Local Tully-Fisher Relation Research Articles

Kinematics of disk galaxies in (proto-)clusters atz= 1.5

Aims.While many aspects of the impact of dense environments on late-type galaxies at redshifts below unity have been scrutinized in the past few decades, observational studies of the interplay between environment and disk galaxy evolution atz > 1 are still scarce. We observed star-forming galaxies atz ≈ 1.5 selected from the HyperSuprimeCam Subaru Strategic Program. The galaxies are part of two significant overdensities of [O II] emitters identified via narrowband imaging and photometric redshifts fromgrizyphotometry.Methods.We used theK-band Multi-Object Spectrograph (KMOS) to carry out Hαintegral field spectroscopy of 46 galaxies in total. Ionized gas maps, star formation rates, and velocity fields were derived from the Hαemission line. We quantified morphological and kinematical asymmetries in order to look for potential gravitational (e.g., galaxy-galaxy) or hydrodynamical (e.g., ram-pressure) interactions.Results.Hαemission was detected in 36 of our targets. Of these galaxies, 34 are members of two (proto-)clusters atz = 1.47, confirming our selection strategy to be highly efficient. By fitting model velocity fields to the observed ones, we determined the intrinsic maximum rotation velocityVmaxof 14 galaxies. Utilizing the luminosity–velocity (Tully–Fisher) relation, we find that these galaxies are more luminous than their local counterparts of similar mass by up to ∼4 mag in the rest-frameB-band. In contrast to field galaxies atz < 1, the offsets of thez ≈ 1.5 (proto-)cluster galaxies from the local Tully–Fisher relation are not correlated with their star formation rates but with the ratio betweenVmaxand gas velocity dispersionσg. This probably reflects that fewer disks have settled to purely rotational kinematics and highVmax/σgratios, as is observed in the field at similar redshifts. Tests with degraded low-redshift cluster galaxy data show that we cannot identify purely hydrodynamical interactions with the imaging currently at hand. Due to relatively low galaxy velocity dispersions (σv < 400 km s−1) of the (proto-)clusters, gravitational interactions are likely more efficient, resulting in higher kinematical asymmetries than in present-days clusters.

Formation of S0 galaxies through mergers

(Abridged version) We explore whether a scenario that combines an origin by mergers at $z\sim$1.8-1.5 with a subsequent passive evolution of the resulting S0 remnants since $z \sim$0.8-1 is compatible with observational data of S0s in the Tully-Fisher relation (TFR). We studied a set of major and minor merger experiments from the GalMer database that generate massive S0 remnants. We analysed the location of these remnants in the photometric and stellar TFRs assuming that they correspond to $z\sim0.8$ galaxies. We then estimated their evolution in these planes over the last 7 Gyr. The results were compared with data of real S0s and spirals at different redshifts. We also tested how the use of Vcirc or Vrot,max affects the results. We found that just after $\sim$1-2 Gyr of coalescence, major mergers generate S0 remnants that are outliers of the local photometric and stellar TFRs at $z\sim0.8$. After $\sim$4-7 Gyr of passive evolution in isolation, the S0 remnants move towards the local TFR, although the initial scatter among them persists. This scatter is sensitive to the indicator used for the rotation velocity: Vcirc values yield a lower scatter than when Vrot,max values are considered instead. In the planes involving Vrot,max, a clear segregation of the S0 remnants in terms of the spin-orbit coupling of the model is observed, in which the remnants of retrograde encounters overlap with local S0s hosting counter-rotating discs. The location of the S0 remnants at $z\sim 0$ agrees well with the observed distribution of local S0 galaxies in the $\sigma_0$-$M_K$, Vcirc-$\sigma_0$ and Vrot,max-$\sigma_0$ planes. Thus, massive S0 galaxies may have been formed through major mergers that occurred at high redshift and have later evolved towards the local TFR through passive evolution in relative isolation, a mechanism that would also contribute to the scatter observed in this relation.

