Location Of Sites Research Articles

A course-based undergraduate research experience (CURE) embedded within a summer undergraduate research experience demonstrates value-added benefits.

We hosted a nine-week NIH-funded summer undergraduate research experience in Environmental Health Sciences, the New College Environmental Health Science Scholars program, in which undergraduate students who were rising sophomores, juniors, and seniors receive both professional development and mentored research opportunities. In addition to this standard model of a summer research program, we added an additional professional development and skill-building activity, a course-based undergraduate research experience (CURE) performed by the whole group. Students designed and carried out an experiment in the CURE research project looking at the relationship between soil elemental content and sampling site location. They worked collaboratively over several days on experimental design, the experiment itself, data analysis, and finally, poster design for dissemination. The CURE is intentionally different from any mentored research experiences so that students obtain additional and varied research skills from the summer program. Qualitative and quantitative feedback was positive. Additionally, students worked with different students than those in their research lab, broadening their network. In conclusion, a CURE embedded in a summer research program is an effective pedagogical tool for science and additional skill building and enriches an existing summer research program.

Determination of Urinary Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin (uNGAL) Reference Intervals in Healthy Adult and Pediatric Individuals Using a Particle-Enhanced Turbidimetric Immunoassay.

Background: The current gold standards for diagnosing acute kidney injury (AKI) are an increase in serum creatinine and a decrease in urine output, which are inadequate for rapid diagnosis. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) is a 25-kDa protein produced and secreted by injured kidney tubule epithelial cells, and can serve as an early urinary biomarker for AKI. ProNephro AKI (NGAL) is an immunoassay for the quantitative determination of NGAL in urine (uNGAL) that recently received FDA clearance. A multisite, cross-sectional study was conducted to establish reference intervals for uNGAL in apparently healthy individuals. Methods: Urine samples were collected from apparently healthy individuals aged ≥3 months who met all inclusion criteria and no exclusion criteria. Specimens were temporarily stored at room temperature or 2-8 °C, then transferred into urinalysis tubes before being frozen and shipped for testing. uNGAL testing was performed using the ProNephro AKI (NGAL) immunoassay on a Roche cobas c501 analyzer. Results: Of the 688 individuals screened, 677 were eligible, and 629 (91.4%) of those were deemed evaluable. The 95th and 97.5th percentile uNGAL values for all pediatric participants were below the clinical cutoff of 125 ng/mL. uNGAL values were statistically significantly higher for female vs. male participants in both adult (p = 0.003) and pediatric groups (p < 0.001), while differences were not statistically significant for age, site location, race, or ethnicity. Conclusions: This study provides normal reference intervals for uNGAL with the ProNephro AKI (NGAL) clinical chemistry immunoassay that may be useful for interpreting patient results.

The Cardiac pathophysiology of Covid-19

The heart is a key target organ in SARS-CoV-2 infection. During the illness stage of acute Covid-19, fibrin thrombi frequently form within the coronary microcirculation, including the vasa vasorum. These thrombi are predominantly located in the abluminal spaces, the sites of pericyte location, of the vessel wall, in both the microvascular and epicardial vessels. A hallmark histopathological finding is the presence of diffuse, focal fibrin deposits surrounding myocardial fibres, which exhibit varying degrees of degeneration and atrophy. This process contributes to myocardial injury, which is reflected both biochemically and clinically in the acute and long-term phases of Covid-19. Myocardial fibrosis results from this pathological cascade, without a concurrent cellular inflammatory response associated with the myocardial stromal fibrin deposits. During the convalescent stage of acute Covid-19, focal myocardial fibrosis and the presence of thrombi within myocardial vessels remain apparent but sparse. Vascular changes, such as fibrin thrombi within the cardiac microcirculation, exhibit similarities to those observed in the pulmonary microcirculation in Covid-19. In Covid-19, the vascular findings of fibrin thrombi deposits within the cardiac micro vascular circulation are like those seen within the pulmonary microcirculation.

