Local Staff Members Research Articles

Brazil–Bolivia and a horse trade: a postcolonial case within South America

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of institutional changes in Bolivia (2005-2016) in the power structures within the headquarters (HQs) of a Brazilian energy multinational corporation (MNC) and its subsidiaries in Bolivia.Design/methodology/approachThis investigation is informed by a postcolonial South–South perspective. The Brazilian and Bolivian managers were interviewed and drawing techniques were used to unveil hidden power relationships. To achieve the multilayered objective, a Lukesian power framework was integrated into the analysis.FindingsTraces of a postcolonial relationship between Brazil and Bolivia were found, even though Brazil never colonized Bolivia. The power structure within this MNC’s HQ and subsidiaries reflects a postcolonial relationship: local staff members see the Brazilian MNC as the holder of power of resources, process and meaning. Finally, despite its colonizing role, Brazil is depicted as a savior, not an exploiter. Much to the authors’ surprise, the institutional changes in Bolivia – the nationalization of its oil and gas reserves and the declaration of a plurinational state – have not affected the power relationships within the Brazilian MNC.Originality/valueThe contribution to postcolonial investigations within the international business field was carried out in different ways: a review of EMNC literature was conducted in the study for a South–South postcolonial perspective; empirical data from a case within South America were added; a Lukesian power perspective was integrated into the analysis; and finally, drawing techniques were used to unveil hidden power relations.

Communicative Interaction among Local Editorial Staff Members: Current Situation and the Ways of its Improving

Communication between management and employees is very important in organizations. However, communication problems might be more felt in any media organization as a whole and in the local media staff in particular. It’s obvious that news workers have everyday communicative interaction with different newsmakers. The article deals with the study and analysis of the communicative interaction between the local editorial creative staff members. Internal and external organizational understanding data are considered. It is determined that the level of organizational communication development influences the local editorial success and employees’ performance. Mutual understanding as the basic criterion of effective communication has several forms. The subject of our study is organizational understanding, that is, a special type of editorial staff relationship which is limited by the boundaries of the organization and is essential for its successful functioning and development. The analysis of empirical data allowed to identify the main problematic aspects and to work out the recommendations for vertical and horizontal communication development.

Preparedness of Response to Deadly Outbreaks: Lessons Learnt From Zambia's Deployment to the 2014 African Ebola Outbreak

Background: West Africa experienced the largest outbreak of Ebola in 2014 in history involving three Mano River States of Sierra Leone, Liberia and Guinea. The World Health Organization (WHO) coordinated an emergency response from WHO Country Offices in many areas, including human resources for health services. WHO Zambia deployed human resources (HR) focal persons to Sierra Leone and Liberia to strengthen operations. The purpose of this paper is to document the contributions made by WHO Zambia human resources staff that were deployed for more than six weeks during this outbreak and areas of value of this exposure experience.Methods: A review of standard operating procedures (SOPs) in an Ebola setting and experiences gained during the deployment of staff in Sierra Leone and Liberia were recorded systematically. Comparisons were made between experiences gained in the WHO offices situated in the Ebola outbreak setting and one outside such a setting. Lessons learned from this deployment were documented and where appropriate documentation adapted by staff upon return from the Ebola setting. The staffs were in an emergency setting for over six weeks in either Sierra Leone or Liberia.Results: There were major similarities in settings affected by Ebola. Both the local and international staff members that visited the Ebola affected areas worked as a team towards the goal of ending the epidemic quickly. At these sites, staff members discharged a variety of duties which involved facilitating recruitment, deployment, appointments, Special Service Agreements (SSA), Consultancies and Agreements of Performance of Work (APW). The HR staffs were also responsible for travel and logistics of international staff and consultants on duty travel and entitled for rest and recuperation. Recruitment processes were shorter with HR waivers being applied where necessary unlike in a WHO country non-Ebola office setting. Working hours were longer including weekends and it was normal for staff to be found working at the WHO office after office working hours, weekends and official holidays. People working at WHO compound avoided bodily contact, including a specified contact distance, to minimize the risk of exposure.Discussion: The participation or exposure of staff to an Ebola setting during an outbreak built a strong culture of staff enabling them to work under harsh conditions which were characterized by long hours and constant recognition of the threat of disease enabling a quick adaptation to different culture and lifestyle which had a positive impact. Some of the lessons learnt included improved work efficiency, built staff resilience to work long hours under stressful conditions and consciously managing aseptic techniques.Conclusion: Exposure to some adverse conditions such as managing work operations in the midst of a deadly outbreak such as Ebola may have a positive impact on the work culture of the individual exposed to this setting and the organization as a whole.

