Local Strategies Research Articles

Plant Diversity and Interspecific Interactions in Desert-Oasis Transition Zones: Insights from the Badain Jilin Desert

Plant species diversity and spatial distribution patterns are critical for understanding ecosystem dynamics in arid and fragile environments. This study investigates the diversity, spatial distribution, and interspecific associations of shrubs and herbaceous plants in the transition zone of the desert oasis located in the Hexi Corridor and southern edge of the Badanjilin Desert, China. Vegetation data were collected across sample plots spanning three counties in Zhangye City. Important values, diversity indices, and spatial distribution metrics were calculated to evaluate plant species dominance and community structure. Interspecific relationships were analyzed using variance ratio (VR), clumping indicators, and corrected χ2 tests. The shrub community exhibited low species diversity (H′ = 1.754) and was dominated by Reaumuria songarica (Pall.) Maxim (IV = 111.175), reflecting its superior adaptability to arid conditions. In contrast, the herbaceous community displayed higher diversity (H′ = 2.498), with Aristida adscensionis L. (IV = 48.6174) as the dominant species. Both communities showed predominantly aggregative spatial distribution patterns, influenced by localized resource availability and adaptive strategies. Weak interspecific associations characterized the shrub community, with limited competition among dominant species, while the herbaceous community demonstrated significant negative correlations, indicating stronger resource competition. The study highlights the contrasting diversity and ecological roles of shrubs and herbaceous plants in arid ecosystems, shaped by resource limitations and environmental stressors. Effective conservation strategies are needed to protect dominant species and sustain ecosystem resilience in desert regions. Future research should focus on below-ground interactions and long-term monitoring to enhance understanding of species coexistence and community stability.

Spatial reciprocity under reinforcement learning mechanism.

At present, the research on the dynamics of cooperative behavior of agents under reinforcement learning mechanism either assumes that agents have global interaction, that is, agents interact with all other agents in the population, or directly study the influence of relevant factors on cooperation evolution based on the local interaction in a network structure. It neglects to formally study how the limitation of agents that only interact with local agents affects their strategy choice. Thus, in this paper, we study the cooperative behavior of agents in a typical social decision-making environment with conflicts between individual interests and collective interests. On the one hand, a programmed game model in game theory, namely, prisoner's dilemma game, is used to capture the essence of real-world dilemmas. On the other hand, the effects of local and global strategy learning on the cooperative evolution of agents are investigated separately, and the nature of spatial reciprocity under the reinforcement learning mechanism is found. Specifically, when there is no inherent connection between the interacting agents and the learning agents within the system, the network structure has a limited effect on promoting cooperation. It is only when there is an overlap between the interacting agents and the learning agents that the spatial reciprocity effect observed in the traditional evolutionary game theory can be fully realized.

Advancing Renewable Energy Transition for Economic Sustainability: Insights from Global Practices and Local Adaptation Strategies

Renewable energy in Ukraine accounts for 9 per cent. Renewable energy is planned to be developed in the post-war reconstruction. The Swedish experience is suitable for this purpose and it is advisable to apply it. The biggest problem is the conversion of old enterprises to renewable energy sources. The article presents a methodology for assessing the possibility of transition to renewable energy sources Keywords: energy, renewable energy, economic sustainability, energy system energy strategy

Lab on a single microbead: An enzyme-free strategy for the sensitive detection of microRNA via efficient localized catalytic hairpin assembly.

Accurate quantification of microRNA (miRNA) is of great significance because it provides opportunities for the accurate early diagnosis of a series of human diseases including cancers. Currently, complicated nucleic acid amplification technologies are always required for the highly sensitive miRNA detection. The introduction of nucleic acid signal amplification coupled with various enzymes will inevitably lead to tedious work and increase the complexity of the analysis process. It is still urgently desired to develop enzyme-free yet sensitive assays that enable the sensitive analysis of miRNA in complicated biological samples. A single microbead (MB)-based localized catalytic hairpin assembly (CHA) strategy is proposed for the sensitive analysis of microRNA (miRNA). This rationally designed CHA strategy allows target miRNA to walk only on a single MB which can create a micro-amplification zone, initiating a highly efficient localized CHA reaction, generating a large number of fluorescent DNA duplexes on the surface of single MB. The efficient localized CHA on single MB can not only greatly suppress the nonspecific reaction between two hairpin probes, thus decreasing the background signal, but also greatly enhance the brightness of MB owing to the highly-concentrated fluorescence enrichment on only one MB. Therefore, highly sensitive quantification of miRNA has been achieved by measuring the fluorescence signal on MB using a confocal fluorescence microscope. This new strategy exhibits a detection limit of 1.09 pM for let-7a detection, and enables high specificity of distinguishing homologous miRNA family members. This is the first report by only using one single MB as a carrier to conduct localized CHA, rendering highly-concentrated fluorescence enrichment on only one MB and a dramatic increase in sensitivity. This single MB-based localized CHA strategy has been successfully applied to the accurate analysis of miRNA target in complex biological sample.

