Local Speech Research Articles

Practicing deliberation in challenging speech cultures: the role of metadiscourse

Abstract This qualitative research draws on language and social interaction (LSI) approaches to consider how speech culture shapes the practice of deliberation in a country presumed to be a challenging environment for deliberative practices: Israel. Our analysis examines structured deliberative forums conducted by communication students in Israel, to demonstrate how participants reference, use, and orient to both deliberative democracy discourse and Israeli speech culture in ways that enable them to overcome cultural challenges to doing deliberation. We found that participants utilize metadiscourse to take stances that frame cultural challenges of deliberation, negotiate the tensions between deliberative principles and local speech culture, and creatively integrate local speech norms with deliberation. This research contributes to LSI and Political Communication scholarship, by enhancing practical theory of deliberative democracy. The explication of the role of metadiscourse reframes the relationship between culture and deliberation thereby providing new directions for scholars, practitioners, and educators of deliberative democracy.

Particle verbs versus simplex verbs in Maldivian English

AbstractNotwithstanding current indications that English might soon become the country's dominant L1, the structures of English in the Maldives have—despite laudable exceptions—not yet received sufficient academic attention. The present paper studies the contrast between simplex verbs (e.g. COMPRISE) and their innovative particle–verb alternatives (e.g. COMPRISE of) (a) in a short‐term diachronic database of Maldivian newspaper texts and (b) with the help of acceptability ratings of the forms concerned collected through an online survey. The research questions address the relative frequencies of use of innovative particle verbs as opposed to corresponding simplex verbs, the diachronic variability of these relative frequencies and the degree to which the local speech community accepts innovative verb–particle combinations. While the well‐established simplex verbs constitute the overall dominant structural choices, each of the innovative particle verbs has become more frequent in the course of the 14‐year time period observed. These corpus‐based insights align with the generally high acceptability ratings for the innovative particle–verb constructions evident from the survey data, where young women display the largest degree of acceptance towards the innovative particle verbs.

Impact of an International Training on Interventionists' Expertise in Cleft Palate Speech: Results From Oaxaca, Mexico.

International cleft lip and palate surgical charities recognize that speech therapy is essential for successful care of individuals after palate repair. The challenge is how to ensure that cleft speech interventionists (i.e., speech-language pathologists and other speech therapy providers) provide quality care. This exploratory study investigated effects of a two-stage cleft training in Oaxaca, Mexico, aimed at preparing speech interventionists to provide research-based services to individuals born with cleft palate. Changes in the interventionists' content knowledge and clinical skills were examined. Twenty-three cleft speech interventionists from Mexico, Guatemala, and Nicaragua participated in a hybrid two-stage training, completing an online Spanish cleft speech course and a 5-day in-person training in Oaxaca. In-person training included a didactic component and supervised clinical practice with 14 individuals with repaired cleft palates. Testing of interventionists' content knowledge and clinical skills via questionnaires occurred before the online course (Test 1), immediately before in-person training (Test 2), and immediately after in-person training (Test 3). Qualitative data on experience/practice were also collected. Significant increases in interventionists' overall content knowledge and clinical skills were found posttraining. Knowledge and clinical skills increased significantly between Tests 1 and 2. Clinical skills, but not knowledge, showed further significant increases between Tests 2 and 3. Posttraining, interventionists demonstrated greater expertise in research-based treatment, and fewer reported they would use nonspeech oral motor exercises (NSOME). Findings provide preliminary support for such two-stage international trainings in preparing local speech interventionists to deliver high-quality speech services to individuals born with cleft palate. While content knowledge appears to be acquired primarily from the online course, the two-stage training incorporating in-person supervised practice working with individuals born with cleft palate may best enhance continued clinical skill development, including replacement of NSOME with evidence-based speech treatment. Such trainings contribute to building capacity for sustainable quality services for this population in underresourced regions.

Spatial Hearing in Children With and Without Hearing Loss: Where and What the Speech Is Matters for Local Speech Intelligibility.

