Local Upland Rice Research Articles

Application of local microbes increases growth and yield of several local upland rice cultivars of Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia

Rice is the major food commodity in Indonesia and many other countries, as the main source of carbohydrate. Rice production must be increased continuously to meet food needs, one of which is by utilizing largely available dry land areas. Two important factors required to increase rice production on marginal soils are the use of high-production adaptive varieties and biological agents. It is necessary to conduct research on the application of local microbes to the cultivation of upland rice cultivars, with the aim to determine the best genotypes and/or suitable microbes. This research was carried out at the Research Field and laboratories of Faculty of Agriculture, University of Halu Oleo, from April 2020 to April 2021. The first tested factor was biological agents (local microbes), consisting of three levels, namely: without microbes (M0), the fungus Trichoderma sp. (M1), and the bacteria Pseudomonas sp. (M2). The second factor was the upland rice cultivar, which consisted of five levels, namely: V1 (Tinangge cultivar), V2 (Enggalaru cultivar), V3 (Bakala cultivar), V4 (Momea cultivar), and 1 nasional variety, namely V5 (Inpago-12 variety), as check variety. The research results showed that the interaction between local microbes Trichoderma sp. (M1) and Pseudomonas sp. (M2) on Tinangge (V1) and Momea (V4) cultivars gave a better effect on crop production. The best cultivar based on the growth and yield variables was generally obtained from the Momea cultivar (V4), although in many variables it was not significantly different from the Tinangge cultivar (V1). These cultivars could be further studied and possibly developed for promising cultivars in Kendari areas.

Seaweed extract effect on arbuscular mycorrhizae spore in soil engineered by earthworm, and the soil effect on upland rice growth

Seaweed extract is known to contain nutrients and growth-regulating substances that affect soil biota, and a source of protection against pests and diseases. Earthworm, which is an example of a soil biota and playing the role of ecosystem engineer, has the ability to produce suitable land biostructures, for the inhabitation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), which has an impact on upland rice growth. Therefore, this study aims to determine, (i) the effect of seaweed extract on the population of earthworms and spores of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, and (ii) the impact of the engineered soil on the growth of local upland rice varieties. Furthermore, the extract of seaweed, such as Kappapychus alvarezii, was divided into five concentration levels, namely 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80%. Each treatment was drenched into the soil from the cogongrass vegetated area, mixed with 20 Pheretima sp., and maintained for 49 days in the greenhouse. The result showed that the total difference in the earthworms’ concentration treatments was not significant. It also showed that the total AMF spores in the engineered soil products of 20% concentration was the highest. Based on treatment with the earthworm engineered soil products, the highest and lowest vegetative growth and yield components of upland rice were observed at the concentrations of 80% and 0%, respectively. In conclusion, the application of seaweed extract to the soil did not significantly reduce the earthworm population. The extract concentration of 20% also increased the total AMF spore in the engineered soil. Moreover, highly treated engineered soil products increased the growth and yield components of upland Kambowa rice on cogongrass soils.

Agronomic Response of Local Upland Rice Cultivars on Growing under Two Cultivation Systems

Background: This study aimed to observe the agronomic response of 18 Southeast Sulawesi local upland rice cultivars that were grown under two cultivation systems (dry land and wet rice field) and optimize local potential to support self-sufficiency and food security. Methods: The research used a split-plot design with the following main plot: cultivation system (L) including upland (L1) and rice field cultivation system (L2). The subplots were 18 local upland rice cultivars such as Wangkomina (K1), Wuna Lapodidi (K2), Waburi-buri (K3), Wapantoga (K4), Nggalaru (K5), Wuna Parigi (K6), Bakala (K7), Biu (K8), Ikulaku (K9), Bou (K1), Momea (K11), Daindomoronene (K12), Konkep (K13), Tinangge (K14), Ndoamoito (K15), Uwa (K16), Ndowatu (K17) and Indalibana (K18). Result: The local upland rice responded better to the wetland cultivation system than the upland cultivation system. The local upland rice cultivar Ndowatu showed the highest production potential, which was statistically similar to the Biu, Ikulaku, Momea, Konkep and Uwa cultivars. Ndowatu cultivar showed high production potential (842.80 g.m-2). Thus, this cultivar can be considered suitable for development in the rainfed lowlands to increase the planting index and to support the self-sufficiency and food security of the region.