Disk galaxy scaling relations at intermediate redshifts

We took spatially resolved slit spectra of 261 field disk galaxies at redshifts up to z~1 using the FORS instruments of the ESO Very Large Telescope. Our spectroscopy was complemented with HST/ACS imaging in the F814W filter. We analyzed the ionized gas kinematics by extracting rotation curves from the 2-D spectra. Taking into account all geometrical, observational and instrumental effects, these rotation curves were used to derive the intrinsic Vmax. Neglecting galaxies with disturbed kinematics or insufficient spatial rotation curve extent, Vmax could be robustly determined for 124 galaxies covering redshifts 0.05<z<0.97. This is one of the largest kinematic samples of distant disk galaxies to date. We compared this data set to the local B-band Tully-Fisher relation and the local velocity-size relation. The scatter in both scaling relations is a factor of ~2 larger at z~0.5 than at z~0. The deviations of individual distant galaxies from the local Tully-Fisher relation are systematic in the sense that the galaxies are increasingly overluminous towards higher redshifts, corresponding to an over-luminosity of -(1.2+-0.5) mag at z=1. This luminosity evolution at given Vmax is probably driven by younger stellar populations of distant galaxies with respect to their local counterparts, potentially combined with modest changes in dark matter mass fractions. The analysis of the velocity-size relation reveals that disk galaxies of a given Vmax have grown in size by a factor of ~1.5 over the past ~8 Gyr, likely via accretion of cold gas and/or small satellites. Scrutinizing the combined evolution in luminosity and size, we find that the galaxies which show the strongest evolution towards smaller sizes at z~1 are not those which feature the strongest evolution in luminosity, and vice versa. [abstract abbreviated]

A transition mass in the local Tully–Fisher relation

We study the stellar mass Tully-Fisher relation (TFR, stellar mass versus rotation velocity) for a morphologically blind selection of emission line galaxies in the field at redshifts 0.1 $<$ z $<$ 0.375. Kinematics ($\sigma_g$, V$_{rot}$) are measured from emission lines in Keck/DEIMOS spectra and quantitative morphology is measured from V- and I-band Hubble images. We find a transition stellar mass in the TFR, $\log$ M$_*$ = 9.5 M$_{\odot}$. Above this mass, nearly all galaxies are rotation-dominated, on average more morphologically disk-like according to quantitative morphology, and lie on a relatively tight TFR. Below this mass, the TFR has significant scatter to low rotation velocity and galaxies can either be rotation-dominated disks on the TFR or asymmetric or compact galaxies which scatter off. We refer to this transition mass as the "mass of disk formation", M$_{\mathrm{df}}$ because above it all star-forming galaxies form disks (except for a small number of major mergers and highly star-forming systems), whereas below it a galaxy may or may not form a disk.

UNCOVERING DRIVERS OF DISK ASSEMBLY: BULGELESS GALAXIES AND THE STELLAR MASS TULLY-FISHER RELATION

In order to determine what processes govern the assembly history of galaxies with rotating disks, we examine the stellar mass Tully-Fisher relation over a wide range in redshift partitioned according to whether or not galaxies contain a prominent bulge. Using our earlier Keck spectroscopic sample, for which bulge/total parameters are available from analyses of HST images, we find that bulgeless disk galaxies with z > 0.8 present a significant offset from the local Tully-Fisher relation whereas, at all redshifts probed, those with significant bulges fall along the local relation. Our results support the suggestion that bulge growth may somehow expedite the maturing of disk galaxies onto the Tully-Fisher relation. We discuss a variety of physical hypotheses that may explain this result in the context of kinematic observations of star-forming galaxies at redshifts z = 0 and z > 2.