One Movement For Nature Solusi Menghadapi Tantangan Triple Planet Challenge Daerah Pesisir

The challenge currently faced by the southern coastal area of Malang Regency is the Triple Planet Challenge, namely climate change, decreased biodiversity, and pollution. The role of the younger generation is needed to protect the environmental ecosystem, maintain natural conditions, and provide concrete solutions through real action. The method used in this study is descriptive qualitative, utilizing descriptive data from previous research results. The data search process was conducted based on the findings of previous researchers through research journals and interviews with several environmental organizations. The One Movement For Nature activity is expected to contribute ideas in addressing the Triple Planet Challenge in the southern coastal area of Malang Regency.Additionally, the main goal is to foster an attitude of caring for the environment in society so that society can tackle the challenges posed by the Triple Planet Challenge. This research focuses on the issue of coastal and marine biodiversity and its conservation. The case study area is the southern coastal area of Malang Regency, specifically the Southern Route, which is a location of many marine tourism sites.

Integrated Best-Worst Method and Gray Relational Analysis for Hospital Location Selection: The Case of Burdur Province

The hospital location (site) selection problem involves determining the most suitable location for a healthcare facility. As a multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) problem, it requires the evaluation of several factors, including strategic, economic, and social considerations, due to the direct impact hospital locations have on public health. To make an optimal decision, MCDM methods are typically employed to accurately assess the relevant criteria. These methods assist decision-makers in evaluating various factors and determining the best location for the hospital. This study focuses on selecting a site for a private hospital planned for Burdur Province, where no private hospital currently exists. In this context, three alternative locations were evaluated based on expert opinions from academicians, health managers, and urban planners. In the first phase of the study, the Best-Worst Method (BWM) was used to calculate the criteria weights, allowing for the subjective evaluation of multiple factors. Following this, the Gray Relational Analysis (GRA) method was applied to determine the most appropriate location by assessing the degree of similarity or dissimilarity between the alternatives. This combination of methods enabled the ranking of the alternatives, ultimately identifying the best site for the hospital.

Deciphering a profiling based on multiple post-translational modifications functionally associated regulatory patterns and therapeutic opportunities in human hepatocellular carcinoma

BackgroundPosttranslational modifications (PTMs) play critical roles in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the locations of PTM-modified sites across protein secondary structures and regulatory patterns in HCC remain largely uncharacterized.MethodsTotal proteome and nine PTMs (phosphorylation, acetylation, crotonylation, ubiquitination, lactylation, N-glycosylation, succinylation, malonylation, and β-hydroxybutyrylation) in tumor sections and paired normal adjacent tissues derived from 18 HCC patients were systematically profiled by 4D-Label free proteomics analysis combined with PTM-based peptide enrichment.ResultsWe detected robust preferences in locations of intrinsically disordered protein regions (IDRs) with phosphorylated sites and other site biases to locate in folded regions. Integrative analyses revealed that phosphorylated and multiple acylated-modified sites are enriched in proteins containing RRM1 domain, and RNA splicing is the key feature of this subset of proteins, as indicated by phosphorylation and acylation of splicing factor NCL at multiple residues. We confirmed that NCL-S67, K398, and K646 cooperate to regulate RNA processing.ConclusionTogether, this proteome profiling represents a comprehensive study detailing regulatory patterns based on multiple PTMs of HCC.

Examining spatial equity in emergency facilities during the later stage of COVID-19 in China: insights from nucleic acid testing sites

Community-level emergency facilities are essential for disaster prevention and response, contributing significantly to urban health equity. This study aims to explore the multi-scale spatial pattern, multi-dimensional availability evaluation, and multi-scenario simulation optimization of nucleic acid testing sites during the later stage of COVID-19. At a macro scale, these sites demonstrated a "multi-core clustering" pattern, while at a micro-scale, they were community-centered, often located in areas with low traffic and better ventilation. Spatial accessibility analysis showed high accessibility in urban centers when only facility capacity was considered, though accessibility dropped relative to suburban areas when community population and time costs were included. Temporally, site availability followed an M-shaped distribution. This study optimized testing site locations, providing insights into equitable distribution and supply–demand balance for emergency facilities.