Green marketing and sustainable consumer behavior in Jordan: Advancing SDGs through localized strategies and environmental awareness

This study focused on the investigation of the green marketing influence on sustainable customer behavior by looking at how it can affect purchase intention, customer loyalty and brand reputation regarding problems such as water scarcity and limited natural resources in Jordan. The study conducted a questionnaire on 672 Jordanian consumers to assess environmental consciousness in relation to their attitudes toward localized green marketing strategies, focusing more on the moderating influence of product pricing and cultural values. Green marketing significantly predisposes the intention to buy and brand loyalty. Conversely, high product price is a prohibitive factor for the adoption of green products. Consumers across higher education and income strata are more receptive to green products. Cultural values and environments amplify the effectiveness of this green marketing. Local market-oriented green marketing strategies dealing with specific environmental challenges and socio-economic factors are supportive of sustainable consumer behavior. Attention is given to these two main priorities increasing affordability and cultural alignment to overcome such barriers. Businesses and policymakers can use these insights to craft effective green marketing strategies. Subsidies, cost cuts, and culturally aligned campaigns can enhance consumer engagement and sustainability in Jordan.

Impact of consumer ethnocentrism on China-Chic product consumption: a multigroup analysis of ethnic attributes

The surge in China-Chic product (CCP) consumption poses a challenge for the localized marketing strategies of global brands. CCPs are fashionable products that incorporate traditional Chinese styles and modern design. The purpose of this research is to examine the factors that influence the purchasing behavior of CCPs among Chinese consumers, with a specific focus on the affective factor of consumer ethnocentrism (CE) and the rational factor of product evaluation, and to innovatively investigate the differences in CCP consumption between Han Chinese and ethnic minorities. A web-based study of 458 Chinese consumers revealed that CE was a relatively prominent determinant of CCP consumption compared with product evaluations across all ethnic consumer groups. Compared with that of ethnic minorities, when the evaluation of CCPs was greater, the likelihood that Han Chinese were willing to spend was greater, while it had no effect on ethnic minorities. Structural equation modeling analysis also suggested that patriotism and ethnic identity have a significant positive effect on enhancing CE, but consumers’ high culture confidence unexpectedly diminishes this tendency. These findings indicate that marketing in China that appeals to affective sentiments is feasible, but strategies that target Han Chinese need to emphasize product quality, whereas those directed at minority ethnic regions can cater to promotional activities and positioning strategies oriented toward subcultures to enhance ethnic identity.

Study of Netnographic: X Platform Discussion on Fast Beauty Trend in Indonesia.

The phenomenon of “Fast Beauty” has brought a transformative shift to the beauty industry in Indonesia especially in the digital era. This concept refers to the trend of rapid innovation, mass production, and the distribution of beauty products in Indonesia that effortlessly meet market demands. Furthermore, the industry’s emphasis on frequent product releases and aggressive promotions has heavily influenced consumer behavior, embedding patterns of impulsive buying and overconsumption that are hallmarks of consumerism. Continuous new product launches often prompt consumers to purchase items without critical consideration, further fueling unsustainable consumption. This article aims to explore how the Fast Beauty phenomenon has shaped consumer behavior by creating new perceptions of local products strategy, and sustainability within the beauty industry in Indonesia. Through a qualitative approach through literature studies and market trend analysis with audience discussion on X social media platform, this research examines the dynamics of Fast Beauty. The role of digitalization and social media platforms in accelerating the growth and popularity of Fast Beauty, also will be explored in this study. Analyzes discussion originate from a post by a beauty community member called @ohmybeautybank, and their member @liangjemala, to understand how digital platforms can shape consumer narratives and trends. Social media’s role in amplifying trends has further fueled the industry’s rapid pace. However, by spotlighting these dynamics, the study will provide valuable insights for stakeholders to align innovation by maintaining product quality also with ethical and sustainable goals.

