Localized Surface Research Articles

Unveiling Spatial and Temporal Dynamics of Plasmon-Enhanced Localized Fields in Metallic Nanoframes through Ultrafast Electron Microscopy.

Plasmonic nanomaterials, particularly noble metal nanoframes (NFs), are important for applications such as catalysis, biosensing, and energy harvesting due to their ability to enhance localized electric fields and atomic efficiency via localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR). Yet the fundamental structure-function relationships and plasmonic dynamics of the NFS are difficult to study experimentally and thus far rely predominately on computational methodologies, limiting their utilization. This study leverages the capabilities of ultrafast electron microscopy (UEM), specifically photon-induced near-field electron microscopy (PINEM), to probe the light-matter interactions within plasmonic NF structures. The effects of shape, size, and plasmonic coupling of Pt@Au core-shell NFs on spatial and temporal characteristics of plasmon-enhanced localized electric fields are explored. Importantly, time-resolved PINEM analysis reveals that the plasmonic fields around hexagonal NF prisms exhibit a spatially dependent excitation and decay rate, indicating a nuanced interplay between the spatial geometry of the NF and the temporal evolution of the localized electric field. These results and observations uncover nanophotonic energy transfer dynamics in NFs and highlight their potential for applications in biosensing and photocatalysis.

Versatile self-assembled near-infrared SERS nanoprobes for multidrug-resistant bacterial infection-specific surveillance and therapy

The rise of multidrug-resistant bacteria (MDRB) has made bacterial infection one of the biggest health threats, causing numerous antibiotics to fail. Real-time monitoring of bacterial disease treatment efficacy at the infection site is required. Herein, we report a versatile Raman tag 3,3′-diethylthiatricarbocyanine iodide (DTTC)-conjugated star-shaped Au-MoS2@hyaluronic acid (AMD@HA) nanocomposite as a surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) nanoprobe for quick bacterial identification and in-situ eradication. Localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) from the hybrid metallic nanostructure makes AMD@HA highly responsive to the near-infrared laser, enabling it to demonstrate a photothermal (PTT) effect, increased SERS activity, and peroxidase-like catalytic reaction to release reactive oxygen species. The tail vein injection of AMD@HA nanoprobes is invasive, however SERS imaging for bacterial identification is non-invasive and sensitive, making it an efficient residual bacteria monitoring method. The detection limit for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is as low as 102 CFU·mL-1, and the substrates allow for taking 120 s to acquire a Raman image of 1600 (40 × 40) pixels. In mouse models of MRSA-induced wound infection and skin abscess, the combination of AMD@HA-mediated PTT and catalytic therapy demonstrates a synergistic effect in promoting wound healing through rapid sterilization. This SERS-guided therapeutic approach exhibits little toxicity and does not cause considerable collateral damage, offering a highly promising intervention for treating diseases caused by MDRB. Statement of significanceThis research introduces a SERS nanoprobe, AMD@HA, for the rapid identification and eradication of multidrug-resistant bacteria (MDRB), a critical health threat. The nanoprobe leverages localized surface plasmon resonance for photothermal therapy and enhanced Raman signals, offering a sensitive, non-invasive diagnostic tool. With a low detection limit for MRSA and a synergistic therapeutic effect in mouse models, our approach holds significant promise for treating MDRB-driven infections with minimal toxicity, advancing the field of antimicrobial strategies.

Label-free detection of formaldehyde in water by titanium doped MoS2 gold nanoislands LSPR sensor

Formaldehyde is a known human carcinogen widely present in various industrial processes. Dissolved formaldehyde in water poses a significant threat to human health, not solely gases. Here, a novel label-free detection scheme of formaldehyde in aqueous environment via Ti-doped MoS2 as the functionalized layer on a localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) sensor is reported. It has been found that the strong adsorption of formaldehyde on Ti-doped MoS2 attached on gold nanoislands induces a strong local refractive index change and enables sensitive detection. Besides, the characterization and LSPR experimental results also highlight the contribution of the nanoislands morphology to facilitate improved surface attachment of Ti-doped MoS2, and in turn improves the sensing performance. Along with experimental work, density functional theory (DFT) calculation has shown the strong formaldehyde adsorption on Ti-doped MoS2 with water molecules included, therefore confirming its feasibility and effectiveness for sensing. The sensor has successfully achieved an excellent detection limit of 0.104 ppb with its selectivity studied and confirmed using DFT calculations and experiment. The practical value of this research lies in its potential development of this light-based sensor for water quality monitoring with the major advantages of facile synthesis, fast detection, and label-free sensing offered by LSPR.