Reasons for student dropout in an online course in a rural K–12 setting

Rural schools in the USA use online courses to overcome problems such as attracting and retaining teachers, geographic isolation, low student enrollment, and financial constraints. This paper reports on the reasons that 39% of rural high school students who enrolled in an online Advanced Placement course subsequently dropped the course. Students who dropped the course were asked to provide an email statement detailing their reasons for doing so. On-site facilitators—local staff members situated in the small rural schools where students were enrolled—also provided reasons whenever one of their students dropped the course. Results indicate that the reasons given by students and on-site facilitators for dropping the course often agreed, and tended to fall within the following five categories: scheduling and time constraints, academic rigor and motivation, technology problems, problems with online medium and lack of teacher immediacy, and parental influences.

Community and research staff collaboration for development of materials to inform microbicide study participants in Africa.

IntroductionClinical trials of new vaginal products require careful communication with participants about trial requirements. Most microbicide trials have been multi-site studies conducted among women in sub-Saharan Africa, where literacy levels and understanding of scientific methods differ from those designing and conducting the trials. Microbicide trials require women to insert objects in their vagina and ensure they are present in the vagina during sex. For many women, this is a novel behaviour. These behaviours take place within the context of clinical trial participation, which is an additional novelty. Research teams must develop informational materials to help participants understand the clinical trial and input from local research staff and community members can improve the content and format of these materials.MethodsThis paper discusses the development of illustrated materials developed for microbicide trial participants, presenting examples from two studies. In both studies, research staff and community advisory groups collaborated to review and revise materials.ResultsCollaborative efforts revealed insights about how to convey information about clinical trial participation and microbicide use. These insights highlighted realities of the local context, details that might be misunderstood, illustrations of a sensitive nature and concerns about blood testing. In particular, information about blood testing and product use instructions required careful consideration. Although the research team anticipated needing advice on how best to convey information on these topics to participants, some aspects of potential participant concerns about these topics were also new to the research team. Community advisors and local research staff suggested better ways to convey this information, and provided guidance on how to use the materials.ConclusionsThe collaboration served to develop informational materials for microbicide trial participants. Furthermore, staff gained a better understanding of issues and concerns that could influence trial participation. A collaborative engagement process can provide important insights into local culture and knowledge beyond what is needed for development of clinical trial participant information materials. Research teams should be sensitive to this possibility, avail themselves of information and take appropriate action.

Multi-level climate policies in Ireland

Global greenhouse gas concentrations continue to rise even though there are binding international agreements and national commitments for emission reductions. While some states and local governments around the world are taking action to reduce emissions and adapt to the inevitable climate change impacts, overall collective goals are not being realised and this implementation gap may be due to multi-level governance failures. To date there has been limited research of Irish climate measures, with a significant gap at the sub-national level. This research explores whether city and county councils are the lowest most effective level for climate change actions in Ireland through a nationwide survey and a review of all relevant government policies at local, regional and national levels. The study reveals that local climate measures are isolated best-practice examples rather than being widespread throughout the country. This study concludes that there is limited vertical integration among Irish government levels as evidenced by survey responses from local authority staff members, limited incorporation of higher-level objectives into local policy documents, and limited details in national level policies as to local level implementation. Similar to municipalities in other countries, Irish local authorities face challenges which are hindering their advancement of climate measures. If the higher-level collective goals are to be achieved in Ireland, the national government will need to drive forward the climate change agenda with formalised commitments and mandatory local implementation.