IMAGES

Using the multi-integral field spectrograph GIRAFFE at VLT, we have derived the K-band Tully-Fisher relation (TFR) at z ∼ 0.6 for a representative sample of 65 galaxies with emission lines (W0(OII) ≥ 15 A). We confirm that the scatter in the z ∼ 0. 6T FR is caused by galaxies with anomalous kinematics, and find a positive and strong correlation between the complexity of the kinematics and the scatter that they contribute to the TFR. Considering only relaxed-rotating disks, the scatter, and possibly also the slope, of the TFR, do not appear to evolve with redshift. We detect an evolution of the K-band TFR zero point between z ∼ 0. 6a ndz = 0, which, if interpreted as an evolution of the K-band luminosity of rotating disks, would imply that a brightening of 0.66 ± 0.14 mag occurs between z ∼ 0. 6a ndz = 0. Any disagreement with the results of Flores et al. (2006, A&A, 455, 107) are attributed to both an improvement of the local TFR and the more detailed accurate measurement of the rotation velocities in the distant sample. Most of the uncertainty can be explained by the relatively coarse spatial-resolution of the kinematical data. Because most rotating disks at z ∼ 0.6 are unlikely to experience further merging events, one may assume that their rotational velocity, which is taken as a proxy of the total mass, does not evolve dramatically. If true, our result implies that rotating disks observed at z ∼ 0.6 are rapidly transforming their gas into stars, to be able to double their stellar masses and be observed on the TFR at z = 0. The rotating disks observed are indeed emission-line galaxies that are either starbursts or LIRGs, which implies that they are forming stars at a high rate. Thus, a significant fraction of the rotating disks are forming the bulk of their stars within 6 to 8 Gyr, in good agreement with former studies of the evolution of the mass-metallicity relationship.

Evolution of Field Spiral Galaxies up to Redshiftsz= 1

We have gained intermediate-resolution spectroscopy with the FORS instruments of the Very Large Telescope (VLT) and high-resolution imaging with the Advanced Camera for Surveys aboard HST for a sample of 220 distant field spiral galaxies within the FORS Deep Field and William Herschel Deep Field. Spatially resolved rotation curves were extracted and fitted with synthetic velocity fields that take into account all geometric and observational effects, such as blurring due to the slit width and seeing influence. Using these fits, the maximum rotation velocity Vmax could be determined for 124 galaxies that cover the redshift range 0.1 < z < 1.0 and comprise a variety of morphologies from early-type spirals to very late types and irregulars. The luminosity-rotation velocity distribution of this sample, which represents an average look-back time of ~5 Gyr, is offset from the Tully-Fisher relation (TFR) of local low-mass spirals, whereas the distant high-mass spirals are compatible with the local TFR. Taking the magnitude-limited character of our sample into account, we show that the slope of the local and the intermediate- z TFR would be in compliance if its scatter decreased by more than a factor of 3 between z ≈ 0.5 and 0. Accepting this large evolution of the TFR scatter, we hence find no strong evidence for a mass- or luminosity-dependent evolution of disk galaxies. On the other hand, we derive stellar mass-to-luminosity ratios (M/L) that indicate a luminosity-dependent evolution in the sense that distant low-luminosity disks have much lower M/L than their local counterparts, while high-luminosity disks barely evolved in M/L over the covered redshift range. This could be the manifestation of the "downsizing" effect, i.e., the successive shift of the peak of star formation from high-mass to low-mass galaxies toward lower redshifts. This trend might be canceled out in the TF diagram due to the simultaneous evolution of multiple parameters. We also estimate the ratios between stellar and total masses, finding that these remained constant since z = 1, as would be expected in the context of hierarchically growing structure.

Arecibo Survey of HI Emission from Disk Galaxies at Redshift z~0.2

AbstractWe present results from a targeted survey undertaken with the 305m Arecibo radiotelescope to detect HI-line emission from disk galaxies at redshift z&gt;0.16. Among other applications, this dataset will be used to study the evolution of disk scaling relations at intermediate redshifts. Compared to optical velocity widths, HI measurements sample a larger fraction of the disks, where the rotation curves are typically flat, and are not affected by slit smearing and misalignment or by aperture effects. Thus, in contrast to studies based on optical spectroscopy, this dataset allows for a direct comparison with the local Tully-Fisher relation that is technique independent.