Exploring the thermal and optical characteristics of Ti3C2 MXene for enhanced photothermal conversion

Ti3C2 MXene, a member of the two-dimensional (2D) transition metal carbides family, has garnered significant attention for its exceptional photothermal properties. To understand the mechanistic underpinnings of this feature, we conducted a comprehensive first-principles density functional theory analysis. This study was aimed at investigating the electronic band structure and vibrational characteristics of Ti3C2 MXene to unravel its microscopic process of photothermal conversion. After obtaining its optical and thermal properties, the process by which the material moves from light absorption to heat release is elucidated. The presence of localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) effects in Ti3C2 is proved by Finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations. The synergy between the high thermal conductivity network in the Ti layers and the LSPR phenomenon is believed to be responsible for the superior photothermal conversion capabilities. This investigation enhances the understanding of the intrinsic properties of Ti3C2 MXene, confirming its status as an ultrahigh photothermal conversion material.

Patterned 3D-graphene for self-powered broadband photodetector

The remarkable ultra-wideband energy capabilities of zero-bandgap two-dimensional (2D) graphene have made it an outstanding material for photon absorption and charge carrier generation across a broad spectrum. However, atomically thick 2D-graphene only exhibits a light absorption efficiency of 2.3%, posing a challenge for graphene-based photodetectors to harness photon energy effectively. This study utilized plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition technology and a mask to create in situ patterned 3D-graphene/Si-based Schottky heterojunctions. The porous structure and natural nano-resonant cavities of the 3D-graphene enhanced the probability of light absorption, while the curved and sharp edges and corners of the patterned 3D-graphene concentrated the local electromagnetic field and induced localized surface plasmon resonance. Both theoretical and experimental analyses confirmed the improved light absorption mechanisms and charge transfer of photogenerated carriers under the built-in electric field. The photodetector based on the patterned 3D-graphene/Si Schottky structure exhibits excellent broadband response characteristics spanning from 380 to 1550 nm, with responsivity and specific detectivity of 68.47 A/W and 1.43 × 1012 Jones at a wavelength of 1550 nm. Furthermore, the photodetector demonstrated ultrafast microsecond-level response times (116/120 μs rise/fall times) along with exceptional stability and reliability. The potential applications of as-fabricated photodetector include logic devices such as “AND” and “OR” gates and information encryption. This research holds valuable scientific significance for the design of future optoelectronic devices and provides crucial insights and technical support for developing high-performance Si-based graphene detectors.

Achieving an Ultralow-κ yet Strong and Transparent Film by Antisolvent-Confined Nanowelding of Electrospun Polyimide Nanofibers.

Developing ultralow-κ (dielectric constant) polyimides (PIs) that are mechanically robust while also being optically transparent is challenging. For the first time, we report a nanoporous PI film with an ultralow κ of 1.8 in combination with a tensile strength of up to 180 MPa, a Young's modulus of up to 6 GPa, and a transmittance of ∼88%. This is achieved by direct nanowelding of a porous electrospun PI nanofiber membrane using a simple mixture of ethanol-dominating DMAc. Benefiting from the effective evaporation of the antisolvent ethanol upon heating, the proposed nanowelding approach allows for the localized surface dissolution of the PI nanofibers, which enables the dissolved PI to "glue" the nanofibers and occupy vacant space in the membrane, resulting in the formation of a dense but nanoporous self-reinforced nanocomposite film. Our findings provide a renewed understanding of the potential of electrospun nanofibrous materials, and the underlying principle can hopefully be applied to other commodity polymers.