The Evaluation Criteria of Recruiting Local Staffs for Taiwanese Enterprise in China

Abstract Taiwanese enterprises are currently facing competitive challenges in both domestic and international markets as well as being under huge pressure from economic change. They must learn to intensely study this environment to find a suitable place for investment to extend their businesses. Usually, the first priority for an investment location is in mainland China, largely because of the closeness of culture and language, which make it easier to integrate resources between the headquarters in Taiwan and subsidiaries in China. The employment of suitable local staff members in China is very important to the success of business operations. This article reviews the literature related to multinational enterprise staffing selection and the factors that should be considered. These are then categorized into four dimensions and 20 sub-factors that can be used for the recruitment of local staff in China. The fuzzy linguistic preference relation (Fuzzy LinPreRa) approach is employed to assess the importance of these factors. The goal is to help managers reduce the risk of employing inappropriate local staff members and to enhance management effectiveness.

Effective sociodemographic population assessment of elusive species in ecology and conservation management.

Wildlife managers are urgently searching for improved sociodemographic population assessment methods to evaluate the effectiveness of implemented conservation activities. These need to be inexpensive, appropriate for a wide spectrum of species and straightforward to apply by local staff members with minimal training. Furthermore, conservation management would benefit from single approaches which cover many aspects of population assessment beyond only density estimates, to include for instance social and demographic structure, movement patterns, or species interactions. Remote camera traps have traditionally been used to measure species richness. Currently, there is a rapid move toward using remote camera trapping in density estimation, community ecology, and conservation management. Here, we demonstrate such comprehensive population assessment by linking remote video trapping, spatially explicit capture–recapture (SECR) techniques, and other methods. We apply it to three species: chimpanzees Pan troglodytes troglodytes, gorillas Gorilla gorilla gorilla, and forest elephants Loxodonta cyclotis in Loango National Park, Gabon. All three species exhibited considerable heterogeneity in capture probability at the sex or group level and density was estimated at 1.72, 1.2, and 1.37 individuals per km2 and male to female sex ratios were 1:2.1, 1:3.2, and 1:2 for chimpanzees, gorillas, and elephants, respectively. Association patterns revealed four, eight, and 18 independent social groups of chimpanzees, gorillas, and elephants, respectively: key information for both conservation management and studies on the species' ecology. Additionally, there was evidence of resident and nonresident elephants within the study area and intersexual variation in home range size among elephants but not chimpanzees. Our study highlights the potential of combining camera trapping and SECR methods in conducting detailed population assessments that go far beyond documenting species diversity patterns or estimating single species population size. Our study design is widely applicable to other species and spatial scales, and moderately trained staff members can collect and process the required data. Furthermore, assessments using the same method can be extended to include several other ecological, behavioral, and demographic aspects: fission and fusion dynamics and intergroup transfers, birth and mortality rates, species interactions, and ranging patterns.

Social network formation and development during study abroad in the Middle East

Abstract Research has shown that those who build strong social networks during study abroad (SA) tend to benefit linguistically, but little is known about how learners develop social networks during their time abroad. This study documents how 71 learners of Arabic developed these networks and what factors contributed to their formation during SA in Jordan or Egypt. The most common strategies learners used to develop social networks were cold contacting (striking up conversation with unknown individuals in public places) and referrals (meeting new friends through existing friends). Two key factors influencing social network formation were location and program interventions. Students in Jordan were located near a university campus, which facilitated the formation of friendships with college-age peers. Students in Egypt were often housed near small shops or a sports club, which allowed them to form friendships with individuals such as local shopkeepers and club staff members. Students noted that the most helpful program intervention was the requirement to speak to locals for 2 h per day. Finally, time spent with native speakers and personality were two of the most salient contributors to the formation of strong social relationships with native speakers.