A Survey of Galaxy Kinematics toz∼1 in the TKRS/GOODS‐N Field. II. Evolution in the Tully‐Fisher Relation

We use kinematic measurements of a large sample of galaxies from the Team Keck Redshift Survey in the GOODS-N field to measure evolution in the optical and near-IR Tully-Fisher (TF) relations to z = 1.2. We construct TF relations with integrated line-of-sight velocity widths of ~1000 galaxies in B and ~670 in J; these relations have large scatter, and we derive a maximum likelihood least-squares method for fitting in the presence of scatter. The B-band TF relations, from z = 0.4 to 1.2, show evolution of ~1.0-1.5 mag internal to our sample without requiring calibration to a local TF relation. There is evolution in both TF intercept and slope, suggesting differential luminosity evolution. In J band, there is evolution in slope but little evolution in overall luminosity. The slope measurements imply that bright, massive blue galaxies fade more strongly than fainter blue galaxies from z ~ 1.2 to now. This conclusion runs counter to some previous measurements and to our naive expectations, but we present a simple set of star formation histories to show that it arises naturally if massive galaxies have shorter timescales of star formation, forming most of their stars before z ~ 1, while less massive galaxies form stars at more slowly declining rates. This model predicts that the higher global star formation rate at z ~ 1 is mostly due to higher star formation rate in massive galaxies. The amount of fading in B constrains star formation timescale more strongly than redshift of formation. TF and color-magnitude relations can provide global constraints on the luminosity evolution and star formation history of blue galaxies.

Evolution of the Mass-to-light Ratio of Galaxies to z~ 0.25

AbstractWe present the first results of a targeted survey carried out with the 305m Arecibo radiotelescope to detect HI-line emission from disk galaxies at redshift z &gt; 0.16. We are using this sample to study the evolution of the zero point of the Tully-Fisher relation (TFR) for galaxies at intermediate redshifts. Compared to optical widths, HI measurements sample a larger fraction of the disks, where the rotation curves are typically flat, and are not affected by slit smearing and misalignment or by aperture effects. Thus, in contrast to studies based on optical spectroscopy, this dataset allows for a direct comparison with the local TFR that is technique independent.

The Tully‐Fisher Relation in Cluster Cl 0024+1654 atz = 0.4

Using moderate-resolution Keck spectra, we have examined the velocity profiles of 15 members of cluster Cl 0024+1654 at z = 0.4. WFPC2 images of the cluster members have been used to determine structural parameters, including disk sizes, orientations, and inclinations. We compare two methods of optical rotation curve analysis for kinematic measurements. Both methods take seeing, slit size and orientation, and instrumental effects into account and yield similar rotation velocity measurements. Four of the galaxies in our sample exhibit unusual kinematic signatures, such as noncircular motions. Our key result is that the Cl 0024 galaxies are marginally underluminous (0.50 ± 0.23 mag), given their rotation velocities, as compared to the local Tully-Fisher relation. In this analysis, we assume no slope evolution and take into account systematic differences between local and distant velocity and luminosity measurements. Our result is particularly striking considering that the Cl 0024 members have very strong emission lines and local galaxies with similar Hα equivalent widths tend to be overluminous on the Tully-Fisher relation. Cl 0024 Tully-Fisher residuals appear to be correlated most strongly with galaxy rotation velocities, indicating a possible change in the slope of the Tully-Fisher relation. However, we caution that this result may be strongly affected by magnitude selection and by the original slope assumed for the analysis. Cl 0024 residuals also depend weakly on color, emission-line strength and extent, and photometric asymmetry. In a comparison of stellar and gas motions in two Cl 0024 members, we find no evidence for counterrotating stars and gas, an expected signature of mergers.

