Entrance Location Research Articles

Performance of Campus Parking Garages in Preventing Crime

The Ohio State University ~OSU! initiated this study in response to campus parking garage crime that persisted at an unacceptably high level in spite of campus-wide efforts to reduce crime. The writers combined crime statistics gathered by the OSU Police Department with results of an on-site survey to model parking using Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design ~CPTED! principles. The goal of the study was a group of CPTED-based design changes intended to create an environment that would deter parking garage crime. The analysis included factors such as lighting, visibility, garage color, location of entrances and exits, and design of elevators and stairways. The evaluation showed that lighting was the most significant factors in users' perception of parking garage safety. As a result of this study, OSU implemented the recommended CPTED improvements. In the 2 years following the implementation of CPTED improvements, the average annual incidence of crime in the parking garage where the CPTED improvements had been made fell by more than half of the average annual incidence of crime in that same garage for the four years before the improvements were made.

Radial Flow Between Parallel Discs With Downward Center Flow

Radial Flow Between Parallel Discs With Downward Center Flow

Use of an extensive radio receiver network to document Pacific lamprey ( Lampetra tridentata ) entrance efficiency at fishways in the Lower Columbia River, USA

We used an extensive network of more than 170 radio receiving stations to document fine-scale passage efficiency of adult anadromous Pacific lamprey at Bonneville and The Dalles Dams in the lower Columbia River in the northwestern U.S.A. Each spring from 1997 to 2000, we released 197–299 lamprey with surgically implanted radio transmitters. Unique transmitter codes and the date and time of reception at each antenna site were downloaded electronically, and initial processing was conducted to eliminate false positive signals. The resulting large Oracle database was analyzed using an ArcView-based coding protocol. Underwater antennas positioned outside the fishway entrances detected lamprey approaches, and antennas positioned immediately inside the entrances indicated successful entries. Entrance efficiency (the number of lamprey that successfully entered a fishway divided by the number that approached that fishway) was compared for different types of entrances (main entrances versus orifice entrances) and entrance locations (powerhouse versus spillway). Lamprey used orifice-type entrances less frequently than main entrances, and passage success was generally low (< 50%) at all entrances to fishways at Bonneville Dam (the lowest dam in the system). Lamprey activity at the entrances was highest at night, and entrance success was significantly higher at The Dalles Dam (the next dam upstream from Bonneville Dam) than at Bonneville Dam. In 1999 and 2000, construction modifications were made to Bonneville Dam spillway entrances, and water velocity at these entrances was reduced at night. Modifications to increase lamprey attachment at the entrances improved lamprey entrance efficiency, but entrance efficiency during reduced velocity tests was not significantly higher than during control conditions.

Cave surface pollen and the palynological potential of karstic cave sediments in palaeoecology

Palynological results are presented of surface cave sediments from six caves of southeastern Spain, which differ in location, morphology, size, orientation and number of entrances. The results address several issues of pollen taphonomy in a cave environment. Modern sediments from caves contain pollen assemblages that may reflect local and regional vegetation even better than those obtained in the exterior environment. Cave geometry is an important factor affecting the quality of pollen spectra registered inside the cavity. Generally, the highest concentrations of palynomorphs are observed in the cave entrance and in sediments associated to dry depositional conditions. Speleothems and wet carbonated sediments, and those obtained from wall and rear areas often contain altered pollen spectra. Biotically transported taxa can help to provide palaeoecological information. The depositional context is extremely complex and caution should be taken in palaeoecological reconstruction. Therefore, uniform rules for sampling strategy should not be applied to all cave sediments.

Surgical anatomy of the cervical pedicles: landmarks for posterior cervical pedicle entrance localization.