Chemically bonded nonmetallic LSPR S-scheme hollow heterostructure for boosting photocatalytic performance

The light absorption, mass transfer, and charges separation are essential to the efficiency of photocatalytic reaction, but constructing photocatalyst with the three excellent properties is still challenging. Herein, the interfacial Mo-S bonds and oxygen vacancy synchronously decorated MoO3-x/Zn3In2S6 (MoO3-x/ZIS) heterostructure was rationally designed and synthesized. The oxygen-defective MoO3-x nanotubes showed hollow structure and local surface plasmonic resonance (LSPR) effect, which improved mass transfer and solar light absorption. Besides, the built-in electric field and interfacial Mo-S bond provided endogenetic impetus and channels for rapid photoexcited charge carriers transfer and separation. The photocatalytic hydrogen (H2) evolution and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production on optimal MoO3-x/ZIS composite were 17.34 and 4.47 mmol g−1 h−1, respectively. The apparent quantum efficiency of MoO3-x/ZIS for H2 evolution at 400 nm was about 13.92 %, which was 8.09 times higher than that of ZIS. Moreover, the MoO3-x/ZIS also displayed excellent activities on the selective 5-hydroxymethylfurfural dehydrogenation. The in-situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, electron paramagnetic resonance, in-situ selective photodeposition, and density functional theory calculation confirmed the S-scheme charge transfer pathway between MoO3-x and ZIS. This study provides an effective avenue for designing multifunctional photocatalysts based on the synergistic effects of chemically bonded S-scheme heterostructure and nonmetallic LSPR effect.

Suppressed recombination of a flexible TiO2 nanowires photoanode by coupling of plasmonic Ag nanoparticles in the photoelectrochemical ultraviolet photodetector

The noble metal nanoparticles can improve the efficiency of photoelectric conversion via enhancement of light harvesting for the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) effect. Here, TiO2 nanowires were constructed on carbon fiber cloth as a flexible photoanode for photoelectrochemical (PEC) ultraviolet (UV) photodetector. By decorated noble metal Ag nanoparticles on TiO2 nanowires, the photocurrent was improved from 35.9 μA cm−2 to 268.4 μA cm−2, and the rise and decay time were increased by 0.14 s and 0.12 s, respectively. Moreover, the recombination of photon-generated electrons and holes was also decreased in photoanode due to the Schottky barrier between Ag and TiO2. This work provided an approach to promote the performances of the PEC UV photodetector.

Synergistic Effect Between 0D CQDs and 2D MXene to Enhance the Photothermal Conversion of Hydrogel Evaporators for Efficient Solar Water Evaporation, Photothermal Sensing and Electricity Generation.

Solar-powered interfacial water evaporation is a promising technique for alleviating freshwater stress. However, the evaporation performance of solar evaporators is still constrained by low photothermal conversion efficiency and high water evaporation enthalpy. Herein, 0D carbon quantum dots (CQDs) are combined with 2D MXene to serve as a hybrid photothermal material to enhance the light absorption and photothermal conversion ability, meanwhile sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)/polyacrylamide (PAM) hydrogels are used as a substrate material for water transport to reduce the enthalpy of water evaporation. The synergistic effect in 0D CQDs/2D MXene hybrid photothermal materials accelerate the carrier transfer, inducing efficient localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) effect. This results in the enhanced photothermal conversion efficiency. The integrated hydrogel evaporators demonstrate a high evaporation rate (1.93 and 2.86kgm-2h-1 under 1 and 2 sunlights, respectively) and low evaporation enthalpy (1485Jg-1). In addition, the hydrogel evaporators are applied for photothermal sensing and temperature difference power generation (TEG). The TEG device presents an efficient output power density (230.7mWm-2) under 1 sunlight. This work provides a feasible approach for regulating and controlling the evaporation performances of hydrogel evaporators, and gives a proof-of-concept for the design of multipurpose solar evaporation systems.

Narrowband Solar-Blind Photodetection of the Plasmonic (In0.3Ga0.7)2O3 Detector via the Synergetic Enhancement of Small-Sized Ag-Nanoparticle Photoabsorbance and Surface Modification.