This study examined children's ability to perceive speech from multiple locations on the horizontal plane. Children with hearing loss were compared to normal-hearing peers while using amplification with and without advanced noise management. Participants were 21 children with normal hearing (9-15 years) and 12 children with moderate symmetrical hearing loss (11-15 years). Word recognition, nonword detection, and word recall were assessed. Stimuli were presented randomly from multiple discrete locations in multitalker noise. Children with hearing loss were fit with devices having separate omnidirectional and noise management programs. The noise management feature is designed to preserve audibility in noise by rapidly analyzing input from all locations and reducing the noise management when speech is detected from locations around the hearing aid user. Significant effects of left/right and front/back lateralization occurred as well as effects of hearing loss and hearing aid noise management. Children with normal hearing experienced a left-side advantage for word recognition and a right-side advantage for nonword detection. Children with hearing loss demonstrated poorer performance overall on all tasks with better word recognition from the back, and word recall from the right, in the omnidirectional condition. With noise management, performance improved from the front compared to the back for all three tasks and from the right for word recognition and word recall. The shape of children's local speech intelligibility on the horizontal plane is not omnidirectional. It is task dependent and shaped further by hearing loss and hearing aid signal processing. Front/back shifts in children with hearing loss are consistent with the behavior of hearing aid noise management, while the right-side biases observed in both groups are consistent with the effects of specialized speech processing in the left hemisphere of the brain.

How can social robot use cases in healthcare be pushed - with an interoperable programming interface

IntroductionResearch into current robot middleware has revealed that most of them are either too complicated or outdated. These facts have motivated the development of a new middleware to meet the requirements of usability by non-experts. The proposed middleware is based on Android and is intended to be placed over existing robot SDKs and middleware. It runs on the android tablet of the Cruzr robot. Various toolings have been developed, such as a web component to control the robot via a webinterface, which facilitates its use.MethodsThe middleware was developed using Android Java and runs on the Cruzr tablet as an app. It features a WebSocket server that interfaces with the robot and allows control via Python or other WebSocket-compatible languages. The speech interface utilizes Google Cloud Voice text-to-speech and speech-to-text services. The interface was implemented in Python, allowing for easy integration with existing robotics development workflows, and a web interface was developed for direct control of the robot via the web.ResultsThe new robot middleware was created and deployed on a Cruzr robot, relying on the WebSocket API and featuring a Python implementation. It supports various robot functions, such as text-to-speech, speech-to-text, navigation, displaying content and scanning bar codes. The system’s architecture allows for porting the interface to other robots and platforms, showcasing its adaptability. It has been demonstrated that the middleware can be run on a Pepper robot, although not all functions have been implemented yet. The middleware was utilized to implement healthcare use cases and received good feedback.ConclusionCloud and local speech services were discussed in regard to the middleware’s needs, to run without having to change any code on other robots. An outlook on how the programming interface can further be simplified by using natural text to code generators has been/is given. For other researchers using the aforementioned platforms (Cruzr, Pepper), the new middleware can be utilized for testing human-robot interaction. It can be used in a teaching setting, as well as be adapted to other robots using the same interface and philosophy regarding simple methods.

Displaced Dialectisms in the Speech of Kutaisi and Oni Jews

In the speech of the Georgian Jews living in Western Georgia, in particular, in the speech variety spoken by Kutaisi and Oni Jews მა- (ma-) variant of the verb prefix მო- (mo-) can be found while the use of მა- (ma-) variant is not characteristic of the surrounding/neighboring dialect varieties (Lower Imeretian in case of the speech of Kutaisi Jews and Rachian in case of the the speech of Oni Jews). The first Jews settled in Mtskheta and its surroundings, followed by the expansion of their residential area in Eastern and Southern Georgia. They migrated to Western Georgia and established Jewish communities there much later. In order to distinguish between the Jewish variety of Georgian as spoken by them and local dialect varieties, the displaced Georgian Jews preserved the მა- (ma-) variant of the verb prefix peculiar to Georgian as spoken in Eastern Georgia in Kutaisi and Racha Linguistic environments. In other words, they used a distinctive feature of the Georgian language as spoken in another region to differentiate between their speech and local speech varieties. This kind of linguistic fact/phenomenon can be referred to as displaced dialectism.     &nbsp

