Food Location Research Articles

The Cost of Imagined Actions in a Reward-Valuation Task.

Growing evidence suggests that humans and other animals assign value to a stimulus based not only on its inherent rewarding properties, but also on the costs of the action required to obtain it, such as the cost of time. Here, we examined whether such cost also occurs for mentally simulated actions. Healthy volunteers indicated their subjective value for snack foods while the time to imagine performing the action to obtain the different stimuli was manipulated. In each trial, the picture of one food item and a home position connected through a path were displayed on a computer screen. The path could be either large or thin. Participants first rated the stimulus, and then imagined moving the mouse cursor along the path from the starting position to the food location. They reported the onset and offset of the imagined movements with a button press. Two main results emerged. First, imagery times were significantly longer for the thin than the large path. Second, participants liked significantly less the snack foods associated with the thin path (i.e., with longer imagery time), possibly because the passage of time strictly associated with action imagery discounts the value of the reward. Importantly, such effects were absent in a control group of participants who performed an identical valuation task, except that no action imagery was required. Our findings hint at the idea that imagined actions, like real actions, carry a cost that affects deeply how people assign value to the stimuli in their environment.

Household Food Waste Quantification and Cross-Examining the Official Figures: A Study on Household Wheat Bread Waste in Shiraz, Iran.

The global consumer food waste (FW) estimates are mainly based on modeling data obtained from governments. However, a major data gap exists in FW at the household level, especially in developing countries. Meanwhile, the reliability of the existing data is questionable. This study aimed to quantify wheat bread waste (HBW) in Shiraz, Iran, and cross-examine the governmental HBW data. Face-to-face waste recall questionnaire interviews were conducted in 419 households from December 2018 to August 2019. A multistage sampling strategy consisting of stratification, clustering, and systematic sampling was employed. Moreover, we carried out a comprehensive document review to extract and analyze the official HBW data. The results revealed that the HBW in Shiraz is 1.80%—the waste amounts for traditional bread and non-traditional bread were 1.70% and 2.50%, respectively. The survey results were compared with the previous official data, revealing a substantial contradiction with the 30% HBW reported between 1991 and 2015. Possible reasons for this disparity are explored in this paper. Although our results cannot be generalized to other food commodities and locations, our findings suggest that considering the substantial likelihood of bias in the official data, policymakers should conduct more FW measurements and re-evaluate the accuracy of the existing data.

Foods and Beverages Available to Nurses in Hospital Cafeterias, Vending Machines, and Gift Shops.

Hospitals are important workplaces for nurses with many perceived barriers to healthy eating, but objective assessments are lacking. This study evaluated the healthfulness of hospital consumer food environments. Cross-sectional observational; Setting: South Carolina; Subjects: Cafeterias, vending machines (VM), and gift shops (GS) in hospitals of varying size, urbanization, and region. Using the Hospital Nutrition Environment Scan (HNES), primary outcomes of interest included availability, access, prices, and location of healthy foods in relation to nursing units. Descriptive and inferential statistics by independent samples t-test, ANOVA, Mann-Whitney U, χ2, or Fisher's exact test as appropriate. Thirty-one hospitals were observed from December 2019 to February 2020. Average composite HNES score (n = 28) was 46.3 ± 14.9 (-45 to 173 range), indicating sub-optimal food environments. Cafeterias (n = 31) scored an average of 30.9 ± 10.5 (-33 to 86 range). Average VM (n = 31) and GS (n = 28) scores were 11.6 ± 6.0 (-6 to 55 range) and 2.9 ± 4.0 (-6 to 32 range), respectively. Small hospitals (≤100 beds) had lower average cafeteria score (22.4 ± 10.3) than extra-large hospitals (≥500 beds; 42 ± 5.2, P < .01). Small hospitals also had lower composite HNES scores (34.4 ± 17.1) compared to extra-large hospitals (61.0 ± 14.4, P = .02). Data regarding availability, access, prices, and location were also reported. Due to abundant availability of unhealthy foods and beverages, hospital consumer food environments scored low on observations using the HNES, highlighting the opportunity to improve the healthfulness of facility offerings.