Currently, research on Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs) predominantly focuses on UV/visible photodetection and UV emission, seemingly overlooking the significance of Ag in enhancing deep ultraviolet photon detection. In this work, (In0.3Ga0.7)2O3 thin films were fabricated by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition. Due to the unique photoabsorbance characteristic and better interaction with photons of small-sized AgNPs, they effectively suppress the UVB absorbance caused by energy band engineering in the (In0.3Ga0.7)2O3 thin film while enhancing photoabsorbance in UVC due to the surface plasmon effect. Therefore, under the synergistic effect of enhanced photon absorbance and hot electron transfer, the performance of the detector is significantly improved, and its responsivity (R), external quantum efficiency, and detectivity (D*) are 193 mA/W, approximately 100%, and 1014 Jones, respectively, at a bias of -6 V. The fast response time and decay time are 634.6 and 194.1 ms, respectively; the rapid decay facilitated by AgNPs is attributed to the increased indirect recombination rate. AgNPs exhibit excellent narrowband response characteristics and absorbance properties in specific wavelength bands for the InGaO photodetector. This research lays the foundation for the practical application of localized surface plasmon resonance-enhanced photon-sensing capabilities.

Aggregated gold nanoparticles rich in electromagnetic field “hotspots” for surface enhanced Raman scattering

A simple method for one-step synthesis of aggregated gold nanoparticles (a-AuNPs) using single-layer carbon dots (s-CDs) as the capping agents has been proposed. The obtained a-AuNPs are mainly composed of several spherical AuNPs of 20–25 nm sized, which aggregate to form nanogaps of ∼1 nm. Furthermore, the obtained a-AuNPs produce a strong localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) absorption band centered at around 640 nm, which is quite close to the wavelength of the commonly used 633 nm laser in surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). Thus, under the irradiation of 633 nm laser, a lot of electromagnetic field “hot spots” are formed at around the nanogaps, and strong SERS activity is achieved. The obtained a-AuNPs are dropped on tin-foil wafers to fabricate SERS substrates, which show the advantages of high sensitivity, fast response, good repeatability and satisfactory stability. On the basis, a sensitive SERS sensor is developed to detect malachite green in aquaculture water, with a low detection limit of 1 × 10−9 mol/L.

Investigation of methylene blue dye degradation using green synthesized mesoporous silver-titanium

In this study, we synthesized mesoporous silver-titanium (Ag/TiO2) through green synthesis approach using mangosteen pericarp extract, which subsequently can act as both adsorbent and photocatalyst materials. Additionally, we investigated and compared the degradation of methylene blue (MB) using mesoporous Ag/TiO2 under dark conditions, visible light irradiation, and both dark-light conditions to analyze the adsorption-photocatalysis activity. The achieved mesoporous structure in this study offers distinct advantages as an adsorbent. Moreover, the addition of silver (Ag) to titanium dioxide (TiO2) shows promise in enhancing photocatalytic activity in MB degradation, which enhances photocatalytic activity in the visible light region due to its localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR), which excites more electrons, resulting in increased MB degradation. The highest degradation percentage of 97.08 % was obtained using a dark-light degradation mechanism, demonstrating that the synthesized mesoporous Ag/TiO2 has potential as an effective integrated adsorbent-photocatalyst material for MB dye degradation.

Sandwich Layer-Modified Ω-Shaped Fiber-Optic LSPR Enables the Development of an Aptasensor for a Cytosensing-Photothermal Therapy Circuit.

The metastasis of cancer cells is a principal cause of morbidity and mortality in cancer. The combination of a cytosensor and photothermal therapy (PTT) cannot completely eliminate cancer cells at one time. Hence, this study aimed to design a localized surface plasmonic resonance (LSPR)-based aptasensor for a circuit of cytosensing-PTT (COCP). This was achieved by coating a novel sandwich layer of polydopamine/gold nanoparticles/polydopamine (PDA/AuNPs/PDA) around the Ω-shaped fiber-optic (Ω-FO). The short-wavelength peak of the sandwich layer with strong resonance exhibited a high refractive index sensitivity (RIS). The modification with the T-shaped aptamer endowed FO-LSPR with unique characteristics of time-dependent sensitivity enhancement behavior for a sensitive cytosensor with the lowest limit of detection (LOD) of 13 cells/mL. The long-wavelength resonance peak in the sandwich layer appears in the near-infrared region. Hence, the rate of increased localized temperature of FO-LSPR was 160 and 30-fold higher than that of the bare and PDA-coated FO, indicating strong photothermal conversion efficiency. After considering the localized temperature distribution around the FO under the flow environment, the FO-LSPR-enabled aptasensor killed 77.6% of cancer cells in simulated blood circulation after five cycles of COCP. The FO-LSPR-enabled aptasensor improved the efficiency of the cytosensor and PTT to effectively kill cancer cells, showing significant potential for application in inhibiting cancer metastasis.