How effective is effective enough? Opinions of potential end-users of microbicides from a rural South African community

To assess the views of potential end-users of a microbicide in KwaZulu-Natal regarding the characteristics that would justify further development, three focus group discussions were conducted in 2009 with 23 local staff members working on a microbicide clinical trial, 20 former trial participants and 14 Community Advisory Board members not enrolled in the trial, in an area with high HIV incidence and low consistent condom use. All participants agreed on the need for additional HIV prevention options that are as effective as possible and can be used by women. The majority of respondents stated that even a highly acceptable HIV prevention option with protection as low as 30% would still be an important addition to condoms for women; that a partially protective microbicide would have to be introduced as part of the existing prevention messages in order to continue promoting condom use; that there should eventually be a choice between antiretroviral (ARV) and non-ARV-based microbicides and a choice of how and where to access microbicides. Respondents also felt it would be important to make plans for access to a microbicide that can offer protection, even if partial, rather than wait to find out if alternative microbicides are equally or more effective. Potential end-users in a high HIV prevalence area believe that a partially effective microbicide would be an important addition to the limited HIV prevention options for women. The significant challenges of introducing a partially protective HIV prevention option were recognised, but seen as ones worth facing, as well as an opportunity to lay the ground work for the introduction of more efficacious HIV prevention methods in the future.

Population-based hepatitis C survey in a rural block

Population-based hepatitis C survey in a rural block

Program-Level Influences on the Measurement of Early Communication for Infants and Toddlers in Early Head Start

Measurement in early childhood is an increasingly large-scale endeavor addressing purposes of accountability, program improvement, child outcomes, and intervention decision making for individual children. The Early Communication Indicator (ECI) is a measure relevant to intervention decision making for infants and toddlers, including response to intervention approaches. The widespread use of the ECI is growing in multiple programs and states. Local program staff members collect ECI data and, with their program directors, manage their own system of ECI measurement. Program-level implementations represent independent ECI measurement replications, and the success of each potentially influences the quality of data produced and, ultimately, the validity of the inferences made thereof. The purpose of this research was to examine program-level influences on child-level ECI total communication growth and 36-month outcomes in a large sample of children, including those with individual family service plans served by multiple Early Head Start programs in two states. Results indicated variation in programs’ sociodemographic composition, ECI implementation quality, ECI total communication growth, and 36-month outcomes. Program-level sociodemographic composition was found not to be an influence on ECI growth or 36-month outcomes, whereas state location and implementation quality were. Implications are discussed.

Do Infertile Women and Government Staff Differ in the Evaluation of Infertility‐related Web Sites?

To investigate the evaluation of local government Web sites carrying information on infertility by infertile women and by government staff. In particular, the study investigated whether the women and staff differed with respect to the information they rate as important and their self-reported satisfaction with the Web sites. Cross-sectional descriptive study. Sixty-two local government staff members, of whom 46 were public health nurses managing subsidy programs for infertility treatment in the Hokuriku region of Japan, and 84 infertile women attending local clinics. We measured the level of satisfaction with the local government Web sites and perceptions about the importance of each type of content. Data were descriptively analyzed, as well as by factor analysis and multiple regression analysis. Local government Web sites were analyzed with respect to information about the treatment, details of the subsidy program, psychological support, and procedures for making a subsidy application. The women rated information on the treatment and details of the subsidy programs as important. There was no difference of satisfaction with the Web sites between the infertile women and the staff. Local government staff need to provide reliable data for women who are seeking information on infertility treatment.

Support for infertility treatment in Japan: Differences in perceptions between female clients and staff

The aim of this study was to clarify the perceptions of both infertile women accessing support services from local governments related to infertility treatment and the public servants providing that assistance. This cross-sectional descriptive study surveyed 62 local government staff members who managed medical expense subsidy programs for infertility treatment in the Hokuriku region of Japan and 84 infertile women attending the clinics. We measured the levels of satisfaction regarding the support services from local governments and the perceptions of the importance of each type of support. The data were analyzed descriptively and included factor analysis and multiple regression analysis. Local governments' support services were analyzed by using four factors: providing information, education and consultation, improving existing services, and improving access. Both the women and the staff endorsed the importance of information provision, the easing of restrictions on subsidies for infertility treatment, reconsideration of the application procedures, and improvement of the publicizing of the available subsidies.