The morphological and physiological studies Gorontalo local upland rice treated with drought and shade stresses

Crop growth and production are strongly affected by abiotic and biotic stresses. Survival rate frequently been used to evaluate rice drought tolerance with a low survival rate of rice plants undergoing drought stress leading to low yields. The aim of this research was to obtain Gorontalo local upland rice variants that are tolerant against drought and shade stresses by considering the morphological and physiological characteristics. The research was conducted in Bulotada Barat Village, Sipatana District, Gorontalo, from January to August 2017. Employing the randomized block design with three replications, the research consisted of two treatment factors. The first factor is the accession, which consists of two tolerant accessions; two moderately tolerant accessions, two drought-sensitive accessions, and two shade-sensitive accessions. The second factor pertains to the drought and shade stresses which consist of drought + 25% shade stress, drought + 50% shade stress, and a control. Irrigation in the drought control specimen was given until inundation reached 1.5 cm. In a drought-stressed situation, irrigation was given when the groundwater reached -30 to -35.9 kPa. The Ponda Merah accessions were the accessions that were tolerant against drought and shade stresses. The morphological characteristics of Gorontalo local upland rice that showed tolerance against drought and shade stresses were longer roots (33.20 cm), heavier dry weight (38.82 gr), a thinner leaf (186,56 cm2.g-1), and a higher yield (4,90 gr.cluster−1). The physiological characteristic of the Gorontalo local upland rice that showed tolerance against drought and shade stresses was the sugar content (0,73 g.g-1) which was higher than the other treatment.

Bio-Priming Using Indigenous Pseudomonas Fluorescens To Improve Local Upland Rice (Padi Gogo) Production Of Paebiu Kolopua And Pae Wuna Cultivars

Research was performed to evaluate the effect of biopriming technique using indigenous rhizobacteria in improving local upland rice from Southeast Sulawesi. Randomized group design was applied in this research using factorial pattern consisting of 2 factors. The first factor was upland rice cultivars consisting of 2 (two) levels of Paebiu Kolopua (V1) and Pae Wuna (V2) cultivars. Meanwhile, the second factor was rhizobacteria isolates, consisting of 4 (four) levels, those are without rhizobacteria treatment (R0), KNS11 isolate (R1), KLKU02 isolate (R2) and KNW11 isolate (R3). Research results indicated that interaction between Paebiu Kolopua cultivar and KLKU02 isolate treatment significantly affected plants height with 29.22% improvement and the amount of rice per panicle with 176.33% improvement compared to the control. Therefore, KLKU02 isolate can be recommeded as the best treatment to improve the production and outcome of local upland rice plant.

Growth Response And Results Of Local Upland Rice Cultivars West Sumatera On Ultisol Land

Upland rice whose cultivated on dry land, which has limited needs for growth and production. The low upland rice production is due to the lack of high yielding varieties that can adapt, especially to marginal lands such as Ultisol. There are quite many local upland rice lines, but their potential has not been tested much. This study aimed to obtain the growth and yield of local upland rice cultivars of West Sumatra on the best Ultisol soil. The study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with four replications. The treatments were four upland rice cultivars, which consisted of; Silayang (K1), Siarang (K2), Sirah (K3) and Sigudang (K4). This data observation was analyzed for variance, and if it had a significant effect, it was continued using DMRT at the 5% level. Observations were made on plant height, the maximum number of tillers, percentage of productive tillers, length of flag leaf, age of flowering, age of the first harvest, panicle length, number of grain per panicle, the weight of 1000 pithy grain seeds, and weight of pithy grain per clump. Based on the results of the study, it was concluded that upland rice cultivar Sirah had the best growth and yield on Ultisol soil. Based on the conclusion, it is recommended to use Sirah upland rice on Ultisol soil.