"If there was a quick and easy way to participate": The engagement of United Kingdom radiotherapy and diagnostic imaging departments in research strategy.

Research strategies support professionals to create a shared vision and work towards common objectives which can enhance workforce satisfaction, retention and patient experience. Our research aimed to capture the current number of United Kingdom (UK) radiotherapy and diagnostic imaging departments that have a local discipline specific research strategy in place. We also sought to understand the contributing factors to their development, with the aim of generating models of support to enhance future local research strategies. A discipline specific cross-sectional survey was co-developed by the research team, the College of Radiographers (CoR) and our patient and public involvement and engagement representative. Distribution was via the CoR to radiotherapy and imaging departments across the UK. Complete responses were received from 32 radiotherapy and 19 imaging departments, discipline specific strategy numbers were low with only 10 and 3 departments respectively having one in situ. Barriers and enablers to their development as well as disparate motivations and intentions to develop a strategy were evident within and across each discipline. The respondents identified a range of formats and topics to help the development of strategies. Radiographers are keen to develop and implement their own research ideas, however this work is additional to clinical service demand. Removing barriers to research participation is a strategic priority, regional cooperation and coordination may play an increasing role in research engagement, scale and support. Opportunities to increase ownership and confidence in research strategy development should be pursued including template strategies and professional facilitation. A discipline specific strategy would support departments to navigate the complexities of research regulation and policy and overcome the challenges faced by competing priorities.

Investigation of local heat treatment strategies for a multi-range capable rivet and the influence on joint formation and load-bearing capacity

Investigation of local heat treatment strategies for a multi-range capable rivet and the influence on joint formation and load-bearing capacity

An Interdisciplinary Analysis Focused on Social Sciences: A Literature Review

This literature paper summarizes five studies conducted by Mehrad et al. in 2024. These studies integrate cutting-edge findings from reverse logistics, sustainable operations, educational psychology, and qualitative analysis based on artificial intelligence (AI). The framework addresses current issues impacting business, education, and technology. The aim of this paper is to show a combination of different approaches in one study and its efficiency. According to these five studies, implementing sustainability, engaging stakeholders, and developing localized strategies are crucial for organizations like e-commerce platforms. These strategies help meet legal and cultural requirements while enhancing organizational effectiveness and environmental responsibility. Besides using these ideas in the educational domain, approaches from psychological science emphasize the importance of interventions to succeed and develop holistically. Combining Executive Function skills, Emotional Health, and Motivation leads to improved learning outcomes and fairness in the teaching-learning process. Generally, this multidisciplinary literature review offers practical guidance for businesses, educational institutions, and policymakers by thematically connecting sustainability, artificial intelligence, and psychological perspectives. These recommendations, rooted in resilience, innovation, and equity, aim to inspire and motivate better practices across various organizational and societal contexts. In addition, this study motivates all scholars to widen the view of their investigations and have global research connections to provide better knowledge for current and future scholars, which will happen by designing accurate study and teaching structures. And in fact, it is a kind of innovation in the research industry.

Socioeconomic Factors Influencing Cocoa Consumption in Amazonas

Cocoa, a key ingredient in chocolate production, represents a significant crop in the Amazon region, mostly for export. This study examines the socio-economic factors that influence local cocoa consumption. Using a non-experimental explanatory correlational design and a sample of 505 respondents, data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and a binary logistic regression model. The results indicate that age is the only significant factor influencing cocoa consumption (p-value = 0.045), while other variables such as income, educational level, and occupation did not show statistical significance. This work highlights the importance of understanding consumption patterns in cocoa-producing regions, which could inform local market strategies and policies. This study fills a gap in the literature by addressing the factors that impact consumption in a key cocoa-producing region in Peru.

