adaptive Bonobo Optimizer to Solve Optimal Power Flows: A Case Study of the Algerian Electrical Network

Modern electrical power networks make extensive use of high voltage direct current transmission systems based on voltage source converters due to their advantages in terms of both cost and flexibility. Moreover, incorporating a direct current link adds more complexity to the optimal power flow computation. This paper presents a new meta-heuristic technique, named self-adaptive bonobo optimizer, which is an improved version of bonobo optimizer. It aims to solve the optimal power flow for alternating current power systems and hybrid systems AC/DC, to find the optimal location of the high voltage direct current line in the network, with a view to minimize the total generation costs and the total active power transmission losses. The self-adaptive bonobo optimizer was tested on the IEEE 30-bus system, and the large-scale Algerian 114-bus electric network. The obtained results were assessed and contrasted with those previously published in the literature in order to demonstrate the effectiveness and potential of the suggested strategy.

Long-distance transmission conductor condition sensing based on distributed fiber optic sensing technology

Abstract The existing long-distance transmission line perception mainly focuses on the measurement and analysis of electrical parameters. When the line is subject to wind vibration, icing or galloping, the changes of electrical parameters are not obvious and difficult to capture, resulting in poor performance of long-distance transmission line fault state perception. In this regard, the long-distance transmission line condition sensing based on distributed optical fiber sensing technology is studied. This method designs corresponding sensing methods for four working conditions: using the back Brillouin scattering sensor and phase sensitive Rayleigh scattering sensor in the optical fiber sensing technology to form a multi parameter distributed optical fiber sensing device, which is used to sense the surface temperature, vibration, strain and other data of the long-distance transmission line; By analyzing the linear relationship between fiber Brillouin frequency shift and Brillouin power and fiber strain and temperature, the sensing results of icing thickness of long-distance transmission lines are obtained; By calculating the amplitude and phase information of the detection signal, the sensing results of long-distance transmission line vibration are obtained; By calculating the time difference of polarization mutation signal at both ends of long-distance transmission line, combined with the propagation speed of optical signal and the length of long-distance transmission line, the perception result of lightning fault location of long-distance transmission line can be obtained. The experimental results show that this method can more accurately collect the real-time operation data of long-distance transmission lines, and can effectively perceive the galloping, wind vibration and lightning fault location of long-distance transmission lines.

Developing Service Line Inventories: Guidance for Utilities With Limited Lead Lines

Key TakeawaysIn the United States, all community and nontransient noncommunity water systems are required to submit an inventory describing the location and makeup of all service lines in their service areas.While the material can be designated as lead, galvanized requiring replacement, nonlead, or unknown, the last two designations require additional steps to be taken in the proposed Lead and Copper Rule Improvements (LCRI).Some utilities have few or no lead service lines, and this inventory requirement, issued by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), may be burdensome to those utilities.This article demonstrates the methodology in EPA's proposed LCRI for verification of construction material, and an alternate validation procedure is proposed.

A Retrospective Study of Risk Factors Associated with Refracture after Repair of Radial-Ulnar Fractures in Small-Breed Dogs.

The aim of this study was to identify risk factors for refracture after radial union in small-breed dogs. In our retrospective study, medical records of radial-ulnar fracture cases in small dogs treated with plates and screws were reviewed. General information and postoperative course (days until confirmed radial fracture healing, with or without ulnar union, time to final follow-up, with or without plate removal and refracture) were recorded. The fracture line location, screw positions, radial thickness and width, and pixel values throughout the postoperative periods were obtained from the radiographs. The affected limbs were classified into non-plate removal (P) and plate removal (R) groups. Refracture occurred in 5 of the 141 limbs at the most distal screw in the P group and 5 of the 40 limbs at the same site as the initial fracture in the R group. Multivariate analysis indicated that refracture was linked to the amount of relative change with growth in the position of the most distal screw in the P group, with pixel value and radial thickness ratios at the same site as the initial fracture in the R group. Reducing the screw diameter relative to the radial width to the appropriate extent may be considered in cases where the screw positioned at the most distal end of the radius is expected to be relatively proximal as the distal radius grows; not removing the plate may be considered in cases with a decreased radial thickness or bone mineral density beneath the plate during plate removal.