Growth performance of several promising local upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes of Southeast Sulawesi

Southeast Sulawesi, which is located in the southeastern part of Sulawesi island, is one of the upland rice producers in Indonesia, although the cultivation in the area is still not optimal because the upland rice productivity is still considered low. Southeast Sulawesi has an extensive dry land area and local upland rice genotypes have good growth and yield potential. This study aimed to determine the differences in the growth of several local upland rice genotypes of Southeast Sulawesi which were cultivated in Kendari City. This paper is still focused on the vegetative growth of the genotypes tested. This research was carried out in Experiment Field 2, Faculty of Agriculture, Halu Oleo University, which is located in Kambu District, Kendari City, Southeast Sulawesi. The research was conducted using a randomized block design (RBD) consisting of 10 genotypes, namely Wagamba (V1), Wangkariri (V2), Momea (V3), Waburi-buri (V4), Konkep (V5), Bakala (V6), Wakawondu (V7), Tinangge (V8), Loiyo putih (V9) and Bombana (V10). Each treatment was repeated 3 times in order to obtain 30 experimental units. The results showed that potential genotypes that can be developed in Kendari City were Wakawondu genotype based on parameters of the number of tillers, plant height, and number of leaves, Wagamba genotype based on leaf width parameter, and Wangkariri genotype based on the flowering age and number of tiller parameter. Based on the overall performances, especially on the number of tillers (one of the most important parameters), in general Wakawondu is the most recommended genotype for further development.

Agronomic traits performance of some promising lines of local upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) from SE Sulawesi grown under shading conditions

Rice is primarily eaten by countries like Indonesia in Asia. The demanding rice rise every year and the Indonesian government is trying to satisfy the need for rice. The development rice tolerant to shade is one of the promising choices. The aim is to characterize the performance of upland a new rice cultivar. The study was conducted at the Experiment Farm, Department of Agronomy, University of Halu Oleo. Arrange in a split-plot design and repeated four times. The different shade levels as main plot and rice lines different as subplot. The shade level consists of four levels (N0=0%, N1=25-50%, N2=50-75% and N3 > 75%). The upland rice lines were G1=GS11-1, G2=GS11-2, G3=GS12-1, G4=GS12-2 and G5=Lipigo as a control variety. The results indicated that shade significantly increased the plant height, leaf area and unfilled grains number. However, the shade level affected productive tiller and grain weight to decrease.

Upland rice productivity and farming feasibility between the palm oil plant in dry land on Jambi Province

The objectives of the study are (1) to find out the growth and productivity of upland rice, (2) to find out high upland rice varieties and the feasibility of farming between upland oil palm plants. This activity was carried out in the area of young oil palm plantations aged 2 years in Pelayangan Village, Muara Tembesi sub District, Batanghari District, Jambi Province from May to August 2016. The rice varieties were Inpago 5, Inpago 8, Inpago 9 and local upland rice with 1 ha area. The results of the study showed that the Inpago 9 variety gave the highest yield of 3.53 t/ha. The results of financial analysis show that Inpago 9 variety provides the highest income with an R/C value of 1.54. Inpago 9 variety has better growth and yield and resistance to drought stress than other varieties and is suitable for development in dry land. Inpago 9 variety has better growth and yield and resistance to drought stress than other varieties and is suitable for development in dry land.

Penyuluhan Budidaya Padi Ladang Varietas Unggul Di Desa Efi-Efi Kecamatan Tobelo Selatan

This community service activity is carried out in the Efi-Efi Village, South Tobelo District, with the aim of providing skills and knowledge to farmers both about the use of high yielding variety of upland rice seeds and good upland rice cultivation techniques. The method used in this service is counseling about the cultivation of upland rice, the provision of high yielding variety of upland rice seeds and agricultural equipment and the making of high yielding variety of upland rice demonstration plots. Participants in this activity are the farmer women's group Efi-Efi, amounting to 20 members, who have been planting upland varieties of local upland rice. The results of the evaluation of community service activities showed that the knowledge and skills of the groups of women farmers who cultivated field rice had increased, and farmers accepted the use of high yielding variety of upland rice seeds introduced to them. In addition, there has also been a change in understanding in terms of shifting cultivation as has been done so far.