Heuristics for the run-length encoded Burrows–Wheeler transform alphabet ordering problem

The Burrows–Wheeler Transform (BWT) is a string transformation technique widely used in areas such as bioinformatics and file compression. Many applications combine a run-length encoding (RLE) with the BWT in a way which preserves the ability to query the compressed data efficiently. However, these methods may not take full advantage of the compressibility of the BWT as they do not modify the alphabet ordering for the sorting step embedded in computing the BWT. Indeed, any such alteration of the alphabet ordering can have a considerable impact on the output of the BWT, in particular on the number of runs. For an alphabet Σ containing σ characters, the space of all alphabet orderings is of size σ!. While for small alphabets an exhaustive investigation is possible, finding the optimal ordering for larger alphabets is not feasible. Therefore, there is a need for a more informed search strategy than brute-force sampling the entire space, which motivates a new heuristic approach. In this paper, we explore the non-trivial cases for the problem of minimizing the size of a run-length encoded BWT (RLBWT) via selecting a new ordering for the alphabet. We show that random sampling of the space of alphabet orderings usually gives sub-optimal orderings for compression and that a local search strategy can provide a large improvement in relatively few steps. We also inspect a selection of initial alphabet orderings, including ASCII, letter appearance, and letter frequency. While this alphabet ordering problem is computationally hard we demonstrate gain in compressibility.

Shifting Market Power: The Role of Supply Chain Disruptions in Redefining Global Trade Dynamics

Global supply chains have recently faced intense disruptions, especially due to COVID-19, exposing vulnerabilities across industries. This study explores how large-scale shocks such as pandemics, geopolitical conflicts, and environmental crises are transforming global market power and trade patterns. Analyzing sectors like technology, automotive, and pharmaceuticals, the research highlights how developed economies, traditionally dominant, are increasingly dependent on emerging markets, which are gaining influence. Factors like digital innovation, rising logistics costs, and trade restrictions further drive these shifts. The findings underscore the need for resilience, localization, and adaptive strategies, offering guidance for policymakers and industry leaders to strengthen trade stability.

Enhancing constrained MOEA/D with direct mating using hybrid mating strategies and diverse crossover methods

Abstract The direct mating strategy, which is a constraint-handling method in multi-objective evolutionary algorithms, selects a second parent on the basis of the optimal direction in the objective space, disregarding feasibility. This approach, although effective in early generations, encounters difficulties as solutions better than the current Pareto solutions become scarce, reducing diversity and hindering exploration. Herein, we introduce a hybrid approach that combines direct mating with newly proposed local mating strategies, aiming to generate offspring around the Pareto optimal solutions to improve the solution search performance via a direct mating strategy. Our method addresses the limitations of conventional direct mating, thereby improving its applicability to real-world design problems. Our hybrid strategy employs local mating to select an additional parent close to the initially chosen parent, preserving solution diversity and effectively exploring the solution space. This enhances the effectiveness of direct mating across all generations. In addition, we introduce two types of crossover methods, i.e., simulated binary crossover and differential evolution, for parents selected by direct and local mating, respectively. The synergy among these techniques facilitates a robust search process that can efficiently yield superior solutions. We evaluated the proposed approach using three mathematical problems with distinct Pareto fronts and two practical applications, including an aerospace design problem. The performances of these methods were assessed on the basis of the averages and standard deviations of the hypervolume and inverted generational distance metrics across multiple solution attempts to determine the average performances and the dependencies on initial population variance. The obtained results demonstrate that the hybrid method significantly outperforms the existing methods in the case of constrained multi-objective optimization. Specifically, the hybrid method yielded higher average hypervolumes and lower dependency on initial population variance than the existing methods. The hybrid method also yielded a lower average and less dependency on initial population variance in the inverted generational distance compared to existing methods. This result suggests that the proposed method can obtain high-quality non-dominated solutions, regardless of the initial population.

Navigating Socio-Technical Challenges in Energy Efficiency: Case Studies on Hybrid Pumped-Hydropower Storage in Poland and Greece