The posterior entrance to the cervical pedicle is described using quantitative and descriptive parameters. Fifty-three spines (C2-C7) were evaluated using a digital caliper and by visual inspection using four bony landmarks: the lateral vertebral notch and inferior articular process (C2-C7), the medial pedicle cortex at C2, and the transverse process at C7. Three distances were defined. (1) At C2, the average medial pedicle cortex-pedicle distance was 7.2 mm. (2) The lateral vertebral notch-pedicle distances showed that the entrances were located close to the notch at C2, almost at the notch at C3 and C4, and gradually moved medially away from the notch from C5 to C7. The pedicles were rarely located lateral to the lateral vertebral notch. (3) The inferior articular process-pedicle distance was large at C2, the shortest at C3, and gradually increased toward C7. Three relations were defined. (1) The pedicles were located mostly in the intermediate third of the inferior facet at C2; in the lateral third at C3, C4, and C7; or in the lateral or intermediate thirds at C5 and C6. Only C2 and C6 pedicles were located in its medial third. (2) The pedicles were located mostly below the lateral vertebral notch at C2, at C3-C6, or almost equally above and at the notch at C7. (3) Most of the C7 pedicles were located below the midline of the transverse process. The location of the pedicle entrance was unique at each cervical level. Their distribution followed the cervical spinal cord enlargement. These landmarks should assist with safe placement of pedicle screws.

Visual Outcome and Prognostic Factors after Vitrectomy for Posterior Segment Foreign Bodies

To identify the prognostic factors that predict final visual outcome in eyes with posterior segment intraocular foreign body (IOFB) injuries managed by primary pars plana vitrectomy. Ninety-six consecutive patients with posterior segment IOFB injuries were retrospectively reviewed. Factors analyzed included initial visual acuity (VA), time between injury and presentation, site of entrance wound, uveal prolapse, vitreous prolapse, traumatized iris, endophthalmitis, location and size of IOFB, use of scleral buckling and/or an encircling band, gas tamponade, lensectomy, number of surgical procedures, and development of retinal detachment. Data were analyzed using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis. After a mean follow-up of 8.6 months, 63 eyes (65.6%) achieved VA of 20/200 or better, and 9 eyes (9.4%) had total retinal detachment complicated by inoperable proliferative vitreoretinopathy. On univariate analysis, predictors of poor vision (hand movements or less) were poor initial VA, corneoscleral entrance wound, uveal prolapse, vitreous prolapse, traumatized iris, and development of retinal detachment. In contrast, predictors of good visual outcome (20/200 or better) were absence of uveal prolapse, no endophthalmitis, and no retinal detachment. Multivariate analysis identified corneoscleral entrance wound, uveal prolapse, and development of retinal detachment as the only factors significantly associated with poor visual outcome. Absence of uveal prolapse was the only factor significantly associated with good visual outcome. Final visual outcome is greatly determined by the severity of the primary injury. On multivariate analysis, significant predictive factors of final VA were corneoscleral entrance wound, presence or absence of uveal prolapse, and development of retinal detachment.

A Case-Control Study of Risk Factors That Predict Femoral Arterial Injury in Penetrating Thigh Trauma

Study hypothesis: Femoral artery injuries can be predicted by the mechanism of injury, wound location and tract, and physical findings following penetrating thigh trauma. Design: Retrospective case-control study. Participants: All 808 consecutive patients undergoing femoral arteriography for penetrating thigh trauma from September 1986 through December 1990 were eligible for inclusion in the study. All 50 patients in the eligible population with proven femoral artery injuries diagnosed by angiogram were the study subjects. Fifty patients with penetrating thigh trauma who had angiograms negative for injury and were systematically chosen from the eligible population served as controls. Interventions: Data included mechanism of injury; location of wound entrance, tract, exit, and retained missile; physical findings (including ankle-brachial index); and the presence of femur fractures. Physical findings were divided into hard findings (pulse abnormality, expanding hematoma, or pulsatile bleeding) or soft findings (neurologic deficit, hypotension without another source, or bruit/thrill). Results: Of the 808 eligible patients, 50 (6.2%) had a femoral arterial injury on angiography, 20 (40%) of which were clinically occult injuries. A medial thigh tract made an arterial injury 58 times more likely (odds ratio [OR], 57.5; P<.001) and was present in 100% of cases and 64% of controls. An anteromedial thigh tract made an arterial injury 12 times more likely (OR, 11.5; P<.001) and was present in 92% of cases and 50% of controls. A wound with hard physical findings was 118 times more likely to have an arterial injury (OR, 118; P<.00001) and was found in 54% of cases and none of the controls. The presence of any physical finding made an arterial injury 36 times more likely (OR, 36; P<.00001) and was found in 60% of cases and 4% of controls. The presence of a femur fracture or a gunshot mechanism was not predictive of injury. Conclusion: Only patients with medial thigh wounds need to undergo angiography for the detection of femoral artery injuries. This approach would have reduced the angiography rate by 36% in this series. Had angiography been performed only on patients with any physical findings, a 70% reduction in the rate of angiography would have been achieved, although five occult arterial injuries per year would have been missed. Angiography should not be performed solely because of a gunshot mechanism or the presence of a femur fracture. [Shayne PH, Sloan EP, Rydman R, Barrett JA: A case-control study of risk factors that predict femoral arterial injury in penetrating thigh trauma. Ann Emerg Med October 1994;24:678-684.]