THE PROBLEM OF EXPRESSING THE ATTITUDE OF DIALECTAL AND LITERARY LANGUAGE NORMS IN LOCAL SPEECH

In the article studies attitude as a certain position, side of individuals or groups towards language variants, phenomena and elements, which has been theoretically and empirically studied in sociolinguistics, ethnosociology, ethnolinguistics and social psychology. The article states the transition of the concept of "attitude" to the linguistic plane in terms of comparing dialectal and literary strata of the language in diglossic language use. The conducted descriptive analysis of the language system states the difference between prescriptive data and the dialectal norm. The principles of the attitude of dialectal and literary language norms in local speech, verified by oral speech in the business sphere and in the vernacular, are clarified. The fact of acquiring and expressing knowledge of the literary language (for example, during the national upsurge in the 90s, during the period of Independent Ukraine and during the Russian-Ukrainian war) is stated, which constitutes a certain social readiness, a subject's inclination, which arises when he/she anticipates a certain language situation and ensures the purposeful nature of the corresponding language activity. The typology of attitudes defined by the authors puts forward the idea of a special sociological and linguistic codification of language norms. It is noteworthy that the increasing evidence of tendencies to react and reflect in attitudes in relation to specific circumstances (war, resettlement, famine, unemployment) and everyday collisions can be changed as a result of situational requirements, unforeseen or extraordinary events. At the same time, language attitudes are expressed through attitudes toward the military volunteers, critical infrastructure workers, volunteers, victims, donors, etc. External factors trigger corresponding behavioral intentions, such as questioning, citing the obvious, creative retelling of what one has seen or heard, and individual refusal to comment for personal reasons. In the long run, a clear and objective attitude of Ukrainian speakers based on legislative and language education reforms will give positive results in language use.

Cu privire la „Iarcul” de la Cicir – comuna Vladimirescu, judetul Arad

The author brings into discussion an aspect of an anthropic intervention on the relief resulting a relief of excavation. Namely, he presents a large canal of 1,622 m length, 23 m width, and 2 – 3.5 m depth today. It began from the south‑eastern part of the village of Cicir, from the village common near by the Mureş River, from the place named „Movila lui Nicoli” [Nicoli’s Hillock]; after a rectilineal way, it went to north‑east falling down in the curvature of an old branch of the Mureş River. That one came from the western area of the localities of Păuliş and Ghioroc, toward the west, with a loop at the north‑west of Cicir to stream away to the main river by the east part of the village pf Sâmbăteni. On the basis of actual data and reasons the author tries to give an answer to some quesions concerning the period it was digged, the aim it was digged for, and the people who ordered such a large work known as „Iarc” in the local speech (a word of a Slavic origin = ditch). He excludes the ditch setting during the Hapsburgs’ period of the Mureş River regularizing (the first half of the 19th century). Some opinions on the aim are emitted. The first one should be related to a process of drainig of swampy terrains given the presence of a minor branch of the Mureş, probably during the Middle Age. Another explanation is related to the possibility that the canal should have been set for navigation of small ships, from the loop directly to the Mureş without caming back. It seems that there were some points‑of‑sale for goods transported by rafts (?), namely some stone‑worked landing places. Another function may be related to the distructive effect on the Mureş bank, the canal setting having directed the flow to another area – namely the minor branch at the north‑eastern part of Cicir. Less probably but not excluded, the canal could have been one for the floating mills if taking into consideration that the wheal of such a mill was the seal of the village of Cicir (1837). The archaeological repertory of the village might favorably puts in light the problems that objective raises.

The Local Speech of Three Bistricas in Prekmurje

The local speech of three Bistricas – Gornja, Srednja and Dolnja – is classified as the southern variant (or dialect variant of Dólinsko) of the Prekmurje dialect of the Pannonian dialect group, but in some respects, it is closer to the speeches of Prlekija and Medžimurje dialects than to the neighbouring speeches of Dólinsko. The material-supported paper deals with those phonological, morphological, and verbal phenomena in the local speech of the three Bistricas, which are distinctive in relation to nearby local speeches and which linguists have too often generalized to the entire Prekmurje dialect. A list of uninhabited-area names of Gornja, Srednja and Dolnja Bistrica has also been added.

COMPLEX METHOD FOR AUTOMATIC RECOGNITION OF NATURAL LANGUAGE AND EMOTIONAL STATE

Current trends in NLP emphasize universal models and learning from pre-trained models. This article explores these trends and advanced models of pre-service learning. Inputs are converted into words or contextual embeddings that serve as inputs to encoders and decoders. The corpus of the author's publications over the past six years is used as the object of the research. The main methods of research are the analysis of scientific literature, prototyping, and experimental use of systems in the direction of research. Speech recognition players are divided into players with huge computing resources for whom training on large unlabeled data is a common procedure and players who are focused on training small local speech recognition models on pre-labeled audio data due to a lack of resources. Approaches and frameworks for working with unlabeled data and limited computing resources are almost not present, and methods based on iterative training are not developed and require scientific efforts for development. The research aims to develop methods of iterative training on unlabeled audio data to obtain productively ready speech recognition models with greater accuracy and limited resources. A separate block proposes methods of data preparation for use in training speech recognition systems and a pipeline for automatic training of speech recognition systems using pseudo marking of audio data. The prototype and solution of a real business problem of emotion detection demonstrate the capabilities and limitations of owl recognition systems and emotional states. With the use of the proposed methods of pseudo-labeling, it is possible to obtain recognition accuracy close to the market leaders without significant investment in computing resources, and for languages with a small amount of open data, it can even be surpassed.