Analysis of the Effect of Food Quality, Price, Location and Environment, and Service Quality on Customer Loyalty through Customer Satisfaction of Burger King Customers in Surabaya during the Pandemic

Community needs in the food industry have decreased due to the COVID-19 pandemic. . This can be seen from the economic growth in the second quarter of 2020 which decreased by minus 5.32 percent. Restaurant companies that rely on dine-in eating habits must also pay more attention to the development of online delivery so that restaurants can survive, with good online development, making their own restaurant applications, would be able to attract more buyers, the use of technology to facilitate payments and ordering is one of the steps restaurants to survive and thrive. With the changes in habits implemented during the pandemic, this can be an opportunity for a fast food restaurant like Burger King, which has more practicality compared to other non-fast food meals. The concept of a drive-tru and delivery-order is becoming more and more due to these pandemic times, which should pay more attention to various sectors of the food and beverage industry, especially Burger King. This study aims to analyze how the influence of food quality, price, location and environment, and service quality on customer loyalty through customer satisfaction variables. The benefits expected in this study can increase knowledge in the field of management, especially how much influence customer satisfaction has so that it can increase customer loyalty and correct existing errors and ultimately this will be able to increase sustainable transactions from Burger King restaurant customers in Surabaya. The data collection in this study was carried out by distributing questionnaires to 132 respondents with the characteristics of male and female respondents, aged 18-60 years, domiciled in Surabaya, had bought and consumed ( dine in / on the spot) Burger King in Surabaya twice in the last two years. For processing and analyzing data in this study using SPSS 22.0. After that, to tabulate the results of the respondent's research, and to test the research model using the Structural Equation Model (SEM) AMOS 22.0 data analysis technique.

Analysis of the Effect of Food Quality, Price, Location and Environment, and Service Quality on Customer Loyalty through Customer Satisfaction of Burger King Customers in Surabaya during the Pandemic

Analysis of the Effect of Food Quality, Price, Location and Environment, and Service Quality on Customer Loyalty through Customer Satisfaction of Burger King Customers in Surabaya during the Pandemic

Consumer Preference Survey of De Choice Fast Food in Uyo Metropolis, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria

The purpose of this study was to provide a description of fast-food consumers, analyze their preferences, determine the adequacy of current packaging material, and recommend improvements in media vehicles and promotional strategy. A sample of 172 consumers entering De Choice Fast Food in Uyo Metropolis, were conveniently selected, while descriptive statistics was used in analyzing the data obtained. Findings showed that De Choice Fast Food consumers were predominantly resident in Uyo metropolis, singles, more males than females with some levels of education, relatively young people with average incomes. Of all the consumers, those who liked De Choice Fast Food products thought it was tasty, with great value while those who had complaints said their price was on the high side but that the foods/snacks were spicy. Furthermore, the findings showed that consumers prefer white transparent clear plastic packaging to other materials and that they consider De Choice Fast Food location, parking space and interior to be adequate. More so, they love a variety of music like gospels, pop, rock and traditional music and are mostly reached through De Choice bill boards. From these findings, we concluded that most of the consumers of De Choice Fast Food products were average income earners, quite young and enterprising men and women; the foods were of good taste and great value and billboards were the most effective means of reaching most of the consumers. Based on this, we recommended that a complete repackaging of their service strategy be revisited through process engineering of key service areas.

Human spatial memory is biased towards high-calorie foods: a cross-cultural online experiment

BackgroundHuman memory appears to prioritise locations of high-calorie foods, likely as an adaptation for foraging within fluctuating ancestral food environments. Importantly, this “high-calorie bias” in human spatial memory seems to yield consequences for individual eating behaviour in modern food-abundant settings. However, as studies have mainly been conducted in European (Dutch) populations to date, we investigated whether the existence of the cognitive bias can be reasonably generalised across countries that vary on culturally-relevant domains, such as that of the USA and Japan. Furthermore, we investigated whether sociodemographic factors moderate the expression of the high-calorie spatial memory bias in different populations.MethodsIn a cross-cultural online experiment, we measured the food location memory of diverse participants from the USA (N = 72; 44.4% Male; 54 ± 15.99 years) and Japan (N = 74; 56.8% Male; 50.85 ± 17.32 years), using a validated computer-based spatial memory task with standardised images of high-calorie and low-calorie foods. To directly compare the magnitude of the high-calorie spatial memory bias in a broader cultural scope, we also included data from a previous online experiment that identically tested the food spatial memory of a Dutch sample (N = 405; 56.7% Male; 47.57 ± 17.48 years).ResultsIn the US sample, individuals more accurately recalled (i.e. had lower pointing errors for) locations of high-calorie foods versus that of low-calorie alternatives (Mean difference = -99.23 pixels, 95% CI = [-197.19, -1.28]) – regardless of one’s hedonic preferences, familiarity with foods, and encoding times. Likewise, individuals in the Japanese sample displayed an enhanced memory for locations of high-calorie (savoury-tasting) foods (Mean difference = -40.41 pixels, 95% CI = [-76.14, -4.68]), while controlling for the same set of potential confounders. The magnitude of the high-calorie bias in spatial memory was similar across populations (i.e. the USA, Japan, and the Netherlands), as well as across diverse sociodemographic groups within a population.ConclusionsOur results demonstrate that the high-calorie bias in spatial memory transcends sociocultural boundaries. Since the cognitive bias may negatively impact on our dietary decisions, it would be wise to invest in strategies that intervene on our seemingly universal ability to efficiently locate calorie-rich foods.