This study examines the socio-technical challenges and public acceptance of hybrid pumped-hydropower storage (HPHS) technology within the broader context of energy transition in two European coal-mining regions: Western Macedonia, Greece, and the Łódzkie Region, Poland. These regions, deeply rooted in lignite mining, face profound socio-economic transformations driven by the EU Green Deal and its commitment to achieving net-zero emissions by 2050. The transition from coal dependency to renewable energy represents not only a critical environmental goal but also a significant socio-economic challenge for local communities, necessitating innovative and inclusive strategies to mitigate impacts and ensure equitable outcomes. The research integrates desk studies with stakeholder surveys (n = 129) to assess public awareness, perceived impacts, and acceptance of HPHS technology as a repurposing solution for decommissioned open-pit lignite mines. Results reveal that while awareness of the energy transition process is high (90% in Western Macedonia and 80% in Łódzkie Region), familiarity with HPHS technology varies significantly (76% and 48%, respectively). Support for implementing HPHS in former mining sites is stronger in Western Macedonia (73%) compared to Łódzkie Region (63%), with knowledge of HPHS correlating positively with acceptance (r = 0.83, p < 0.01). Both regions recognize the environmental benefits of HPHS, including improved air quality and biodiversity; yet, socio-economic challenges such as job losses, reduced income levels, and limited opportunities for reskilling persist, particularly in Łódzkie Region, where 77% of respondents view the energy transition as negatively impacting the labor market. By focusing on regions historically dependent on mining, this study highlights the critical role of addressing the unique needs of communities undergoing systemic transformation. The repurposing of former lignite mines into HPHS facilities offers a promising pathway for balancing environmental objectives with local socio-economic revitalization. However, success requires region-specific strategies, including transparent communication, stakeholder involvement, and targeted investment in workforce adaptation and infrastructure. These findings contribute to the growing discourse on how socially inclusive and technically feasible solutions can drive equitable energy transitions in post-mining regions.

Reimagining Global Health: Accelerating Change for a Sustainable Future.

In 2023, an interdisciplinary group of global health experts from five continents convened a plenary panel at the Consortium of Universities for Global Health (CUGH) annual conference entitled "Reimagining Global Health for the 21st Century." At the heart of this viewpoint article lies a fundamental question: How can we reimagine global health to best confront existing challenges and meet the demands of the future? To fully assess the scope of global health challenges and identify sustainable solutions, a clear definition of the aims and strategic approaches is needed. Such an assessment is also critical for progress in promoting equity, including decolonizing global health. Key issues examined are the following: equity, governance, research, education, and sustainability. To assure a sustainable global health enterprise, we propose the following three strategic imperatives as guiding principles: a holistic, unified approach grounded in mutual benefit, joint investment, long‑term collaborative commitment, and solidarity across low‑ to middle‑income countries (LMICs) and high‑income countries (HICs); joint priority setting of investments in research, education, practice, and workforce development; and collaborative governance, maximizing a multisectoral approach among local, national, regional, and global strategies. The viewpoint sets the stage for the development of an action roadmap to develop a unified concept of global health; identify strategies to ensure sustained funding for global health research, education and training, and practice; establish benchmarks and metrics to measure progress; and design a collaborative governance system to promote interconnectedness and engagement among local, regional, national, and global stakeholders.

Tumor localization strategies of multi-cancer early detection tests: a quantitative assessment.

Multi-cancer early detection (MCED) tests may expand cancer screening. Characterizing diagnostic resolution approaches following positive MCED tests is critical. Two trials employed distinct resolution approaches: a molecular signal to predict tissue of origin (TOO) and an imaging-based diagnostic strategy. This modeling study characterizes diagnostic journeys and impact in a hypothetical population of average risk MCED eligible patients. A mathematical expression for diagnostic burden was derived using positive predictive value (PPV), molecular TOO localization accuracy, and numbers of procedures associated with each diagnostic outcome. Imaging-based and molecular TOO-informed strategies were compared. Excess lifetime cancer risk due to futile radiation exposure was estimated using organ-specific diagnostic imaging radiation doses. Across all PPVs and localization performances, a molecular TOO strategy resulted in a higher diagnostic burden: 3.6 procedures [SD 0.445] vs 2.6 procedures [SD 0.100] for the imaging strategy. Estimated diagnostic burden was higher for molecular TOO in 95.5% of all PPV and TOO accuracy combinations; ≥79% PPV and 90% accuracy would be required for a molecular TOO-informed strategy to be less burdensome than imaging. The maximum rate of excess cancer incidence from radiation exposure for MCED false positive results (individuals aged 50-84) was 64.6/100,000 (annual testing, 99% specificity), 48.5/100,000 (biennial testing, 98.5% specificity), and 64.6/100,000 (biennial testing, 98% specificity). An imaging-based diagnostic strategy is more efficient than a molecular TOO-informed approach across almost all PPV and TOO accuracy combinations. The use of an imaging-based approach for cancer localization can be efficient and low-risk compared to a molecular-informed approach.