The challenges of internationalization from foreign and local students’ perspectives: The case of management school

The purpose of this qualitative case study is to discern the issues pertaining to different dimensions of internationalization from the perspectives of both foreign and local students. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 22 foreign, and 13 local students. The results show that there is a dissonance between policy makers and implementers, and the students themselves on “what a truly international higher education organization” in fact is. Moreover, the results suggest that asymmetrical aims of local and foreign students endanger fulfillment of the academic, social, and cultural rationales behind internationalization. Fulfilling the rationales of internationalization depends not only the adaptability of foreign students to local conditions but also on the priorities, choices and level of commitment of local students, administrative staff, and faculty members to the imperatives of internationalization.

Investigation of Immunity Level against Diphtheria and Reinforcement of Immunity by Booster Vaccination for Infection Control Staff in Okayama Prefecture

The prevalence of immunity against diphtheria among Okayama local government staff members involved in diphtheria infection control was measured. Diphtheria booster vaccination was administered to staff members with low antitoxin levels (<0.1 IU/ml) in order to reinforce of immunity. Ninety-one (36.7%) of 248 staff members, 20-69 years of age, had fully protective antitoxin levels (> or =0.1 IU/ml), and the remaining 157 (63.3%) showed levels of <0.1 IU/ml. The rate of full protection was higher in females (44.9%) than in males (22.8%) and was also higher in the diphtheria-pertussis mixed vaccine (born in 1958-1967) and diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus mixed vaccine (born in 1968-) (58.3-61.0%) groups than in diphtheria vaccine (born in 1948-1957) and non-vaccinated (born until 1947) (7.4-18.9%) groups. Though antitoxin levels of 13 (68.4%) out of 19 staff members given booster vaccinations increased to 0.1 IU/ml, 50% of these individuals then showed levels of <0.1 IU/ml after 3 years. Most of the staff members with antitoxin levels of > or =0.1 IU/ml in the non-booster vaccination group maintained their immunity levels for 2-4 years, independent of their history of vaccination. To ensure that staff members of the local government have fully protective antitoxin levels against diphtheria, periodical confirmation of antitoxin levels and booster vaccination should both be systematically carried out.

"O Demônio que se transformou em vermes": a tradução da saúde pública no Caribe Britânico, 1914-1920

The earliest programs of the Rockefeller Foundation's International Health Commission - IHC were pilot projects for the treatment of hookworm disease in the British colonies of British Guiana and Trinidad. These pioneering ventures into international health have often been portrayed as governed by rigid biomedical principles. In contrast to this view, the article emphasizes the degree to which the exigencies of a public health project that sought to make biomedicine intelligible within the medical systems of subject populations combined with the knowledge of local IHC staff members of Indo-Caribbean descent to generate some fascinating experiments in ethno-medical translation. One term in particular "The Demon that Turned into Worms" is focused on to show how these efforts at medical translation may have legitimized and promoted medical pluralism.

Infant Mortality Reviews in the Aberdeen Area of the Indian Health Service: Strategies and Outcomes

To determine cause and manner of death for consecutive infant deaths in the Aberdeen Area of the Indian Health Service (AAIHS) from 1998 to 2002 and to identify risk markers for infant mortality. Infant deaths in the AAIHS were identified from four data sources: death certificates from the four states in the AAIHS, deaths reported by local IHS Service Units, from obituaries in local and regional newspapers, and deaths reported by area hospitals. Each infant death is then sent to the local IHS service unit for review, where data from the infant and mother's chart is extracted and recorded. Local community factors, birth and death certificates, and autopsy reports are collected. The case is then reviewed at the Perinatal Infant Mortality Review (PIMR) meeting and a cause and manner of death is assigned. Summary data for the cohort was examined and then compared by mortality category and three age-at-death groups. Sudden infant death syndrome accounted for 33% of all infant deaths in the AAIHS. Prematurity was the second most prevalent cause-specific mortality category, accounting for 22% of all infant deaths. The authors found that infant mortality was surprisingly recurrent, with 32% of mothers of this infant having had a previous infant death. The PIMR committee requires substantial resources to support a review committee with appropriate expertise and their travel. Participation of local IHS staff and tribal members provides an important cultural and community perspective for the review process. Quality improvement changes are currently being implemented. These include increasing data on substance use, mental health needs, and reviews of fetal deaths. The process of mortality review has been very helpful in public education in the AAIHS.