Determinants of Expenditure Patterns of Unconditional Cash Transfer Receipts in Kenya

Cash transfers take different forms -- unconditional or conditional. Higher- and middle-income Kenyans support the poor through cash and in-kind transfers. These private/individual transfers supplement the Government’s own cash and in-kind transfer programmes. Non-profit institutions and corporate sector are also involved in cash and in-kind transfers. However, some policy makers and others are skeptical about the viability of unconditional cash transfer programmes. They fear that poor households will use such cash transfers to buy alcohol, tobacco, or other “temptation goods.”This paper aims at: establishing the determinants of the items on which unconditional cash transfers are spent at the household level; determining if the concern often expressed by policy makers and others that poor households will use cash transfers to buy the so called “temptation goods” is justified; and determining if a case can be made for unconditional cash transfer in Kenya. We employed a multivariate regression technique to establish the determinants of cash transfer expenditures, using nationally representative household survey data. Our findings show that unconditional cash transfers are spent on food, education/school fees, health, investment/business, rent/housing, clothing, debt repayment, and others. Overall, households in Kenya seem to make “sensible” decisions in their expenditure of such income. They spend the money on items that are in line with their socioeconomic situation. The highest proportion of such income is spent on education which they consider as investment in human capital of their children. Next is expenditure on food and the pattern is consistent with our prior expectations. Expenditures on the so called “temptation goods” seem to be very small, if at all. These key priority expenditure patterns seem to invalidate the concern that cash transfers may be just “handouts” that promote purchase of the so-called “temptation goods” in addition to leading to dependency. Factors that influence how the recipients spend the cash include the household’s poverty severity rating, food poverty rating, location (urban or rural), nutritional status and gender and education level of head of household.In light of the above findings, when planning and executing government’s social protection programmes, the recipients should be given greater say than has been the case hitherto. During the disruptive times, there are opportunities for innovation in policy formulation and management of cash transfer programmes, especially the unconditional ones. The Government, donors, corporate and NGO sectors should be open to such innovations and the beneficiaries should be given lee-way in deciding how to spend the money, especially in disruptive times. This would improve effectiveness and sustainability of such programmes. Keywords: Cash transfer, multivariate regression, E-Views, pooled panel data DOI: 10.7176/JESD/13-4-05 Publication date: February 28 th 2022

Food deserts and location economics

Food deserts and location economics

A study of the degree of customer satisfaction with hotel services during COVID

The purpose of the article is to develop proposals to increase the degree of satisfaction of hotel services consumers during COVID among residents of Kazakhstan and Russia. The article examines the issues of service, service, cost and quality of services of hotel enterprises, including measures to counteract coronavirus infection. Marketing research was conducted in the third quarter of 2021, the methodology for determining the degree of satisfaction consisted of six stages. The research results have shown that, despite the existing mobility restrictions in the studied countries, the economically active population feels the need for attractive emotions, rest, and a change of scenery. The survey data showed that the epidemiological situation in the examined countries impacted tourist trips over the past year and a half. The respondents noted the need to comply with health safety measures. The choice of recreation and accommodation facilities was influenced by the cost of PCR analysis, especially for families traveling with children, and the availability of a vaccination passport. Also, in the conditions of COVID, the choice of consumers was made in favor of personal vehicles. This period has increased the demand for domestic tourism facilities. However, most previous consumers’ requirements for services have remained the same – for quality of service, cost, and friendly attitude. The respondents attributed to the key factors: hotel location, clean rooms, and quality of food. 85% of respondents are satisfied with the hotel services and measures of safe stay. Conclusions and recommendations based on the study findings can be applied by the enterprises providing hotel and catering services.