Low P‐wave velocity at the base of the mantle

A tool for investigating P‐wave (VP) structure at the base of the mantle is presented. SKS waves at distances around 107° are incident upon the core‐mantle boundary (CMB) with a slowness that allows for coupling with diffracted P‐waves (Pd) at the base of the mantle. The P‐wave diffraction occurs at both the SKS entrance and exit locations of the outer core. The resulting phase, SPdKS, arrives slightly later in time than SKS, having a wave path through the mantle and core very close to SKS. The difference time between SKS and SPdKS most strongly depends on VP at the base of the mantle near SKS core entrance and exit points. Digitized long‐period (5‐15s) observations from deep focus Tonga events recorded by North American WWSSN and Canadian Seismographic Network stations, and South American events recorded by European and Eurasian WWSSN stations exhibit anomalously large SPdKS‐SKS difference times. SKS and the later arriving SPdKS are separated by several seconds more than predictions made by the global average PREM model. Models having a pronounced low‐velocity zone in VP at the base of the mantle best predict the observations. These models are perturbations of the PREM model, whereby the lowermost 50–100 km of the D″ layer has a negative VP gradient, with the mantle‐side CMB VP reduced from PREM by 5% (to 13.0 km/s) at the base of the mantle.

Colony Defense in the African Honey Bee in Africa (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

Defensive behavior was investigated in a naturally occurring population of Apis mellifera scutellata (Lepeletier) colonies in the Okavango River Delta, Botswana. In general, colonies exhibited low levels of stinging activity during nest dissection. However, positive associations were observed between defensiveness and increasing colony size (inferred from total comb area) and swarming activity. The lower stinging activity of the smaller colonies and the increased defensiveness of the larger and swarming colonies may have reflected relative levels of investment in colony growth and reproductive potential. Seasonal patterns of colony defensiveness were not associated with fluctuations in resource abundance, although some changes in forage availability may have influenced aggressive behavior. Colony defensiveness was not associated with nest entrance location and orientation; the proportions of comb area devoted to brood rearing, food storage, or the area that was empty, or any of three weather parameters measured.

The injuries to JFK.

To the Editor. —Rather than quell doubts about President Kennedy's autopsy findings, I fear that Drs Humes' and Boswell's 1,2 remarks in JAMA will only serve to heighten the level of disbelief in their observations. Neither Humes nor Boswell addressed their critics on contradictory evidence that subsequent government investigations have consistently revealed, namely, that neither the available photographs nor the roentgenograms support Humes' and Boswell's claims regarding the entrance location of the fatal skull wound. At least three qualified groups have reviewed the roentgenographic and photographic evidence and are unanimous in claiming that Humes' and Boswell's claims in the Warren Commission Report erred in placing the fatal skull entrance wound at the base of the skull just above the hairline (2.5 cm to the right and slightly above the external occipital protuberance according to Humes both in the JAMA interview, and before that, in his Warren Commission testimony). The Clark

Burrow Site Selection by Black Iguana (Ctenosaura similis) at Palo Verde, Costa Rica

Burrow Site Selection by Black Iguana (Ctenosaura similis) at Palo Verde, Costa Rica

The relocation of ant nest entrances: Potential consequences for ant‐dispersed seeds