Shear wave velocity profiling of Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia, utilizing the multi-channel analysis of surface waves method

Abstract Geotechnical site characterization is very important for construction purposes. This study has been conducted in Diriyah area northwest of Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia, using the Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves (MASW) method for site characterization through shear wave velocity profiling to 30 m depth. Nineteen MASW lines were carried out in various directions and lengths through the area. The entire process was meticulously parameterized to extract shear wave velocity for subsurface characteristics. MASW results revealed four distinct velocity zones based on National Earthquake Hazard Reduction Program. Fill material was approximately half a meter thick and was classified as very dense soil. The second layer exhibited velocities ranging from 800 to 1,500 m/s, indicating weathered and highly fractured limestone. The third layer showed velocities varying from 1,500 to 1,800 m/s, representing slightly weathered limestone. The fourth layer displayed high velocities ranging from 1,800 to 3,600 m/s, indicating hard and compact limestone rocks. Geotechnical boreholes were drilled down to depths of 10–35 m. These boreholes exposed the geological model that consisted of fill material (silty sand with gravel), followed by highly to moderately weathered limestone with vugs and cracks, and finally, massive limestone rock. Analysis of shear wave velocities identified weak zones, particularly fractured and weathered limestone rocks extending to 12 m in depth. Sinkholes of circular, elongated, and/or conical shapes were observed within this depth range. Moreover, some sinkholes were detected at depths greater than 12 m in specific locations (sites 1, 6, 9, 11, and 17). These sinkholes agreed with the previous study. These results highlight the need for targeted ground improvement methods, such as grouting or underpinning, particularly for construction over weaker zones. Accurate site classification and effective risk management are crucial for addressing these geotechnical and seismic challenges.

Subtrochanteric shortening osteotomy in adult sickle cell disease patients with cemented total hip arthroplasty for hip deformities secondary to childhood osteonecrosis: is healing a challenge?

Hip deformity is frequent after childhood osteonecrosis in patients with sickle cell disease (SCD). When they are adults, they present a challenge as candidates for total hip arthroplasty (THA) because of abnormal bone development, their relative youth, and also because of their disease. Performing subtrochanteric osteotomy associated with THA is technically challenging, and healing of osteotomies has never been reported in this population with frequent osteonecrotic bone, whether using cemented or uncemented arthroplasties. We retrospectively analyzed 59 cemented THA with femoral corrective osteotomies (subtrochanteric shortening and transverse derotational osteotomy) performed on hip deformities between 1984 and 2018 in 59 sickle cell adult patients. The patient's age at the onset of osteonecrosis was an average of 8.4 years (6 to 10 years), and at the time of the THA was 28.6 years (19 to 41 years). All the patients had a minimum followup period of six years. Endocrinopathy was frequently associated to SCD Data and consequences were evaluated on bone union. The mechanical variables, such as the length of the resected femur, limb lengthening, the location of the osteotomy site, the size of the stem bridging the osteotomy, and any complications, were also analyzed. The average length of the resected femoral segment was 38.4mm. The length of the femoral stem (bridging the osteotomy) was average 13cm. The mean osteotomy union time was 10.6 months. Twenty-four osteotomies healed in six months, six in nine months, and 29 in twelve months, while five required bone grafts at nine months. The union time of the osteotomy was average 10.6 months. Complications included four cases of transient nerve palsy, and five intraoperative femur perforations. No statistically significant relationship was found between osteotomy union time and mechanical variables. The severity of endocrinopathy associated with sickle cell disease prolonged the healing time. In three cases, cement leakage into the osteotomy gap occurred without resulting in non-healing. Cemented THA, combined with a subtrochanteric femoral shortening with transverse derotational osteotomy, has a long union time but is effective for adult hip deformities of patients with sickle cell patients.

Flavonol assisted extraction of divalent and trivalent metal ions

The work is devoted to investigations of extraction methods for the isolation and accumulation of divalent and trivalent metal ions Mn2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Y3+ and Ce3+ in the absence and presence of flavonol derivatives with different numbers and locations of complexation sites. Two extraction methods were used and compared: the classical LL – water-organic phase (octanol) and the ATPS method – with two separated aqueous phases in the presence of polyethylene oxide 4000. It was shown that the presence of flavonols in the extraction system leads to a significant increase in the extraction efficiency with the exception of Ni2+ ions. It turned out that the most effective concentration of Zn2+ ions can be achieved using LL extraction, for other ions ATPS extraction is more effective. The use of flavonols to increase the efficiency of metal ion extraction allows increasing the sensitivity and selectivity of methods for quantitative analysis of the studied metal ions.