Biophysical impact of forest age changes on land surface temperature in China.

Forest age structures have been substantially affected by natural disturbances and anthropogenic activities worldwide. Their changes can significantly influence local and nonlocal climate through both the biogeochemical and biophysical processes. However, numerous studies have focused on the biogeochemical effect of forest age changes whereas the biophysical effect has received far less attention. Here we investigated how forest age changes influence land surface temperature (LST) by comparing older forests and adjacent younger forests pixels and unraveled underlying biophysical mechanisms using satellite observations over China during 2003-2012. Our study showed that older forests had a substantial annual cooling benefit than adjacent medium-aged and young forests. Attribution analysis indicated that the cooling effect of latent heat flux counteracted the albedo-induced warming effect, leading to the net cooling effect of older evergreen needle-leaved forest or evergreen broadleaved forest. Furthermore, the cooling effect of sensible heat flux is greater than the albedo-driven warming effect, contributing to the net cooling effect of older deciduous broadleaved forest. Our work is a step forward to underscore the potential of preserving mature forests as a local climate adaptation strategy and provides important parameterization foundation for earth system models without incorporation of forest age modules.

Advancements and Challenges in Direct Air Capture Technologies: Energy Intensity, Novel Methods, Economics, and Location Strategies

Direct air capture (DAC) technology is increasingly recognized as a key tool in the pursuit of climate neutrality, enabling the removal of carbon dioxide directly from the atmosphere. Despite its potential, DAC remains in the early stages of development, with most installations limited to pilot or demonstration units. The main barriers to its widespread implementation include high energy demands and significant capture costs. This literature review addresses the most critical research directions related to the development of this technology, focusing on its challenges and prospects for deployment. Particular attention is given to studies aimed at developing new, cost-effective, and efficient sorbents that could significantly reduce the energy intensity and costs of the process. Alternative technologies, such as electrochemical and membrane-based processes, show promise but require further research to overcome limitations, such as sensitivity to oxygen presence or insufficient membrane selectivity. The economic feasibility of DAC remains uncertain, with current estimates subject to significant uncertainty. Governmental and regulatory support will be crucial for the technology’s success. Furthermore, the location of DAC installations should consider factors such as energy availability, options for carbon dioxide storage or utilization, and climatic conditions, which significantly affect process efficiency. This review highlights the necessity for continued research to overcome existing barriers and fully harness the potential of DAC technology.

Mixed-Methods Evaluation of the HealthyWEY E-Learning Toolkit for Promoting Healthy Weight in the Early Years

Despite being well-positioned to promote healthy lifestyles in young children, early years practitioners often face barriers to supporting child weight management. This mixed-methods study aimed to assess the preliminary effectiveness and acceptability of an e-learning toolkit (HealthyWEY) designed to upskill and support multi-agency professionals to promote healthy weight in early childhood. A total of 54 health visitors/community nursery nurses, 38 children’s centre staff and 17 other health professionals engaged with the HealthyWEY e-learning, which drew on self-determination theory and consisted of nine modules that were completed over 7–10 weeks. Non-parametric statistical analysis using Wilcoxon’s signed-rank tests were used to explore participants’ practice-based knowledge, psychological needs satisfaction and motivations for prioritising pre-school child weight from pre- to post-intervention. Focus groups (n = 11) were conducted with a sub-sample of multi-agency professionals (n = 39) to explore the process of implementation across sites, while interviews were also conducted with two parents/carers who took part in consultations with HealthyWEY-trained practitioners. After completing the HealthyWEY e-learning, participants perceived fewer barriers to pre-school child weight management (median change = −0.7; p < 0.001), greater autonomy (median change = 0.7, p < 0.001), competence (median change = 0.8, p < 0.001) and relatedness (median change = 0.4, p < 0.001) and a higher autonomous motivation towards promoting healthy weight (median change = 0.3, p < 0.001). E-learning was perceived to be highly relevant to participants’ roles and congruent with local child weight strategies. Challenges to implementation included time constraints and disruptions related to the COVID-19 pandemic. Recommendations for a better user experience were offered by enhancing the toolkit’s design and interactivity. Engagement with the HealthyWEY e-learning led to promising changes in perceived barriers and motivational variables. The toolkit was perceived to be acceptable amongst multi-agency workforces, albeit challenging to prioritise within time-pressured health and early years settings.