Sociospatial Analysis of Food Pantry Access and Location in a Southwestern Frontier Community

ABSTRACT We explore the relationship between food insecurity and geographic position in Silver City, NM. Using a survey of more than 100 respondents and desktop GIS analysis, we investigate whether distance, neighborhood, and socioeconomic status have a bearing on access and use of food pantries. Results indicate there is no pronounced relationship between recipience of government benefits and food pantry use, recipience of government benefits and neighborhood of residence, or household income and self-reported distance to a food pantry. Results may appear counterintuitive: Food pantry use has increased in the USA, but the profile of a pantry client is not axiomatic.

Factors Influencing the Customer Dining Experience and Retention at Marrybrown in Malaysia

Marrybrown is a Malaysian brand that develops steadily in Halal fast-food chains, which deliver great value products and exceptional quality service. Marrybrown has utilized its competitive advantages and successfully sustained itself among the competitors in the same market. This study investigates the factors influencing the customer dining experience and retention at Marrybrown in Malaysia. The research method is an online survey and analyzed using V-ONE. The findings indicated that food quality, location preference, menu innovation, restaurant environment, and service quality are important variables that affect the customer dining experience and customer retention at Marrybrown located in Malaysia. The findings provide suggestions for future research and improvement of the services provided by Marrybrown located in Malaysia.

Enhancing reef fish diversity using artificial reef-building: A case study of coral reef rehabilitation on Nyamuk Island, Anambas Islands

CCMRS-IPB conducted coral reef rehabilitation at damaged coral reefs around Nyamuk Island. Those artificial reef buildings for rehabilitation gave shelter spaces for reef fish. This research aims to calculate the effect of coral reef-building, which enhances rugosity to the reef fish diversity around the rehabilitation sites. The study was conducted on Nyamuk Island in the Anambas Islands. Reef fish were sampled annually from 2014 to 2019 using the underwater visual census. The Diversity index and non-Metric Multidimensional Scaling were built to discover reef fish diversity, and reef fish species were affected the most. Yearly data shows an escalation number of reef fish abundance and richness at the end of 2019. The major reef fish group is found to have constant diversity throughout the year compared to other functional groups. The target reef fish group came to this rehabilitation ecosystem primarily attracted by nourishment availability. There is a shift in the reef fish diversity from the early year to the project end. Generally, major reef fish groups will be refuged first around the rehabilitation sites, especially territorial types. Target fish groups from herbivorous and carnivorous types will mostly come along after their food availability and location to get around.

Wired for harsh food environments: Human spatial memory favours the effortless location and consumption of high-calorie foods

Human memory automatically prioritises locations of high-calorie foods, likely reflecting an adaptation for foraging in harsh ancestral food environments. We investigated whether this high-calorie bias in human spatial memory yields unhealthy obesogenic implications for individual eating behaviour in present-day food-abundant settings. In an online study, we tested the food spatial memory of a diverse sample of 405 individuals, as well as examined associations between the high-calorie spatial memory bias and the self-reported routine frequency of high-calorie snack consumption, exposure to high-calorie food environments, and BMI of a subset of 316 individuals. The high-calorie spatial memory bias was not directly associated with high-calorie snack consumption frequency or BMI. However, a greater expression of the bias indirectly predicted a higher BMI, by mediating a stronger habit of purchasing high-calorie snack foods. Although individuals from various sociodemographic groups expressed the high-calorie bias in spatial memory, our results suggest that those with a better inhibitory control to high-calorie foods were protected from bias-related tendencies to frequent high-calorie food environments (e.g. fast-food outlets).