AI-Powered Location Intelligence: Revolutionizing Site Selection and Investment Decisions

This comprehensive article explores the transformative impact of artificial intelligence on location intelligence and site selection in the commercial real estate industry. The article examines how AI-powered systems are revolutionizing traditional approaches to property analysis, investment decisions, and operational efficiency across various real estate sectors. Through an examination of current implementations, benefits, and future trends, this analysis demonstrates how machine learning models, advanced analytics, and real-time data processing capabilities are enabling more accurate predictions, improved decision-making, and enhanced operational performance in the real estate industry. The article highlights the significant advancements in areas such as retail site selection, office space development, and industrial property optimization, while also addressing the quantifiable benefits and return on investment of AI implementation.

Ambient air pollution undermines chemosensory sensitivity – a global perspective

This study offers insights into the complex relationship between chemical species constituting air pollution and chemosensory function. We examined the relationship between chemical species known to contribute to air pollution and assault human health and chemosensory sensitivity. Chemosensory sensitivity data was retrieved from a large-scale study involving 711 urban-dwelling participants inhabiting 10 different regions of the globe. Their olfactory threshold towards phenyl ethyl alcohol (PEA) and olfactory/trigeminal threshold towards Eucalyptol was measured in a multicentre study. We matched the individual chemosensory data with the levels of PM2.5, PM10, O3, NO2, SO2, CO at the location of testing sites, on the exact date of the test, using EMAC (ECHAM5/MESSy for Atmospheric Chemistry) model. Our findings indicate that air pollution negatively affects olfactory function and has cumulative negative effects with aging. The reported patterns are seasonal and increase during Autumn and Winter, and interact with medical conditions related to poorer olfactory function. We extend the current knowledge by demonstrating that olfactory/trigeminal perception is also disrupted by toxic air, albeit in a slightly different manner. The analyzed models promote a more complex perspective on the relationship between air composition and chemosensory sensitivity, but delineate problems related to the interdependence of the levels of chemical species constituting air pollution and using them together to predict chemosensory sensitivity. Conclusions point to the need to investigate the problem of air pollution and chemosensory health from a global perspective, as air quality partly accounts for the differences in chemosensory perception in different regions of the world.

In/Outside Catalytic Sites of the Pore Walls in One-Dimensional Covalent Organic Frameworks for Oxygen Reduction Reaction.

Pore channels play a decisive role in mass transport in catalytic systems. However, the influences of the location of catalytic sites inside or outside of the pore walls on the performance were still under-explored due, because it is difficult to construct sites anchored in or outside of pore walls. Herein, one-dimensional covalent organic frameworks with precisely anchored active sites were used to explore the effects of channels on a typical oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalysis. Electrocatalytic evaluations showed that single Pt sites located inside of the channels exhibited higher kinetic activity compared to those anchored outside. The in situ spectroscopic analysis revealed that local reconstruction of Pt-Cl breaking and potential-induced anion transport occurred more effectively inside the channels. The superior anion transportability and kinetic activity of the inside-channel active sites also facilitated *OH desorption during the ORR process outperforming their outside-channel counterparts. The results of this study provide strategies for designing active sites in porous catalysts for heterogeneous catalysis.

Cryo-EM structure of Nipah virus RNA polymerase complex.

Nipah virus, a member of the Paramyxoviridae family, is a highly pathogenic nonsegmented, negative-sense RNA virus (nsNSV) which causes severe neurological and respiratory illnesses in humans. There are no available drugs or vaccines to combat this virus. A complex of large polymerase protein (L) and phosphoprotein (P) of Nipah virus supports replication and transcription and affords a target for antiviral drug development. Structural information required for drug development is lacking. Here we report the 2.9-angstrom cryo-electron microscopy structure of the Nipah virus polymerase-phosphoprotein complex. The structure identifies conserved amino acids likely important for recognition of template RNA by nsNSVs and reveals the locations of mutation-prone sites among Nipah virus strains, which may facilitate the development of therapeutic agents against Nipah virus by targeting regions unaffected by these mutation sites.

Spinal Anatomy Ultrasound in Young Infants With Implications for Lumbar Puncture.