AbstractThe rate at which ant nests relocate may affect the fate of ant‐dispersed seeds by influencing nutrient and seed accumulation in localized areas. In this study, the movement of ant nest entrances was monitored in fixed quadrats in dry sclerophyll woodland in Kuringai Chase National Park, NSW. Changes in entrance location were rapid for most species, with few entrances remaining in use for more than 6 months. Approximately 30% of entrances that closed were subsequently re‐opened. There was no obvious seasonal pattern in entrance relocation. After 1 year, between 5 and 40% of the ground surface of the quadrats had been within 10 cm of a nest entrance. New nest entrances did not cluster near old entrances, indicating that nest entrance relocation may be accompanied by changes in underlying nest structure. Nutrient levels in soil samples from active nests of Rhytidoponera metallica, Aphaenogaster longiceps, Pheidole sp. 1 and Iridomyrmex sp. 8 did not differ significantly from random locations.The rapid changes in entrance location and the lack of nutrient enrichment may be the result of continual and progressive underground shifts in nest location. Such shifts have three potential consequences for seeds that remain buried within the nests. First, seeds will not benefit following germination by being in a nutrient‐rich microsite. Second, a proportion of seeds collected by harvester ant species may escape predation if left in an abandoned section of the nest. Third, concentrations of seeds in localized areas may be reduced, leading to a reduction in competition between establishing seedlings.

A Methodology for the Location of Facility Ingress/Egress Points

This article presents an integrated methodology for the inclusion of a facility′s interactions with the outside environment, and the impact of those interactions on the location of entrances and exits within the facility. For example, the outside interactions generated by shipping and receiving activities will significantly influence the location of facility ingress/egress points. The “practical layout planning” (PLP) methodology integrates both layout construction and improvement techniques. The principal idea in this methodology is that departments within a facility be “condensed” into a number of “points”. In the layout construction phase, the relative location of these points is determined using multifacility location theory, where the facility′s interactions with the outside environment are represented by “contact points” and the departments in the layout are analogous to the new facilities to be located. Once these relative departmental positions are obtained, the “points” are then adjusted for areas to obtain a constructed layout. In the improvement technique, intra‐departmental flows are optimised by the optimal location of ingress/egress points which are determined by again using multifacility location theory. Interdepartmental flow is optimised by minimising the distance between departments as indicated by their closest ingress/egress points. The objective is to obtain a minimum total flow‐cost by interchanging departmental locations without violating physical constraints. The PLP methodology is demonstrated with a modest example.

Thermal performance of split-flow heat exchangers

Thermal analysis is carried out for split-flow heat exchangers with an even number of tube passes, arbitrary entrance and exit locations of the shellside flow, arbitrary division of the shellside fluid and variable NTU. A closed form solution is presented for calculating the temperature at a given position and the thermal effectiveness. The thermal performance of the split-flow exchanger is compared with that of the conventional shell and tube exchanger. The shellside pressure drop and the optimum entrance and exit locations of the shellside flow in the split-flow exchanger are discussed.

Thermal analysis of shell and tube exchangers with divided-flow pattern

Thermal analysis for the divided-flow heat exchanger with an arbitrary number N of tubeside passes is made and corresponding temperature equations are derived. By means of these equations thermal effectiveness, mean temperature difference correction factor and the temperature at a given location on the exchanger surface are calculated. Also, the optimum entrance location of the shellside flow and the influence of the division of the shellside flow upon the pressure loss are discussed.

Spatial orientation of the golden hamster in conditions of conflicting location-based and route-based information

The orientation of golden hamsters during their return from a food source at the centre of an experimental arena to their nest at the arena's periphery was examined. The experiments took place under different visual conditions and involved conflicting spatial information, which the animal could collect either en route, during the outward journey to the food source, or on site, at the point of departure of the return trip. When the arena and nest box were rotated before the start of the trial (so that the hamsters started the outward journey from different points in absolute space), the animals returned directly to the point of departure of each particular hoarding trip when tested under infra-red light. Deprived of visual cues, they resorted to route-based information, i.e. they depended on the registration and computation of cues which had been generated during the outward journey. If tested under the ordinary room lights, the animals returned in a constant direction towards the usual location of the nest box, but with slight deviations towards the changing point in space where they had initiated each hoarding trip. They therefore relied mainly on stable location-based features from the distant visual background which they had associated with the standard location of the nest entrance; at the same time, however, they were also influenced by information derived from the outward journey. If exposed to a weak light source from outside the arena, the animals' homing behaviour reflected the simultaneous influence of three categories of information: (a) The light as a stable, location-based cue which the subjects had associated with the usual location of the nest; (b) the registration of the previous outward journey by means of internal (idiothetic) path-dependent variables; and (c) the registration of the previous outward journey using the light as visual reference. These results illustrate the interplay and functional hierarchy of various categories of spatial information which the hamster, active at dusk and at night, can use in laboratory conditions as well as in its natural habitat.