Intermittency transition to azimuthal instability in a turbulent annular combustor

We experimentally study the transition from a state of combustion noise to azimuthal thermoacoustic instability in a laboratory-scale turbulent annular combustor. This combustor has sixteen swirl-stabilized burners to facilitate continuous and spatially distributed combustion along the annular region. Our approach involves simultaneous measurement of CH* chemiluminescence emission of the flame using two high-speed cameras and the acoustic pressure fluctuations using eight piezoelectric pressure transducers mounted on the backplane of combustor. We observe that the transition from combustion noise to azimuthal instability occurs through mode shifting, where the system switches from a longitudinal mode to an azimuthal mode as the equivalence ratio is decreased. Throughout this progression, the combustor exhibits various dynamical behaviors, including intermittency, dual-mode instability, standing azimuthal instability, and beating azimuthal instability. These dynamical states are determined from the acquired pressure signals by decomposing the acoustic pressure fluctuations into clockwise (CW) and counterclockwise (CCW) waves, enabling a reconstruction of the amplitude of acoustic pressure fluctuations, nature angle, (anti-)nodal line location, and spin ratio. The global heat release response is then examined during various dynamical states, contrasting their behavior at different non-dimensional time steps by phase-averaging the fluctuations of the heat release rate over the acoustic pressure cycle. Distinctive flame behaviors were observed based on the direction of pressure wave propagation, showcasing characteristic CCW spinning, standing, and CW spinning heat release patterns. Moreover, our examination of relative phase distributions during various dynamical states, computed by analyzing the phase of heat release rate fluctuations across all burners with respect to one burner, reveals the emergence of diverse patterns in the interaction of neighboring flames influenced by acoustic field.

TopoRoot+: computing whorl and soil line traits of field-excavated maize roots from CT imaging

BackgroundThe use of 3D imaging techniques, such as X-ray CT, in root phenotyping has become more widespread in recent years. However, due to the complexity of the root structure, analyzing the resulting 3D volumes to obtain detailed architectural root traits remains a challenging computational problem. When it comes to image-based phenotyping of excavated maize root crowns, two types of root features that are notably missing from existing methods are the whorls and soil line. Whorls refer to the distinct areas located at the base of each stem node from which roots sprout in a circular pattern (Liu S, Barrow CS, Hanlon M, Lynch JP, Bucksch A. Dirt/3D: 3D root phenotyping for field-grown maize (zea mays). Plant Physiol. 2021;187(2):739–57. https://doi.org/10.1093/plphys/kiab311.). The soil line is where the root stem meets the ground. Knowledge of these features would give biologists deeper insights into the root system architecture (RSA) and the below- and above-ground root properties.ResultsWe developed TopoRoot+, a computational pipeline that produces architectural traits from 3D X-ray CT volumes of excavated maize root crowns. Building upon the TopoRoot software (Zeng D, Li M, Jiang N, Ju Y, Schreiber H, Chambers E, et al. Toporoot: A method for computing hierarchy and fine-grained traits of maize roots from 3D imaging. Plant Methods. 2021;17(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13007-021-00829-z.) for computing fine-grained root traits, TopoRoot + adds the capability to detect whorls, identify nodal roots at each whorl, and compute the soil line location. The new algorithms in TopoRoot + offer an additional set of fine-grained traits beyond those provided by TopoRoot. The addition includes internode distances, root traits at every hierarchy level associated with a whorl, and root traits specific to above or below the ground. TopoRoot + is validated on a diverse collection of field-grown maize root crowns consisting of nine genotypes and spanning across three years. TopoRoot + runs in minutes for a typical volume size of \\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\:40{0}^{3}$$\\end{document} on a desktop workstation. Our software and test dataset are freely distributed on Github.ConclusionsTopoRoot + advances the state-of-the-art in image-based phenotyping of excavated maize root crowns by offering more detailed architectural traits related to whorls and soil lines. The efficiency of TopoRoot + makes it well-suited for high-throughput image-based root phenotyping.