Drought-induced production of reactive oxygen species and antioxidants activity of four local upland rice cultivars in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia

Abstract. Boy R, Indradewa D, Putra ETS, Kurniasih B. 2020. Drought-induced production of reactive oxygen species and antioxidants activity of four local upland rice cultivars in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 2555-2565. Drought can be the most severe threat to the production of crop in the world. This water deficit condition may cause a considerable decrease in yield grain of upland rice. Present study was conducted to figure out the level of ROS production and antioxidant activity on upland rice cultivars under drought stress. The experiment was performed using randomized completely block design with two factors, i.e. four cultivars of upland rice (Habo, Hiwanggu, Sunggul, and Lambara) and watering interval (once in one, two, four and eight days). The results showed that there was interaction between cultivars and watering intervals. Drought tolerant cultivars of Habo and Sunggul had higher activities of SOD, POD, AAred as well as α-Toch with lower content on free radicals of O2- and H2O2; whereas non-drought tolerant cultivars of Hiwanggu and Lambara exhibited higher production of O2- and H2O2 and lower level of SOD, POD, AAred as well as α-Toch. It could be concluded that the optimum soil moisture affecting maximum activities of SOD, POD, AAred as well as α-Toch and minimum content of O2- and H2O2 was around 15.88-27.56% in range which was equal to 50.88-87.38% of field capacity.

Growth test and production of several local upland rice varieties in Gorontalo Province

Gorontalo province is one of the provinces that have a large source of genetic diversity in local rice, especially upland rice. The low productivity and the less available of seed at the farmer level causes a lack of interest in developing upland rice. The main constraints of rice cultivation on these areas is drought and pest and disease attacks. Then the need for the development of local varieties to obtain new superior rice varieties is necessary. The purpose of this study is to look at the potential for growth and production of Gorontalo local rice that can be expected to be used to improve genetic resources that are genotyping amphibians. The research method used a Randomized Block Design in testing three local rice cultivars. Cultivars used were, Maraya, Bukungo, and Ponda. Each treatment was repeated three times resulted in nine experimental units would be obtained. The results show that the Ponda variety showed the highest results compared to other treatments on plant height parameter. Based on LSD tests shows that the number of tillers in each variety is significantly different. Ponda variety shows the highest number of tillers compared to other local rice varieties.

A study on the growth of Gorontalo local upland rice Ponda merah accession against drouhgt and shade stresses

The aim of this study was to determine the vegetative growth response of Gorontalo local upland rice Ponda Merah accession against drought and shade stresses. The study was conducted in Sipatana Village, West Bulotadaa Subdistrict, Gorontalo City, from May to October 2017, examined using randomized block design with 4 replications. The first factor observed was the drought treatment which consisted of two levels; irrigation until the inundation height of 1.5 cm and irrigation carried out if the potential of groundwater reaches - 30 to -35.9 kPa. The second factor was shades which consisted of 3 levels; 0% shade, 25% shade, and 50% shade. The results showed that Gorontalo local upland rice Ponda merah accession was able to adapt well to drought stress, shade stress, and combination of both which were characterized by high values of plant dry weight 49,88 g under drought stress condition, 84,08 g under 50% shade condition and 44,61 g in drought + 50% shade condition and chlorophyll content 0.148 mg.g−1 under drought stress condition, 0,168 mg.g−1 under 50% shade condition and 0,202 mg.g−1 in drought +50% shade condition.

Inventory and morphological characterization of local upland rice in the highlands of South Sumatra province

South Sumatra has various types of local rice in various agroecosystems that have the potential as plant genetic resources (PGR) of food crops. At present, the existence of the PGR has been diminished due to genetic erosion. Inventory and characterization of local rice genetic resources were carried out in the highlands of South Sumatra during 2014–2017. The study was conducted in Muara Enim, Ogan Komering Ulu, Pagar Alam, and Lahat Regencies. The objective of the study was to inventory and characterize the PGR. The method used was exploration and desk study. Purposive sampling was applied. Morpho-agronomic characterization was carried out in situ and ex situ. Morphological observations were carried out by visually observing the parts of leaves, stems, panicles and unhulled seeds of the rice accessionsin the location. Morphological characteristics were analyzed descriptively by tabulation. Inventory result showed 17 varieties of local upland rice were spread across four regencies. Local upland rice varieties originating from the regencies with different biophysical characteristics showed differences in morphological characteristics. Among the 17 local varieties, 3 varieties were characterized, namely Setangkai, Barokah and Ayek Keruh. Morpho-agronomic characterization results showed that there was a high diversity of rice accessions collected from different locations in South Sumatra.