Directional picoantenna behavior of tunnel junctions formed by an atomic-scale surface defect.

Plasmonic nanoantennas have attracted much attention lately, among other reasons because of the directionality of light emitted by fluorophores coupled to their localized surface plasmon resonances. Plasmonic picocavities, i.e., cavities with mode volumes below 1 nm3, could act as enhanced antennas due to their extreme field confinement, but the directionality on their emission is difficult to control. In this work, we show that the plasmonic picocavity formed between the tip of a scanning tunneling microscope and a metal surface with a monoatomic step shows directional emission profiles and, thus, can be considered as a realization of a picoantenna. Electromagnetic calculations demonstrate that the observed directionality arises from the reshaping and tilting of the surface charges induced at the scanning tip due to the atomic step. Our results pave the way to exploiting picoantennas as an efficient way for the far-field probing and control of light-matter interactions below the nanoscale.

Mechanisms of electrical transition using a conformal MoOx cap on Mo-doped VO2 thermochromics

Mo-doped VO2 thin-films are deposited on the soda-lime glass by a reactive high-power impulse magnetron co-sputtering technique (R-HiPIMS). Rapid thermal annealing at 500 °C for 3 min is performed to achieve the fabrication under low thermal budget. To prevent VO2 from further oxidation, a conformal and semi-conducting MoOx film is applied as the capping layer by the plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition (PE-ALD). After MoOx film is deposited, an electrical transition in the resistance ratio of 6–10 orders of magnitude has been found, especially for MoOx thicknesses less than 20 nm. A secondary phase of V2O3 plays an important role in abrupt change of current transportation. Also, the hysteresis of optical transition in transmittance at a wavelength of 2500 nm shows that both the width and transition temperature (TC) decrease with increasing the thickness of the MoOx cap. Moreover, the effect of localized surface plasmonic resonance (LSPR) due to the Karst-like structure has been detected by the absorption spectrum. The variations in LSPR peak, such as intensity, blue-shifting, and red-shifting, originated from either excess carrier or structure change are discussed. The high aspect ratio of surface morphology is further examined by atomic force microscopy. In addition, the coverage of MoOx on Mo-doped VO2 concerning the friction behavior is evaluated by lateral force microscopy (LFM), which is helpful in clarifying the responsible mechanisms during TC transition.

Target-Templated Construction of Functional Proteomimetics Using Photo-Foldamer Libraries.

Current methods for proteomimetic engineering rely on structure-based design. Here we describe a design strategy that allows the construction of proteomimetics against challenging targets without a priori characterization of the target surface. Our approach employs (i) a 100-membered photoreactive foldamer library, the members of which act as local surface mimetics, and (ii) the subsequent affinity maturation of the primary hits using systems chemistry. Two surface-oriented proteinogenic side chains drove the interactions between the short helical foldamer fragments and the proteins. Diazirine-based photo-crosslinking was applied to sensitively detect and localize binding even to shallow and dynamic patches on representatively difficult targets. Photo-foldamers identified functionally relevant protein interfaces, allosteric and previously unexplored targetable regions on the surface of STAT3 and an oncogenic K-Ras variant. Target-templated dynamic linking of foldamer hits resulted in two orders of magnitude affinity improvement in a single step. The dimeric K-Ras ligand mimicked protein-like catalytic functions. The photo-foldamer approach thus enables the highly efficient mapping of protein-protein interaction sites and provides a viable starting point for proteomimetic ligand development without a priori structural hypotheses.

Constraining Regional Hydrological Sensitivity Over Tropical Oceans

AbstractRegional hydrological sensitivity (i.e., precipitation change per degree local surface warming) contributes substantially to the uncertainty in future precipitation projections over tropical oceans. Here, we investigate the sensitivity of relative precipitation (P*, precipitation divided by the basin average precipitation) to local sea surface temperature (SST) change by dissecting it into three components, namely the sensitivity of P* to relative SST (SSTrel, SST minus the tropical mean SST) changes, the sensitivity of P* to surface convergence changes, and the sensitivity of surface convergence to SST gradient changes. We show that the relationships between P* and SSTrel, and between P*, surface convergence, and SST gradients are largely constant during climate change. This allows us to constrain regional hydrological sensitivity based on present‐day SST‐precipitation relationships. The sensitivity of surface convergence to SST gradient changes is a main source of uncertainty in regional hydrological sensitivity and is likely underestimated in GCMs.

