Location Management Scheme Research Articles

An efficient metric-based (EM-B) location management scheme for wireless cellular networks

In the current era, the wireless cellular network is gaining much attention in the network mobility for qualitative service. Towards enhancing the QoS and narrowing the dilemma of network management (location management) an efficient metric-based location management technique is introduced in this paper to capture the current location of mobile subscribers. The attributes of this technique are based on metrics calculation and location management message routing path determination. First, the current mobile switching center will calculate the shortest metric-based path between current and master (previous) location of mobile terminals (user), thereafter it performs the location management procedure through the optimal suggested path by the mobile switching center. This proposed technique will reduce the signaling cost, registration delay, call setup delay, network overheads and total location management cost. The proposed analytical model checks the scalability and effectiveness of proposed system over certain attributes and a comparison is made with the existing available techniques.

Minimizing Message Delivery Cost in Mobile Agent Location Management

A Mobile agent is a software program with so high mobility that it is difficult to transmit and receive messages accurately. At present, the location management of mobile agent consists of tracking phase and message delivery phase, both of which dutifully create or incur plenty of update messages and interaction messages separately in order to guarantee the effectiveness of mobile agent location management scheme. However, the transmission of messages not only affects the overall performance of mobile agent location management scheme, but also causes the network overhead. Therefore, this paper proposes a ratio-based update scheme that can minimize the overall transmission cost of produced messages. A number of simulation experiments are conducted to evaluate the proposed scheme. And, as a consequence, the simulation results reveal that this scheme is general, adaptable, and possessed of higher granularity in the network latency; moreover, the results also indicate that this scheme is better than previous schemes in optimizing the caused overall performance overhead.

Ant-system-based location management scheme for wireless cellular networks

The current era of mobile networks allow users to communicate while they are moving. These network facilities are dealt by the location management (LM). In this article, the authors are proposing a nature-inspired LM technique based on ant system. The bottom line of proposed scheme is to follow the route of ahead entities and perform the LM based on it. The performance evaluation is carried out and is compared with existing LM scheme. It is observed that the signalling cost, network traffic and overheads are reduced, as compared to traditional LM scheme, in the communication network.

Location Management in PCS Networks Using Base Areas (BAs) and 2 Level Paging (2LP) Schemes

The main objective of PCS networks is to provide “anytime-anywhere” cellular services. Accordingly, lost calls as well as the network slow response have become the major problems that hardly degrade the network reliability. Those problems can be overcome by perfectly managing the Mobile Terminals (MTs) locations. In the existing location management (LM) scheme, Location Area (LA) is the smallest unit for registration. A MT must register itself when passing through its LA boundary to a neighboring one. Moreover, such registration takes place at the MTs’ master HLR (even though currently managed by another HLR), which increases communication costs. As a result, existing LM scheme suffers from; (1) excessive location registrations by MTs located around LA boundaries (ping-pong effect) and (2) requiring the network to poll all LA cells to locate the callee MT. In this paper, a novel LM strategy is introduced by restructuring LAs into smaller areas called Base Areas (BAs), which impacts the paging cost. The proposed LM strategy uses caching to reduce unwanted updates and 2LP to reduce paging cost. Experimental results show that the proposed scheme introduces a distinct improvement in network response and tracing process.

A Location Management Strategy Based on Dual Location Areas in LEO Satellite Network

A Location Management Strategy Based on Dual Location Areas in LEO Satellite Network

Cost analysis and minimization of movement-based location management schemes in wireless communication networks: a renewal process approach

The paper makes new contributions to cost analysis and minimization of movement-based location management schemes in wireless communication networks. The main contributions of the paper are three-fold. First, we consider two different call handling models, that is, the call plus location update (CPLU) model and the call without location update (CWLU) model. We point out that all existing analysis of location update cost of a movement-based location management scheme (MBLMS) do not accurately capture the essence of the two models. Second, we analyze the exact location update cost of an MBLMS under both CPLU and CWLU models using a renewal process approach which has rarely been used before. We find that the location update cost of an MBLMS under the CWLU model is much easier to analyze than that of an MBLMS under the CPLU model. Furthermore, an MBLMS operated under the CWLU model has lower location update cost than an MBLMS operated under the CPLU model. Third, we are able to derive a closed form solution to the movement threshold that minimizes the total cost of location management in an MBLMS for the CPLU model when the inter-call time has an arbitrary distribution and the cell residence time has an Erlang distribution, and for the CWLU model when both inter-call time and cell residence time have arbitrary distributions. Such closed form solutions have not been available in the existing literature.