Influence of apical finish line location of tooth preparations on the scanning accuracy of intraoral scanners with various focal lengths and scanning technologies

Statement of problemLimited studies have reported the influence of finish line location on the accuracy of intraoral scanners (IOSs). Focal length is a hardware characteristic of IOSs. Whether there is a relationship between scanning accuracy of tooth preparations with the finish located at different apical positions and focal length and IOS technology or system remains uncertain. PurposeThe purpose of the present in vitro study was to assess the influence of the apical finish line location of tooth preparations on the accuracy of 4 IOSs with various focal lengths and scanning technologies. Material and methodsA maxillary typodont with a crown preparation on the left first molar was digitized (T710). Afterwards, a removable die was created on the prepared first molar of the virtual cast and duplicated to create 4 dies with different apical finish line locations: 2- or 1-mm supragingival, 0-mm or equigingival, and −0.5-mm or intracrevicular. The cast and die designs were additively fabricated (Asiga Pro 4K with Keystone Model Ultra). Each die was independently scanned by using the same laboratory scanner (reference scans). Four groups were created: TRIOS 5, i700, iTero, and Primescan. Four subgroups were developed depending on the apical position of the finish line (n=15). In each subgroup, the cast was assembled by positioning the corresponding die into the cast. The cast was then scanned by using the corresponding IOS. The reference scans were used as a control to compute the root mean square (RMS) error discrepancies with each experimental scan on the preparation and margin of the preparation areas. Two-way ANOVA and pairwise comparisons were used to analyze trueness (α=.05). The Levene and pairwise comparisons using the Wilcoxon Rank sum test were used to analyze precision (α=.05). ResultsTrueness discrepancies in the preparation area were found among the groups (P=.010) and subgroups (P<.001), with a significant interaction between group×subgroup (P<.001). The −0.5 mm location obtained significantly worse trueness in the preparation area. The TRIOS 5 and i700 obtained the best trueness in the preparation area. Trueness discrepancies in the margin area were found among the groups (P=.002) and subgroups (P<.001), with a significant interaction between group×subgroup (P=.004). The −0.5 mm location obtained the worst trueness in the margin area. The i700 and Primescan obtained the best trueness in the margin area. Precision discrepancies were found in the preparation area (P<.001). The TRIOS 5 obtained the best precision in the preparation area (P=.001). Precision discrepancies in the margin area were obtained (P<.001). The 1-mm subgroup obtained the best precision (P=.001). ConclusionsThe apical position of the finish line of the tooth preparation tested affected the trueness and precision of the IOSs tested.

The design of ‘opportunistic’ or sparse onshore seismic surveys

Seismic surveying is the preferred subsurface exploration technique, but data acquisition can be problematic in populated areas and especially in urban areas. In this paper, I describe a method to design “opportunistic” or sparse surveys that utilize existing roads and tracks and whose objective is to allow the acquisition of a data set especially suited to the application of 5D regularization. The method incorporates six stages: theoretical design, identification of possible line locations, geometry creation, geometry evaluation, survey optimization, and the creation of infill points. Unlike conventional designs, this process requires the calculation of specific metrics that indicate the suitability of the design for regularization. The process also requires multiple iterations of the evaluation/optimization/infill stages, some of which can be automated, to generate the optimum design. Given the bespoke nature of the method, a specialized MATLAB package was developed to implement the process, which also incorporates the numerous high-performance algorithms required.