Information maintenance of food sources is associated with environment, spatial cognition and age in a food-caching bird

Traditionally, exploration and exploitation of resources have been viewed as mutually exclusive behaviours in which animals can either allocate time to gathering information or to using known resources. But these behaviours can also be viewed as opposite ends of a continuum, with intermediate behaviours that balance exploration and exploitation, such as information maintenance. Updating previously acquired information through information maintenance can allow animals in unpredictable environments to track changing environmental conditions. Theoretical studies predict that the degree of involvement in information maintenance should depend on environmental predictability – when the overall environment is less predictable, animals should update previously acquired information more frequently because such information is less certain and could change quickly. We tested this hypothesis by allowing wild food-caching mountain chickadees, Poecile gambeli , to visit and sample multiple feeders with temporarily stable, unlimited food for five consecutive winters. We used an index of feeder use breadth to explore how feeder visits across multiple feeders varied with environmental conditions. Each feeder visit is associated with information updating, and more information maintenance should be associated with distributing more visits across more feeders. While controlling for the total number of visits by each individual, we found that (1) chickadees redistributed feeder use among more feeders when environmental conditions were harsh and unpredictable, (2) juveniles had a higher feeder use breadth than adults, and individuals reduced their feeder use breadth as they aged, (3) better spatial learning and memory ability but not spatial cognitive flexibility was associated with smaller feeder use breadth and (4) learning associated with decreased food availability reduced subsequent feeder use breadth. Our data supported our predictions that factors affecting the predictability of resource information (environmental conditions and individual characteristics such as cognition and age) affect how individuals engage in information maintenance. • Animals should update information more frequently when the environment is unpredictable. • Food-caching chickadees updated information about previously discovered food locations. • Chickadees updated food information more frequently in years with harsher winters. • Birds with better spatial cognition updated food information less. • Older birds with more experience updated food information less.

Preferential Attraction of Oviposition-Ready Oriental Fruit Flies to Host Fruit Odor over Protein Food Odor.

Simple SummaryOriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis, is one of the most destructive invasive pests of tropical fruit and vegetable crops worldwide. Current oriental fruit fly quarantine programs focus heavily on the control and surveillance of male flies, which is less effective for mitigating the impact caused by female populations. We investigated the relationship between olfactory preference and oviposition outcome of oriental fruit flies. In laboratory bioassays using similarly aged (14–16 day old) cohorts of mated females, some females preferred host fruit odors over protein food odor (torula yeast), while some preferred protein odor. The females that preferred host fruit odor had 2.1 times greater egg load and laid 2.4 times more eggs than females that preferred protein odor. Our results suggest that mated female oriental fruit flies with a preference for host fruit odor are likely to be in an imminent oviposition-ready physiological status, while mated females that prefer torula yeast odor are likely more protein-hungry and need more protein to produce the critical egg load necessary for oviposition.Olfaction plays a key role in the location of food and oviposition resources by tephritid fruit flies. Adult females, including oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis, can sustain egg production throughout their lives provided they obtain sufficient protein. Thus, preferential attraction to food or oviposition sites (host fruit) will depend on a fly’s particular physiological state. In this study, laboratory bioassays were conducted with mature, mated B. dorsalis (provisioned protein and sugar ad libitum) to evaluate attraction to traps baited with torula yeast versus six host fruit sources (guava, guava juice, mango, orange, Surinam cherry, or white sapote). Females that preferred fruit laid a significant number of eggs around the trap entrance (average 405 eggs/fly), while almost no eggs were laid by females that preferred yeast (0.5 and 1.3 eggs/fly on two occasions). Similar results were observed in a bioassay using headspace extracts of guava juice and torula yeast, supporting olfactory-mediated responses. When individual females were allowed to oviposit in guava juice traps 0–24 h after a choice test, 45.8% of females that chose guava juice laid eggs (average 14.7 eggs/fly), compared with 27.5% that chose yeast (average 6.5 eggs/fly). Dissections indicated that females with a preference for guava juice had an egg load 2.4 times greater than females that preferred yeast. These results suggest there is an olfactory-based behavioral switch in preference from protein to host odors when female B. dorsalis are oviposition-ready. We discuss the implications of our findings for practical behavioral management and detection programs for B. dorsalis.