Penetrating wounds to the anterior chest: Analysis of thoracotomy and laparotomy

This study of the records of 193 consecutive patients admitted for penetrating anterior chest wounds was carried out to specifically define the need for emergent thoracotomy or laparotomy. The mechanism of injury was a stab wound in 119 patients and a gunshot wound in 74 patients. Seventy-three of the patients (38 percent) required either early thoracotomy (21 percent) or laparotomy (17 percent). In the upper chest region, 83 percent of the operations were thoracotomies, whereas in the lower chest region, 81 percent were laparotomies. Pericardial tamponade, chest tube output, and hypovolemic shock comprised 91 percent of the decisive signs for thoracotomy. The predominant reason for laparotomy was diagnostic peritoneal lavage (63 percent of patients). Plain abdominal roentgenograms were helpful to confirm diaphragmatic missile traverse. Our findings support selective operative management of anterior chest wounds as guided by injury mechanism and entrance location.

A model of a high-head bottom spillway with interaction of concentric swirled flows

1. Eddy spillways compared with, traditional schemes have a number of advantages: possibility of re-equipping temporary diversion spillways into service spillways and eliminating the construction of multilevel systems, which can effect a considerable reduction of the volumes of works and capital investments on spillways of high-head hydro developments. The need to construct large energy-dissipating structures at the tunnel outlet — stilling basins, walls, dissipators, ski-jumps, etc. — is eliminated. An improvement of the cavitation conditions in the waterway as a consequence of reducing the flow velocity can effect in some cases a saving due to a reduction of the requirements imposed on the quality of making the linings and in others can eliminate the danger of erosion of the linings and thereby reduce operating expenses. 2. The investigated spillway is intended for using conventional service vertical-lift and radial gates operating in normal free-flow regimes with a high capacity and possibility of passing trash. Its construction does not cause technological difficulties. 3. The investigated spillway system based on the effect of the interaction of concentric, oppositely swirled flows satisfies the requirements of passage and regulation of the discharge and necessary dissipation of the excess kinetic energy of the flow at a low level of fluctuation loads on the conduit walls. 4. Dissipation of the bulk of the excess energy is accomplished on a short section with a length of 1.5–2 diameters of the exit conduit, which permits making it short. This leads to convenient layouts under mountain conditions and In the case of small spillway lengths, for example, in the lower parts of gravity and arch dams. 5. The layout of the investigated spillway system can be different depending on the local conditions, restrictions are not imposed on it with respect to the design and route of the entrance and exit conduits and location of the intakes, gate chambers, hydromechanical equipment, and transition of the swirled flows. The exit conduit can be made both in pressure and free-flow variants. This permits wide variation during designing.

Linear variation of the root surface area of the maxillary first molar.

The variation of root surface area (RSA) in 1-mm increments from the cementoenamel junction (CEJ) to the apex was determined for the maxillary first molar. Twenty extracted maxillary first molars were cross sectioned every millimeter, and each section was photographed, projected and measured with a calibrated opisometer. The RSA and percentage of RSA were calculated for each 1-mm section. The location of furcation entrances, root separations and roofs of the furcations was also determined. Analysis of the mean measurements demonstrated that (1) the largest per cent of RSAs were found in the furcation area; (2) the mean distance from the CEJ was 3.6 mm for the mesial furcation entrance, 4.2 mm for the facial furcation entrance and 4.8 mm for the distal furcation entrance; (3) the mean distance from the CEJ to the point at which the roots separate from the root trunk was 5.0 mm for the mesiobuccal root and 5.5 mm for the distobuccal root; (4) in 11 of the 20 teeth the roof of the furcation was coronal to all root separations, forming a concave dome between roots. According to the individual and mean measurements, horizontal attachment loss of 6.0 mm or greater would have resulted in Grade III furcation involvement in all the teeth studied.

An investigation of passenger interchange and train standing time at LRT stations: (ii) Estimation of standing time

AbstractThe standing‐time of trains at urban rail stations is pertinent to determining the line capacity and fleet size. The assumption of uniform boarding and alighting leads to under‐estimation of the standing time. It is shown that the train standing‐time is related to the fraction of boarders and the maximum demand for boarding and alighting at a door. It is further shown that the probability distribution of passengers at a door depends on the platform entrance locations. A methodology that takes into account the above factors is proposed for estimating the train standing‐time.