Fuzzy online location management in mobile computing environments

This paper presents a new approach, namely Intelligent Fuzzy Online Location Management Strategy (IFOLMS), based on Fuzzy clustering techniques to solve the mobile location management problem. Using a Fuzzy location estimator in this technique, mobile users’ past movements are used in making future paging decisions by the network. IFOLMS has the potential to lead to massive savings in the number of network signal transactions that must be made to locate users. Performance of the proposed approach has been measured by using several test networks; it shows promising results — around 50% reduction in network cost — when compared to many of the existing location management techniques (including GSM). Results also provide new insights into the mobility management problem and its associated performance issues.

Solving the reporting cells problem by using a parallel team of evolutionary algorithms

In this work, we present a new approach to solve the location management problem by using the reporting cells strategy. Location management is a very important and complex problem in mobile computing which aims to minimize the costs involved. In the reporting cells location management scheme, some cells in the network are designated as reporting cells (RCs). The choice of these cells is not trivial because they affect directly to the cost of the mobile network. This article is focused on the use of high performance computing to execute a parallel heuristic that places optimally the RCs in a mobile network, minimizing its total cost. The main goal of this work is to demonstrate that the collaborative work of different evolutionary algorithms can obtain very good results. For this reason, we have implemented a parallel heuristic and six evolutionary algorithms that works in a parallel way on a cluster to solve the RCs problem.

Performance Analysis of Cost-Effective Handoff Scheme in PMIPv6 Networks with DNS Supporting

Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) is designed to provide a network-based localized mobility management protocol, but it does not handle the global mobility of hosts. In this paper, we propose a location management scheme based on Domain Name System (DNS) for PMIPv6. In this proposed scheme, DNS as a location manager provides PMIPv6 for global mobility. In addition, a paging extension scheme is introduced to PMIPv6 in order to support large numbers of mobile terminals and enhance network scalability. To evaluate the proposed location management scheme, we establish an analytical model, formulate the location update and the paging cost, and analyse the influence of the different factors on the total signalling cost. The performance results show how the total signal cost changes under various parameters.

A Novel Strategy for Managing User’s Locations in PCS Networks Based on a Novel Hot Spots Topology

As PCS networks aim to provide “anytime-anywhere” cellular services, they enable Mobile Terminals (MTs) to communicate regardless of their locations. However, in order to guarantee a successful service delivery, MTs’ real time location should be continuously managed by the network. Location management plays the central role in providing ubiquitous network communications services, which includes two fundamental processes, i.e., registration and paging. Registration is concerned with the reporting of the current locations of the MTs, while paging is used to locate the MT. Both processes incur signaling cost, and due to the scarcity of PCS wireless bandwidth and for more scalable mobile services, it is important to reduce that signaling cost. As The blanket paging in current PCS networks wastes a lot of wireless bandwidth, the author focuses on the subject of paging in attempt to reduce the paging signaling cost under delay bounds. This paper challenges the signaling cost problem and successfully establishes a family of probability based paging strategies. The author will introduce a novel topology for the network registration area, which is called the hot spot topology (HST) and based on HST, a novel location management strategy, which is called “Flower Based Strategy” (FBS) is also introduced.

Modelling and cost analysis of location management scheme for PCS networks

Location management is a fundamental issue of mobility management. It tracks the current location of mobile subscriber and delivers the incoming calls to them. In this paper we have proposed a modeling to estimate the location management cost, which is based on home location register cost, visitor location register cost, signalling cost, and paging cost. The proposed analytical model is helpful in describing the various parameters for overall location management cost. The numerical analysis has been carried out to explain the location management cost.