Tiller profile diversity of upland rice germplasm in ICABIOGRAD gene bank

Tillering ability is an important agronomic trait that determines the yield of rice. Tiller type in rice is categorized as primary, secondary and tertiary tiller which produces panicle at generative phase. Tillering ability as well as the tiller type varies between varieties, especially among germplasms. Our study aimed to identify the tiller profile diversity of upland rice germplasm in ICABIOGRAD Genebank. A total of 100 accessions of local upland rice varieties were planted in a randomized completely block design with two replications under greenhouse condition. The number of tiller from each type was observed weekly from 35 to 63 days after sowing (DAS). The result of the study showed that the number of primary tiller increased slowly from 35 DAS until 63 DAS. After 49 DAS there was no significant addition in secondary tiller number. Generally, the average mean number of tertiary tiller accross the accessions was far below compared to the number of primary and secondary tiller. The highest number of primary tiller, i.e. 8, was expressed by Pae Daye Indolobye (North Sulawesi), Padi Pulut Pute Iteung (East Kalimantan) and K. Puyuk (Central Kalimantan). Up to 22 secondary tillers were formed by Gadabung, a local upland rice variety from Central Kalimantan. Information on tillering ability of local upland variety will benefit rice breeder for selecting appropriate accessions as a gene source for breeding.

Productivity of three varieties of local upland rice on swidden agriculture field in Setulang village, North Kalimantan, Indonesia

Abstract. Merang OP, Lahjie AM, Yusuf S, Ruslim Y. 2020. Productivity of three varieties of local upland rice on swidden agriculture field in Setulang village, North Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 49-56. Swidden agriculture field is a dry land used by traditional farmers to cultivate some varieties of local upland rice intercropped with vegetables, tubers, and fruits. This rotational cultivation system utilizes the land for planting such food crops in one year period before it is left for fallow periods for years. This study aimed to assess the productivity of local upland rice varieties (i.e. Langsat rice, Telang Usan rice, and Pimping rice) cultivated on swidden agriculture field in regard to the fallow periods. This study was conducted in Setulang village, Malinau District, North Kalimantan Province and employed purposive sampling method using interviews of selected respondents and field observation. Among three varieties of rice in this study, Langsat rice had the longest fallow period with 17 years while Pimping rice had the shortest fallow period with 13 years, with the maximum production were 2,635 kg ha-1 and 1,670 kg ha-1, respectively. Meanwhile, Telang Usan rice reached the maximum production on fallow period of 15 years with the total production of 2,208 kg ha-1. Overall, of the three types of rice planted, the results show that the longer the fallow period, the higher the rice production and the shorter the fallow period, the lower the production. Each type of rice has a different amount of production, although it is planted during the same fallow period.

Organic fertilization for optimizing dryland rice production

Productivity of local upland rice varieties are usually low, making farmers refrain to cultivate upland rice. This resulted in the low contribution of upland rice in production. However, farmers are still planting upland varieties of rice because of their desirability and adaptation to the environment. Therefore, we always need to develop new varieties that have high production and flavors that suit the tastes of society. The key to increase production of variety is providing sufficient nutrients during the growing period. This study aims to accelerate the availability of nutrients of organic fertilizer for the production of new upland varieties with high productivity. The study carried out in two phases and three different locations. All stages of research was setup in the field using Grid Design Divided (split plot design). In the phase-1, we determined the dose, 5, 10, and 15 tons/ha of organic fertilizer, as well as the adaptability of new varieties (genotype JT-DR-G-416 and parental varieties Jati Luhur and Dayang Rindu). The results of phase-1 showed that best dose was 15 tons/ha. Then we proceeded to the phase-2, which aimed to determine the best management practice to provide organic fertilizers such as: C1= organic fertilizer spread directly on planting plots, C2 = organic fertilizer spread over the terraced planting, then sprayed EM-4, C3 = composted organic fertilizer spread on the plots before planting. The variables measured for the study at phase-1 and phase-2 included plant height (cm), number of productive tillers/hill, the number of grains/panicle, 1000 grain weight (g), percent grain hollow/panicle (%), and grain yield per clump (g). The results showed that the new variety/genotype JT-DR-G-416 can adapt better than both parents at upland field conditions. The production of JT-DR-G-416 was increased by 7.75%, when 15 tonnes/ha of organic fertilizers was applied. Application of composted organic fertilizer could increase production by 33.22%, compared to without compost. Application of organic fertilizers followed by giving a solution of microorganisms (EM-4) could improve upland rice production by 30.56 to 32.06%.