Erratum: The many lives of active galactic nuclei: cooling flows, black holes and the luminosities and colours of galaxies

In Figure 6 we inadvertently labeled the proxy circular velocity as the virial velocity of the dark matter halo instead of what is actually plotted, the maximum circular velocity of the dark matter halo. The maximum halo circular velocity is a much better estimate of the disk V_c than is V_vir. This confusion influenced the discussion of the Tully-Fisher relation in our paper. In fact, Figure 6 demonstrates that it is possible to simultaneously reproduce both the local Tully-Fisher relation and luminosity function using semi-analytic techniques applied to the standard LCDM cosmology, thus contradicting previous studies of this issue and our own discussion in Section 3.6.

The Tully-Fisher relation of distant field galaxies

We examine the evolution of the Tully-Fisher relation (TFR) using a sample of 89 field spirals for which we have measured confident rotation velocities (Vrot). This sample covers the redshift range 0.1 ≲z≲ 1, with a median of <z>= 0.33. The best-fitting TFR has a slope consistent with that measured locally, and we find no significant evidence for a change with redshift, although our sample is not large enough to well constrain this. By plotting the residuals from the local TFR versus redshift, we find evidence that these luminous (MB≲M*B) spiral galaxies are increasingly offset from the local TFR with redshift, reaching a brightening of −1.0 ± 0.5 mag, for a given Vrot, by z∼ 1. This is supported by fitting the TFR to our data in several redshift bins, suggesting a corresponding brightening of the TFR intercept. Since selection effects would generally increase the fraction of intrinsically bright galaxies at higher redshifts, we argue that the observed evolution is probably an upper limit. Previous studies have used an observed correlation between the TFR residuals and Vrot to argue that low-mass galaxies have evolved significantly more than those with higher mass. However, we demonstrate that such a correlation may exist purely due to an intrinsic coupling between the Vrot scatter and TFR residuals, acting in combination with the TFR scatter and restrictions on the magnitude range of the data, and therefore it does not necessarily indicate a physical difference in the evolution of galaxies with different Vrot. Finally, if we interpret the luminosity evolution derived from the TFR as due to the evolution of the star formation rate (SFR) in these luminous spiral galaxies, we find that SFR(z) ∝ (1 +z)1.7±1.1. Notwithstanding the relatively large uncertainty, this evolution, which is probably overestimated due to selection effects, seems to be slower than the one derived for the overall field galaxy population. This suggests that the rapid evolution in the SFR density of the Universe observed since z∼ 1 is not driven by the evolution of the SFR in individual bright spiral galaxies.

The Tully-Fisher relation at intermediate redshift

Using the Very Large Telescope in Multi Object Spectroscopy mode, we have observed a sample of 113 field spiral galaxies in the FORS Deep Field (FDF) with redshifts in the range . The galaxies were selected based on apparent brightness () and encompass all late spectrophotometric types from Sa to Sdm/Im. Spatially resolved rotation curves have been extracted for 77 galaxies and fitted with synthetic velocity fields taking into account all observational effects from inclination and slit misalignment to seeing and slit width. We also compared different shapes for the intrinsic rotation curve. To obtain robust values of Vmax, our analysis is focused on galaxies with rotation curves that extend well into the region of constant rotation velocity at large radii. If the slope of the local Tully-Fisher relation (TFR) is held fixed, we find evidence for a mass-dependent luminosity evolution which is as large as up to for the lowest-mass galaxies, but is small or even negligible for the highest-mass systems in our sample. In effect, the TFR slope is shallower at in comparison to the local sample. We argue for a mass-dependent evolution of the mass-to-light ratio. An additional population of blue, low-mass spirals does not seem a very appealing explanation. The flatter tilt we find for the distant TFR is in contradiction to the predictions of recent semi-analytic simulations.