A Novel Group Location Management Scheme Based on Route Information of Public Transportation System

In group location management, when a transportation system (TS) with mobile stations (MSs) changes location area (LA), only a single group location update by the TS is needed, instead of multiple individual location updates by MSs riding on the TS. Therefore, group location management significantly reduces location update signaling of the current individual location management. In this paper, we further improve the conventional group location management, by paging cells containing the route of public TS within an LA only, if an incoming call arrives at an MS riding on the TS, based on the observation that public TS, such as bus, subway, and train, follows a fixed route; its movement is not random. The performance of the proposed scheme is analyzed in terms of total signaling cost based on the modeling of public TS route. Numerical results reveal that the proposed scheme significantly outperforms the conventional scheme from the aspect of total signaling cost, at the expense of small network overhead due to the additional queries needed to acquire public TS route information.

Modified HLR-VLR Location management scheme in PCS network

This paper proposes a modified version of conventional HLR/VLR scheme for improving the location management in PCS network. The conventional HLR/VLR scheme suggests that when a mobile terminal (MT) moves from one LA to another LA which is served by different VLR, it registers itself with new VLR along with HLR, at the same time HLR deregisters the mobile terminal from the old VLR and acknowledges the receipt of the message to new VLR. The modified version proposes that there is no requirement of deregistering of mobile terminal from old VLR at the same time when MT registers at new VLR and so message transmission cost and database overload can be reduced. Numerical analysis is done for both conventional and modified version and compared together. The numerical results are promising and a significant total cost reduction is obtained with proposed scheme.

Multi home agent and pointer-based (MHA–PB) location management scheme in integrated cellular-WLAN networks for frequent moving users

In this paper, we introduces a multi home agent and pointer-based location management scheme. Multi home agent preserves the location information for different wireless technologies (Universal Mobile Telecommunication system, Wireless Local Area Networks) and maintains a cache for the location information of mobile host. In addition, an index based call delivery system has been proposed. The performance comparisons and numerical analysis are helpful to find out the efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed system, with respect to existing location management techniques (single registration scheme, and dual home agent scheme). It has been observed that the registration cost, call setup delay, registration delay and overhead at mobile switching center are reduces in the proposed MHA–PB scheme.

Cluster-Based Location Management Scheme for Wireless Mesh Networks

提出一种基于Cluster的位置管理方法,充分考虑到Mesh结构的特点,利用Cluster内部各小区路径的相似性,采用似组播方式分发信令,提高了Mesh网络中位置管理的效率.数值分析显示,此方法显著地降低了位置管理的信令开销.;In this paper, a cluster-based location management scheme is introduced, which has fully considered the characteristic of mesh structure and then utilizes the similarity of signaling transmission path of cells within a cluster to distribute the signaling based on the quasi-multicast fashion to improve location management efficiency within wireless mesh networks. The numerical result reveals that the proposed scheme has significantly lessened the signaling cost.

Research on Location Management Based on Irregular Cellular Network Topology Model

Most strategies of location management are based on the hypothesis that the cellular network is regular in size,shape and distribution.This paper proposes a location management strategy based on irregular cellular network topology,including macro-cell,micro-cell and pico-cell.The terminal will compute the physical distance between the current cell and the last reported cell by regrouping neighbor cells and comparing the CCs (cell coordinates) which are broadcasted by each base station.In the paper a dynamic location update algorithm based on distance and direction angle is presented.Finally,the formula for the total cost of location management between two paging arrivals is deduced by a semi-Markov decision process.The numerical analysis shows that the total costs of location updating and paging of individuation sector location management scheme is superior to that of circle location cell when the mobile user moves frequently.

ALM: An adaptive location management scheme for approximate location queries in wireless sensor networks

Location management is an important issue for object tracking applications of wireless sensor networks. Since locations obtained by most positioning techniques are inherently imprecise, users may send approximate location queries with precision constraints to trade for energy consumption of sensor nodes. Therefore, we propose an Adaptive Location Management scheme called ALM to process approximate location queries. ALM employs a two-tier storage architecture (i.e., centric storage node and local storage node) to facilitate approximate query resolving and to reduce the energy consumption of sensor nodes. We propose a storage node relocation and replication mechanism, which can create, remove replicas of storage nodes and adjust the positions of storage nodes according to the location queries and updates. As such, the number of forwarding location update and query messages is reduced by the proposed storage node relocation and replication mechanism, thereby conserving more energy. The experimental results show that compared with EASE (Xu et al. (2008) [18]), ALM is able to reduce the number of transmission messages and the energy consumption of sensor network, and prolong the network lifetime.