Investigation of dependent scattering criterion for dispersed particulate medium: Effects of metal particle plasmon resonances and host medium absorption

Spectral radiative transfer between particles within dispersed particulate medium is prevalent across various fields, which may be influenced by the microscopic dependent scattering effect (DSE). However, independent scattering assumption (ISA) is only employed in the radiative transfer of most studies, which can lead to significant errors. Consequently, there is an urgent need to establish the more accurate and widely applicable dependent scattering criterion for determining whether the radiative transfer is independent or dependent scattering. However, the most existing criteria are only applicable under the assumption of optically soft particles with weak absorption. This limitation results in the criteria being valid only for certain types of particles, excluding nonmetal particles with highly complex refractive indices and metal particles with strongly absorption. Furthermore, the existing criteria also fail to consider the impact of host medium absorption (HMA) on the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) of metal particles and the DSE between particles. It would represent another significant limitation. To address these above limitations, this paper develops a comprehensive and systematic dependent scattering criterion with considering the plasmon resonances for metal particle and host medium absorption. The multiple sphere T-matrix (MSTM) method, generalized Mie scattering, and Monte Carlo ray tracing (MCRT) method are further employed to calculate and compare the radiative properties across different scales. The extinction cross section is the most suitable contrast parameter in the dependent scattering criterion with the consideration of host medium absorption. Clearance-to-wavelength ratio c/λ is used to characterize dependent scattering criterion. Consequently, the dependent scattering criterion c/λ for nonmetal particles is 6. While the dependent scattering criterion c/λ for metal particles is 5.5.

Dynamically Tunable Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance in Self‐Assembled SrCoOx‐Au Vertically Aligned Nanocomposite Thin Films

AbstractWhile the physical principles for regulating localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) are well established, dynamically tuning the LSPR in a given material post synthesis remains challenging. Herein, this study demonstrates a strategy for dynamically tuning the LSPR of Au nanostructures by selectively altering the dielectric environment. Au is integrated with an electrochemically gatable oxide, i.e., SrCoOx (SCO), into vertically aligned nanocomposite thin films via a self‐assembly growth mechanism, where Au develops into nanopillars embedded in the SCO matrix. By selectively controlling the tri‐state phase transitions of SCO matrix via varying the bias voltage polarity in ionic liquid gating (ILG), the LSPR behavior of Au nanopillars can be dynamically tuned. Specifically, gating with a negative bias fully suppresses the LSPR, while a positive bias leads to a continuous blueshift of the LSPR wavelength upon increasing the ILG duration. This work not only opens new directions for the dynamic control of LSPR of noble metal nanostructures, but also offers insight to the voltage control of multifunctionalities via structural and physical intercoupling between different phases in self‐assembled nanocomposites.

Deriving seasonal and annual surface mass balance for debris-covered glaciers from flow-corrected satellite stereo DEM time series

Abstract Glaciers in High-Mountain Asia are experiencing varying rates and patterns of mass loss due to a complex interplay between glacier surface processes, local conditions and climate forcing. Spatially distributed surface mass balance (SMB) estimates can provide valuable insight into these drivers, but observations are currently limited in both space and time. We used very-high-resolution optical stereo images acquired by commercial satellites to prepare time series of digital elevation models (DEMs), and derived contemporaneous surface velocity and elevation change products for six debris-covered glaciers in Nepal. We developed new methods to produce flow-corrected Lagrangian SMB maps to isolate local surface ablation signals with enough detail to study individual ice cliffs. Our results show reduced ablation under thick debris cover and enhanced ablation over ice cliffs. Ablating ice cliffs were responsible for $10\!-\!38\%$ of the total ablation over debris-covered areas, even though they covered $\leq \!11\%$ of the total area. Seasonal SMB products reveal the timing and patterns of summer accumulation and ablation, underscoring the importance of snow avalanches for low-elevation debris-covered glaciers in the region. Our approach can be applied to other glaciers with repeat high-resolution DEM coverage and extended for regional analyses of SMB on seasonal to interannual timescales.