Galaxy‐Galaxy Lensing in the Hubble Deep Field: The Halo Tully‐Fisher Relation at Intermediate Redshift

A tangential distortion of background source galaxies around foreground lens galaxies in the Hubble Deep Field is detected at the 99.3% confidence level. An important element of our analysis is the use of photometric redshifts to determine distances of lens and source galaxies and rest-frame B-band luminosities of the lens galaxies. The lens galaxy halos obey a Tully-Fisher relation between halo circular velocity and luminosity; the typical lens galaxy, at a redshift z = 0.6, has a circular velocity of 210 +/-40 km/s at M_B = -18.5, if q_0 = 0.5. Control tests, in which lens and source positions and source ellipticities are randomized, confirm the significance level of the detection quoted above. Furthermore, a marginal signal is also detected from an independent, fainter sample of source galaxies without photometric redshifts. Potential systematic effects, such as contamination by aligned satellite galaxies, the distortion of source shapes by the light of the foreground galaxies, PSF anisotropies, and contributions from mass distributed on the scale of galaxy groups are shown to be negligible. A comparison of our result with the local Tully-Fisher relation indicates that intermediate-redshift galaxies are fainter than local spirals by 1.0 +/- 0.6 B mag at a fixed circular velocity. This is consistent with some spectroscopic studies of the rotation curves of intermediate-redshift galaxies. This result suggests that the strong increase in the global luminosity density with redshift is dominated by evolution in the galaxy number density.

Optical Rotation Curves of Distant Field Galaxies: Sub-[ITAL]L[/ITAL][TSUP]⋆[/TSUP] Systems

Moderate-resolution spectroscopic observations from the Keck 10m telescope are used to derive internal kinematics for eight faint disk galaxies in the fields flanking the Hubble Deep Field. The spectroscopic data are combined with high-resolution F814W WFPC2 images from the Hubble Space Telescope which provide morphologies and scale-lengths, inclinations and orientations. The eight galaxies have redshifts 0.15 < z < 0.75, magnitudes 18.6 < I_814 < 22.1 and luminosities -21.8 < M_B < -19.0 (H_0 = 75 and q_0 = 0.05). Terminal disk velocities are derived from the spatially-resolved velocity profiles by modeling the effects of seeing, slit width, slit misalignment with galaxy major axis, and inclination for each source. These data are combined with the sample of Vogt et al. (1996) to provide a high-redshift Tully-Fisher relation that spans three magnitudes. This sample was selected primarily by morphology and magnitude, rather than color or spectral features. We find no obvious change in the shape or slope of the relation with respect to the local Tully-Fisher relation. The small offset of < 0.4 B mag with respect to the local relation is presumably caused by luminosity evolution in the field galaxy population, and does not correlate with galaxy mass. A comparison of disk surface brightness between local and high-redshift samples yields a similar offset, ~0.6 mag. These results provide further evidence for only a modest increase in luminosity with lookback time.

Internal Kinematics of Field Galaxies at Intermediate Redshifts

This paper describes the results of a survey of the internal kinematics of intermediate-redshift (z = 0.25-0.45) field galaxies. Spatially resolved spectra of the [O II] ??3726, 3729 doublet emission line have been obtained for 22 galaxies at the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope. High spatial resolution has made it possible to extract Vrot sin i and [O II] disk scale lengths from each galaxy spectrum using synthetic galaxy rotation curve fitting. About 25% of the galaxies in the sample have [O II] kinematics unrelated to rotation. [O II] emission is concentrated in the nucleus in these kinematically anomalous galaxies. A Doppler ellipse, similar to those found in local dwarf irregular galaxies, has been observed in a z = 0.35 galaxy. An intermediate-redshift Tully-Fisher (TF) relation, defined by 12 kinematically normal galaxies, shows that these galaxies have a systematically lower rotation velocity (i.e., mass) for their luminosity than expected from the local TF relation. These galaxies would have to fade by ~1.5-2 mag to lie on the local TF relation. This is consistent with starbursting dwarf galaxy models. Although the sample is small, there is also a hint that massive galaxies are not as displaced from the local TF relation as low-mass ones. However, as shown using a large sample of local galaxies, the scatter in the local TF relation is large, especially for late-type galaxies. Sample selection effects, particularly in [O II] emission strength, could be responsible for part of the observed TF evolutionary shift if star formation rates were responsible for the local TF relation scatter. A comparison with other works indicates that a mass-dependent luminosity evolution scenario can explain almost all of the available internal kinematics and surface brightness data.