Insights on the Formation Conditions of Uranus and Neptune from Their Deep Elemental Compositions

This study, placed in the context of the preparation for the Uranus Orbiter Probe mission, aims to predict the bulk volatile compositions of Uranus and Neptune. Using a protoplanetary disk model, it examines the evolution of trace species through vapor and solid transport as dust and pebbles. Due to the high carbon abundance found in their envelopes, the two planets are postulated to have formed at the carbon monoxide ice line within the protosolar nebula. The time evolution of the abundances of the major volatile species at the location of the CO ice line is then calculated to derive the abundance ratios of the corresponding key elements, including the heavy noble gases, in the feeding zones of Uranus and Neptune. Supersolar metallicity in their envelopes likely results from accreting solids in these zones. Two types of solids are considered: pure condensates (Case 1) and a mixture of pure condensates and clathrates (Case 2). The model, calibrated to observed carbon enrichments, predicts deep compositions. In Case 1, argon is deeply depleted, while nitrogen, oxygen, krypton, phosphorus, sulfur, and xenon are significantly enriched relative to their protosolar abundances in the two planets. Case 2 predicts significant enrichments for all species, including argon, relative to their protosolar abundances. Consequently, Case 1 predicts near-zero Ar/Kr or Ar/Xe ratios, while Case 2 suggests that these ratios are 0.1 and 0.5–1 times their protosolar ratios, respectively. Both cases predict a bulk sulfur-to-nitrogen ratio consistent with atmospheric measurements.

Analysis of influencing factors of early femoral head necrosis after femoral neck fracture and construction of nomogram prediction model

To explore the risk factors of early femoral head necrosis in patients with femoral neck fracture after operation, and to establish a nomogram prediction model. A total of 167 patients with femoral neck fracture from January 2020 to April 2022 were selected and divided into necrosis group and non-necrosis group according to whether femoral head necrosis occurred in the early postoperative period. There were 21 males and 17 females in the necrosis group, aged from 33 to 72 years old, with an average of (53.49±10.96) years old, and the time from injury to operation ranged from 40 to 67 hours, with average time of(53.46±7.23) hours. There were 72 males and 57 females in the non-necrosis group, aged from 18 to 83 years, with an average of (52.78±12.55) years old, and the time from injury to operation was 18 to 65 hours, with an average time of(39.88±7.79) hours. The potential influencing factors, including patient gender, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, chronic liver disease, posterior inclination angle of the femoral head, operation mode, fracture displacement, fracture line location, preoperative braking traction, screw arrangement mode, reduction quality, age, body mass index(BMI), and injury to operation time were subjected to single factor analysis. Logistic multivariate regression analysis was conducted for factors with a significance level of P<0.05. The incidence of femoral head necrosis in 167 patients with femoral neck fracture was 22.76%. The following factors were identified as independent risk factors for early postoperative femoral head necrosis in patients with femoral neck fractures:coexisting diabetes[OR=5.139, 95%CI(1.405, 18.793), P=0.013], displaced fracture [OR=3.723, 95%CI(1.105, 12.541), P=0.034], preoperative immobilization[OR=3.444, 95%CI(1.038, 11.427), P=0.043], quality of reduction [OR=3.524, 95%CI(1.676, 7.411), P=0.001], and time from injury to surgery[OR=1.270, 95%CI(1.154, 1.399), P=0.000]. The Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test(χ2=3.951, P=0.862), the area under the receiver operator characteristic(ROC) curve was 0.944[P<0.001, 95%CI(0.903, 0.987)], with a sensitivity of 89.50%, the specificity was 88.40%, the maximum Youden index was 0.779, and the overall trend of the model correction curve was close to the ideal curve. Model regression equation was Z=1.637 × diabetes + 1.314× fracture displacement+1.237 × preoperative braking traction+1.260 × reduction quality + 0.239×injury to operation time-18.310. The occurrence of early femoral head necrosis in patients with femoral neck fracture postoperatively is affected by multiple factors. The risk early warning model established according to the factors has good predictive efficacy.