Lumbar puncture (LP) in young infants may challenge clinicians due to the infrequency of the procedure and anatomic variability. The use of ultrasound (US) to characterize young infant spinal anatomy prior to performing an LP may help determine the most favorable site for intervention. 1) Evaluate potential sites for LP in young infants with US at L2/L3 through L5/S1 to determine differences in needle insertion depth (NID), spinal canal width (SCW), and subarachnoid fluid width (SAW).2) Describe the location of the conus medullaris.3) Predict NID of L2/L3 through L5/S1 based on variables including age, gestational age, height, and weight. We studied a convenience sample of participants aged 0-6 months in a tertiary children's emergency department. We recorded characteristic data and used a Sonosite PX US with a linear 15-MHz transducer to image each participant's spine. We used the paired t-test to examine univariate differences in NID, SCW, and SAW and multiple linear regression models to derive predictive equations for NID. Among 50 participants, the mean NID for sites L2/L3 through L5/S1 did not differ significantly; however, at sites L2/L3 through L5/S1, there were statistically significant differences in the mean SCW and mean SAW, which were both consistently measured to be larger the more cephalad the site. Weight was the only statistically significant variable associated with NID after adjusting for other covariates. Spinal canal width and SAW were consistently measured to be larger at more cephalad sites, suggesting there is a larger target fluid volume available at higher interspaces. Subarachnoid fluid width was measured to be small, highlighting the importance of precise movements. Location of the needle site did not change expected needle depth (approximately 1 cm across all sites). The conus medullaris was not often visualized while scanning the L2/L3-L5/S1 interspaces. Weight can be used to estimate optimal NID; although, it is unclear such small differences would have clinical significance.

Heavy Metals in Atmospheric Dust Deposition in Qalyubia Governorate Egypt: Occurrence and Diverse Impacts

The southern delta region of Egypt has serious environmental and public health issues due to heavy metal pollution (El-Askary et al. 2021). The air in Qalyubia has higher concentrations of metals including cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and nickel (Ni) due to the region's intense agricultural practices and industrial discharges. Ring road and the Banha Cairo regional route also traverse the governorate with heavy traffic. The source, distribution, and ecological effects of heavy metals in the south Nile delta region are examined in this study (El-Gamal &amp; Saleh 2016). Dust fall sampling allows us to pinpoint important pollution hotspots. The findings show a relationship between increased levels of contaminants and being located nearby industrial sites (Halmy 2019), showing that human activity is a significant source of pollution. We also evaluate the possible hazards to human health, especially for communities (Monib et al. 2024).

Anthromes and forest carbon responses to global change

Societal Impact StatementForest ecosystems absorb and store about 25% of global carbon dioxide emissions annually and are increasingly shaped by human land use and management. Climate change interacts with land use and forest dynamics to influence observed carbon stocks and the strength of the land carbon sink. We show that climate change effects on modeled forest land carbon stocks are strongest in tropical wildlands that have limited human influence. Global forest carbon stocks and carbon sink strength may decline as climate change and anthropogenic influences intensify, with wildland tropical forests, especially in Amazonia, likely being especially vulnerable.Summary Human effects on ecosystems date back thousands of years, and anthropogenic biomes—anthromes—broadly incorporate the effects of human population density and land use on ecosystems. Forests are integral to the global carbon cycle, containing large biomass carbon stocks, yet their responses to land use and climate change are uncertain but critical to informing climate change mitigation strategies, ecosystem management, and Earth system modeling. Using an anthromes perspective and the site locations from the Global Forest Carbon (ForC) Database, we compare intensively used, cultured, and wildland forest lands in tropical and extratropical regions. We summarize recent past (1900‐present) patterns of land use intensification, and we use a feedback analysis of Earth system models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 to estimate the sensitivity of forest carbon stocks to CO2 and temperature change for different anthromes among regions. Modeled global forest carbon stock responses are positive for CO2 increase but neutral to negative for temperature increase. Across anthromes (intensively used, cultured, and wildland forest areas), modeled forest carbon stock responses of temperate and boreal forests are less variable than those of tropical forests. Tropical wildland forest areas appear especially sensitive to CO2 and temperature change, with the negative temperature response highlighting the potential vulnerability of the globally significant carbon stock in tropical forests. The net effect of anthropogenic activities—including land‐use intensification and environmental change and their interactions with natural forest dynamics—will shape future forest carbon stock changes. These interactive effects will likely be strongest in tropical wildlands.