A Profile-Based Two-Level Pointer Forwarding Cache Scheme for Reducing Location Management Cost in Wireless Mobile Networks

this paper we propose an efficient location management strategy called the profile#based two#level pointer forwarding cache scheme to improve the overall performance of the wireless mobile networks. It uses the twolevel pointer for location update and the profilebased cache for call delivery. Loca tion update for each Mobile Terminal (MT) is managed by the nearby Visitor Location Register (VLR) until it crosses the threshold of the number movements between Registration Areas (RAs). This reduces the frequency of accessing the remote Home Location Register (HLR) which eventually minimizes the location update cost by distributing its work. On the other hand, a profile of the MT's calling pattern is maintained in HLR and it is copied in the VLR caches from where majority of the calls are generated. These caches are searched first to find out the called MT's location in order to deliver a call. This delivery cost will be reduced if the location information is found in the caches since it does not have to access the remote HLR for searching the location information. The analytical modeling and numerical results show that the proposed method outperforms all other previous methods in terms of network signaling traffic load irrespective of the MTs' mobility and calling pattern. Switching Center (MSC) and the MTs are wirelesscon nected to these BTS. Sometimes the VLR may colocate with the MSC and a group of RAs are interfaced with the Local Signaling Transfer Point (LSTP) following the HLR. An HLR is the centralized database that contains the records of all MTs' profiles together with the location information for the entire network. Similarly, each VLR stores replications of the user profiles of the subscribers currently residing in its corresponding RA. However, there may exist one or more HLRs in the network depending on its configuration. Figure 1 shows the architecture of the wireless mobile networks.

RSSI 기반 센서 노드 위치 관리 기법을 적용한 캠퍼스 차량 관리 시스템 구현

이제까지 제안된 캠퍼스 내 차량 관리 시스템은 단순한 차량의 출입만을 관리하기위한 시스템이며 주차권을 발급하거나 CCTV를 이용한 차량 식별, 또는 간단히 차량에 부착된 RFID 태그를 인식하여 차단기의 계폐를 통제하는 시스템이 대표적이다. 이 시스템들은 차량의 출입만 통제할 뿐 차량의 위치를 파악하여 주차관리에 적용할 수 없는 어려움이 있다. 본 논문에서는 센서노드를 이동차량에 부착해 WSN의 위치추적기술의 하나인 센서노드에서 발신되는 수신신호세기를 이용한 방법을 통하여 수신 신호 세기(RSSI : Received Signal Strength Indication) 정보의 데이터베이스를 구축해 차량과의 거리계산과 위치까지 추적할 수 있는 응용프로그램을 구현함으로써 캠퍼스 내 차량의 위치 파악과 주차관리 등에 있어 보다 효율적인 방법을 제시하였다. Most of campus vehicle management systems, so far, simply manages coming in or go out of vehicles, issuing a parking tickets. Recently some of them use RFID tags to count total numbers of cars in the campus, excluding exact parking position management. In this paper we propose a new campus vehicle management system using wireless sensor network location management scheme. This system adopts RSSI based location management method with some performance improvement technique. According to the experimental result, this proposed scheme can be used to implement an effective campus vehicle management system.

Development of Low Cost Message Delivery Path for Mobile Agent Communication

The location management ability of a mobile agent system which enables a mobile agent to interact with others accurately by message passing beyond doubts stands important for the mobile agent system. At present, the location management of mobile agent consists of tracking phase and message delivery phase, both of which dutifully create or incur plenty of update messages and interaction messages separately in order to guarantee the effectiveness of mobile agent location management scheme. However, the transmission of messages not only affects the overall performance of mobile agent location management scheme, but also causes the network overhead. Previous studies have devoted to achieve a balance of the trade-off between the costs in tracking phase and message delivery phase in designing a mobile agent location management scheme. This paper argues that the interaction messages in message delivery phase produce the major overhead of overall performance. Therefore, it focuses on investigating how to reduce the performance overhead in message delivery phase and proposes an intelligent update algorithm, the I-Update, for this purpose. Simulation results show that keeping the length of a channel as short as possible leads to the optimum of overall performance.