Animate Orientation Based on Visual Landmarks and Scene Recognition

A biologically-inspired approach to robot route following is presented. The ant of the genus Formica rufa (a red forest ant) is used as a model species. These ants actively use collective foraging, unlike many other ant species. The scout ant remembers the route to food and can transmit information about the food location to foraging ants. Foragers can independently reach this place using this data and return home. The basis of the proposed method is the memorization the way by visual landmarks and fuzzy control. The animate path description model consists of a sequence of scenes and includes compass to account for the direction. The behavior of the animate-scout is implemented using an algorithm that simulates the foraging behavior of ants. The animate-forager performs actions to reproduce the route, applying the developed set of rules. The forager behavior is based on the same principles as that of a scout. But the scout remembers the scenes, and the forager recognizes and compares the visible scene and the scene from the route description. The actions of animates are presented in the form of elementary behavioral procedures. Each behavioral procedure is implemented using a finite state machine. The experiments for solving the foraging problem were carried out using a modeling system based on the ROS framework. The simulation results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method. The method does not require large computing power and advanced sensory capabilities from the robot. It can also be used in reconnaissance and patrol tasks.

Factors Influencing Customer Satisfaction and Its Contribution on Customer Loyalty: Case of Restaurant Industry in Turkish Republic of North Cyprus

Purpose – The purpose of our study is to analyze the customer satisfaction and loyalty in restaurant industry in Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. Considering the restaurant industry, the literature reveals that food quality, service quality, price, location and restaurant atmosphere are the key determinants of customer satisfaction. Although positive relationships were reported in many studies between the traditional determinants and customer satisfaction, it is important to investigate these factors in TRNC since the dynamics and culture of each country can be different. Design/methodology/approach – In this study, 7-point Likert scale survey instrument was constructed and online questionnaire distributed to survey 356 customers through convenience sampling method. Classification and Regression Tree (CART) Analysis was used to test the hypotheses. Findings – Our findings indicate that service quality and food quality make significant contribution on customer satisfaction and there is a positive relationship between customer satisfaction and customer loyalty. In addition, food quality is the most important factor influencing the customer satisfaction in restaurant industry. Discussion – In addition to traditional determinants, usage of mobile application and presentation shows in restaurants were incorporated into the proposed research model to examine the relationship with customer satisfaction. Mobile application and presentation shows were rarely investigated in restaurant industry and since there is a hyper-competition in restaurant industry, it is important to find new ways that can promote to customer satisfaction. Furthermore, the relationships between customer satisfaction and loyalty is investigated.

The Cognitive Ecology of Animal Movement: Evidence From Birds and Mammals

Cognition, defined as the processes concerned with the acquisition, retention and use of information, underlies animals’ abilities to navigate their local surroundings, embark on long-distance seasonal migrations, and socially learn information relevant to movement. Hence, in order to fully understand and predict animal movement, researchers must know the cognitive mechanisms that generate such movement. Work on a few model systems indicates that most animals possess excellent spatial learning and memory abilities, meaning that they can acquire and later recall information about distances and directions among relevant objects. Similarly, field work on several species has revealed some of the mechanisms that enable them to navigate over distances of up to several thousand kilometers. Key behaviors related to movement such as the choice of nest location, home range location and migration route are often affected by parents and other conspecifics. In some species, such social influence leads to the formation of aggregations, which in turn may lead to further social learning about food locations or other resources. Throughout the review, we note a variety of topics at the interface of cognition and movement that invite further investigation. These include the use of social information embedded in trails, the likely important roles of soundscapes and smellscapes, the mechanisms that large mammals rely on for long-distance migration, and the effects of expertise acquired over extended periods.

Horses with sustained attention follow the pointing of a human who knows where food is hidden

When interacting with humans, domesticated species may respond to communicative gestures, such as pointing. However, it is currently unknown, except for in dogs, if species comprehend the communicative nature of such cues. Here, we investigated whether horses could follow the pointing of a human informant by evaluating the credibility of the information about the food-hiding place provided by the pointing of two informants. Using an object-choice task, we manipulated the attentional state of the two informants during food-hiding events and differentiated their knowledge about the location of the hidden food. Furthermore, we investigated the horses’ visual attention levels towards human behaviour to evaluate the relationship between their motivation and their performance of the task. The result showed that horses that sustained high attention levels could evaluate the credibility of the information and followed the pointing of an informant who knew where food was hidden (Z = − 2.281, P = 0.002, n = 36). This suggests that horses are highly sensitive to the attentional state and pointing gestures of humans, and that they perceive pointing as a communicative cue. This study also indicates that the motivation for the task should be investigated to determine the socio-cognitive abilities of animals.