Web-Based Technical Assistance and Training to Promote Community Tobacco Control Policy Change

In 1998 the tobacco industry was released of claims that provided monetary relief for states. A significant expansion of tobacco control activity in many states created a need to develop local capacity. Technical assistance and training for new and experienced staff became a significant challenge for tobacco control leadership. In Colorado, this challenge was addressed in part through the development of a technical assistance and training Web site designed for local tobacco control staff and coalition members. Researchers, technical Web site development specialists, state health agency, and state tobacco control coalition staff collaborated to develop, promote, and test the efficacy of this Web site. The work group embodied a range of skills including tobacco control, Web site technical development, marketing, training, and project management. Persistent marketing, updating of Web site content, and institutionalizing it as a principal source of information and training were key to use by community coalition members.

A Small-Scale Foreign Aid Strategy

Donor nations send billions of dollars of aid to developing countries with little evidence for lasting positive effects ([1][1]). It is clear that more effective aid programs must be conceived that will have an enduring impact in spite of the difficult conditions prevailing in recipient nations ([2][2], [3][3]). Small-scale efforts can make contributions to the global aid effort. I wish to share my experiences with one small organization that has achieved remarkable success with limited financial resources and a structure that demands only a modest commitment from the individual participants. “Cooperation Geneve-Yaounde” (CGY) is an alliance between the medical faculties of the Universities of Geneva, Switzerland, and Yaounde, Cameroon, whose primary goal is to improve the training of Cameroonian medical doctors. Two guiding principles of the CGY are that raising the standards of medical practice will have an immediate impact on the health of a population and that aid provided in the form of educational training is relatively immune to misappropriation and corruption. Volunteers from Swiss medical faculties actively collaborate in the teaching and evaluation of medical students at the University of Yaounde. Although each Swiss participant devotes only a period of 2 to 3 weeks of teaching per year, the students and local staff members also benefit greatly from the opportunities to interact informally with the foreign medical professionals. The CGY organizes residency training in Swiss hospitals for young Cameroonian doctors committed to returning into active practice in their native regions. A major challenge facing programs that train healthcare workers in developing countries is the drain of graduates to countries offering higher salaries and a vastly superior work environment ([4][4]). The CGY has been fortunate in that all but one of the over 60 Cameroonian doctors selected for residency training in Geneva subsequently returned to work in their native country. This success rate reflects the requirement that candidates must have already completed an internship in Cameroon, as doctors trained entirely in our medical system will find it extremely difficult to adapt to working in African hospitals. The medical faculty in Cameroon hosts 10 medical students from Geneva every year for a 2-month rotation in tropical medicine and community health. Apart from providing a unique opportunity to experience a different culture and its distinctive attitudes to health and disease, firsthand exposure to the daily frustrations encountered in African hospitals sensitizes these future Western doctors to our humanitarian obligations in the developing world. I believe that this conceptually straightforward program can serve as a useful model for universities with an interest in contributing to education in poorer nations. 1. 1.[↵][5] “How to make Africa smile. A survey of sub-Saharan Africa,” Economist , 17 Jan. 2004, pp. 1–16. 2. 2.[↵][6] 1. E. M. Einterz , Lancet 357, 1524 (2001). [OpenUrl][7][CrossRef][8][PubMed][9][Web of Science][10] 3. 3.[↵][11] 1. R. Klitgaard , Tropical Gangsters (Basic Books, New York, 1990). 4. 4.[↵][12] 1. C. Schubert , Nature Med. 9, 979 (2003). 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