Interplay Between Metal and Acid Sites Tunes the Catalytic Selectivity Over Pd/Nanodiamond Catalysts.

Metal and acid sites are two of the most crucial catalytically active components in heterogeneous catalysis. While variations in the size, morphology, and heterogeneity of metal species, or the manipulation of the strength, location, and density of acid sites, could significantly impact the catalytic performance, the combination and interplay between these sites are even more critical and have been a recent research focus. To achieve highly efficient and selective synergistic catalysis, it is desired to design a catalyst capable of orchestrating the sequential transformation of all reactants and intermediates at different active sites. In this study, we demonstrate that both acid and metal (Pd) sites can be introduced onto a nanodiamond@graphene (NDG) support particle through simple air oxidation and metal salt deposition-precipitation methods, respectively. The presence and assembly of these two catalytically active sites significantly alter the reaction network for the cyclohexanol conversion reaction. Under this strategy, the selectivity toward designated products─cyclohexene, phenol, and benzene─can be precisely tuned by the presence and patterning of these two sites on the nanodiamond particles. Specifically, we show that the catalyst with both acid sites and Pd ensemble sites, i.e., Pd/NDG, can efficiently convert cyclohexanol through consecutive dehydration and dehydrogenation reactions to form benzene with high selectivity (>80%). These findings underscore the potential of integrating metal and acid sites to design advanced catalysts with tailored reactivity and selectivity, paving the way for more efficient and versatile catalytic processes in industrial applications.

Updraft Width Modulates Ambient Atmospheric Controls on Convective Cloud Depth

AbstractThe depth of convective clouds affects vertical transport of atmospheric constituents, influencing downstream weather and climate. Atmospheric controls on the maximum depth reached by moist convection are investigated with radar‐tracked convective cells tagged with sounding‐derived atmospheric parameters from a field campaign in central Argentina. Regression analyses show that narrow (&lt;12‐km diameter) and wide (&gt;16‐km diameter) cell depths respond to disparate factors, where cell areas are defined using composite reflectivity signatures. Undiluted lifted parcel indices including convective available potential energy (CAPE) and level of neutral buoyancy (LNB) are top predictors of wide cell maximum depth while mid‐tropospheric relative humidity is the top predictor of narrow cell maximum depth. Because narrow cells are more numerous than wide cells, the overall outcome of the full cell population does not strongly correlate with CAPE and LNB conditions. Tracked cells and atmospheric conditions in a simulation with 3‐km grid spacing covering the field campaign produce similar results to those observed. Narrow cells that are relatively deep have a cooler and moister mid‐troposphere with weaker free tropospheric subsidence, while relatively deep wide cells have much warmer and moister lower tropospheric conditions. These atmospheric differences are present 1 hr before cell initiation at both a fixed observing site and variable cell initiation locations. Simulated narrow cell maximum equivalent potential temperature decreases with height at a rate similar to the ambient vertical gradient, causing these cells to fall short of their LNB and supporting the view that entrainment‐driven dilution is a dominant control on their depth.

In/Outside Catalytic Sites of the Pore Walls in One‐Dimensional Covalent Organic Frameworks for Oxygen Reduction Reaction

Pore channels play a decisive for mass transport in catalytic systems. However, the influences of the location of catalytic sites inside or outside of the pore walls on the performance were still under‐explored due, because it is difficult to construct sites anchored in or outside of pore walls. Herein, one‐dimensional covalent organic frameworks (COFs) with precisely anchored active sites were used to explore the effects of channels on a typical oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalysis. Electrocatalytic evaluations showed that single Pt sites located inside of the channels exhibited higher kinetic activity compared to those anchored outside. The in situ spectroscopic analysis revealed that local reconstruction of Pt–Cl breaking and potential‐induced anion transport occurred more effectively inside the channels. The superior anion transportability and kinetic activity of the inside‐channel active sites also facilitated *OH desorption during the ORR process outperforming their outside‐channel counterparts. The results of this study provide strategies for designing active sites in porous catalysts for heterogeneous catalysis.