GENETIC DIVERSITY, HERITABILITY AND CORRELATION BETWEEN LOCAL CULTIVARS OF PADDY GOGO

Paddy is one of the important cereal crops as food a main food for a third of the world's population, including Asia. Production of paddy rice plants can be improved through plant genetic improvement. The ebjective of this study was examine the genetic diversity, heritability, and correlation between the characteristics of several local upland rice cultivars. This study was carried out in Tamarenja Village, Sindue District, Donggala Regency, Central Sulawesi Province. It was began in May to October 2018. A Randomized Block Design with eight cultivars as a genotypic treatment and reapeted three times was used in this study. There were 24 trial plots in total. Variables observed included plant height, number of leaves, length of leaves, number of tillers, number of productive tillers, age of panicle exit, panicle length, harvest age, number of seeds per panicle, seed length, seed diameter, weight of 100 seeds, and total yield. The results showed that the genetic influences were more dominant than the environment on all observed variables except the weight of 100 seeds and seed diameter. The number of seeds per panicle, the number of tillers and the number of productive tillers were traits that have a high value on heritability and genetic progress. Panicle length, seed diameter and weight of 100 seeds were characteristics that have a high genetic correlation coefficient on upland rice yields. The weight of 100 seeds has a direct influence and high genetic correlation to the results so that it can be used as a direct selection criterion to increase upland rice yields.

Growth performance of two superior line of local upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) from SE Sulawesi on the low light intensity

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the main staple food in Indonesia and the demand increase every year Many programs have been done to increase rice production. One of the promising programs to increase rice production is development upland rice that tolerant to shade. The study aimed was to characterize the new upland rice lines on shade condition. The research conducted at Field Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Halu Oleo University. The research was design in a split plot design with four replications. The main factor was the level of shade that consisted of four levels i.e. N0 = 0%, N1 = 25-50%, N2 = 50-75% and N3 = 75-100%. The second factor was the subplot upland rice lines as subplot which consists of two lines, namely lines GS12-1 and GS16-1. The data were analyzed using ANOVA followed by Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT). The results showed that shade could increase plant height and leaf area. The shade treatment may decrease the number of leaves and number of tiller. While on the time flowering, the shade tends to prolong the time of flower.

Agro-morphological Characteristics of Local Upland Rice in Arakan Valley, Cotabato, Philippines

Agronomic and morphological characteristics of fourteen (14) local upland rice cultivars of Arakan Valley, Cotabato, Philippines were evaluated to determine desirable traits in improving upland rice production and for future breeding purposes. Traditional upland rice seeds differ in shape, size, colour and aroma. Azucena and Kapalawan have longer grains of 9-12 mm and the smallest grain was from Mal-os of 5.5 - 8 mm.  Bungulan, Ulipapa, and Magalitok cultivars have medium size grain of about 8-11 mm. Azucena and Bungulan have translucent caryopsis and aromatic. Mubpon had medium grain size and semi-aromatic and Dinorado had aromatic pinkish to purplish caryopsis and medium size grain. Hinumay and Azucena have the tallest height among rice cultivars with 126.5 and 127 cm, respectively.  Malundiang got the shortest height of 91 cm. Kawilan got the highest number of tillers with 6.5 and 5 panicles per plant. Malundiang cultivar flowered early at 65-70 days while Azucena and Kawilan have late flowering of more than 90 days after planting. Magalitok  had the longest panicle with 31.06 cm and the shortest panicle was measured from Malundiang with 16.63 cm. Ulipapa had the highest 1,000-grain weight of 28.54 g while Manisi got the lowest grain weight of 15.33 g only.  The result of the study showed variation in the agro-morphological characteristics of the indigenous upland rice. Bungulan, Ulipapa, Malundiang, Mubpon, Sinulid and Kawilan have potential agronomic characteristics in improving upland rice production in the IP community. Dinorado, Hinumay, and Azucena have been planted by the local farmers for its desirable grain characteristics and aroma. https://doi.org/10.26803/ijhss.11.2.2