Бог-шар в немецкой мистике позднего Средневековья

The article deals with the phenomenon of mystical experiences inspired by pictorial images and literary texts within the framework of female mysticism in Germany at the end of the 13th — first half of the 14th centuries. The article consists of a preface and two parts. The preface briefly discusses the influence of local speech practices and particular image systems, developed and existing in everyday monastic life, on the content of ecstatic contemplations described by medieval charismatics. In part one, this influence is demonstrated through the example of one of the nocturnal ecstasies of Margaret Ebner, a nun of the Dominican convent of Maria-Medingen on the Danube (1330s-1340s). In part two, we consider the Beguine Mechthild of Magdeburg’s (last third of the 13th century) vision of God in the form of a sphere: it was by, inspired by the anonymous “Book of the XXIV Philosophers” (second half of the 12th century), very popular among German mystics and philosophers of the late Middle Ages. At the end of the article, the author raises the question of how the specificity and status of the literary and pictorial image, which had become a fact of mystical experience, was changing. At the same time, the new spiritual practice of self-determination, opposed by charismatics to traditional church piety, is briefly touched upon.

Hungary’s Rusyn Policy in the Early 1940s: The Subcarpathian Scholarly Society, the Journal Zoria/Hajnal, and the Rusyn Language

Hungary’s Rusyn Policy in the Early 1940s: The Subcarpathian Scholarly Society, the Journal <i>Zoria/Hajnal</i>, and the Rusyn Language

Changes in telepractice use and perspectives among speech and language therapists in Singapore through the COVID-19 pandemic.

Much has been written about the changes in use and perspectives of telepractice among speech and language therapists (SLTs) during the global COVID-19 pandemic. However, no long-term study has been done to examine whether there is a permanent shift in attitudes towards telepractice as the world adjusts to new norms and endemic COVID-19. To compare the speech telepractice use and perspectives of SLTs at two time points of the pandemic: during and after the height of the pandemic. Two online surveys were distributed a year apart among SLTs in Singapore. The first survey was disseminated during an initial lockdown period in 2020 and the second survey was done in 2021 when Singapore was starting to reduce strict quarantine and safe-distancing regulations. These surveys were distributed via communication channels of the local speech therapy association. A total of 115 and 71 responses to the survey were collected in 2020 and 2021, respectively. Responses were captured and analysed using descriptive statistics and statistical analysis while qualitative content analysis was used to derive key themes from open-ended questions. Telepractice use across all age groups and client types peaked at the height of the pandemic. Even as lockdown measures were eased, telepractice utilization was still higher than what it was before the pandemic. Dysphagia management was the only area where SLTs reduced their use of telepractice during the stabilization phase. After more experience with telepractice during the height of the pandemic, SLTs acknowledged the benefit of being able to use a wide range of media through telepractice and were less worried about not having the resources or knowledge to set up telepractice. SLTs also reported increased confidence in providing telepractice, which was reflected in their willingness to continue to provide telepractice even after the pandemic ends. The increase in use of telepractice during this pandemic is likely to be sustained as a majority of respondents believed they would continue to provide this mode of service delivery even after the pandemic ends. However, clinicians will still have to assess for client suitability, as clients with more complex medical or behavioural issues may still require in-person therapy. Additionally, dysphagia management via telepractice will still be limited given that swallow presentations may be more variable. Lastly, although generic resources are helpful for clinicians, the long-term sustainability of telepractice can be boosted by the sharing of resources that are suitable for the local context. What is already known on this subject Current studies have examined telepractice use and perspectives of SLTs before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite the evidence for the efficacy of telepractice, uptake was low due to perceived lack of training and resources. Although more clinicians provided telepractice during the pandemic, many still doubted its efficacy over in-person therapy and most studies concluded that longer term studies are required to ascertain if SLTs will continuing providing telepractice after the pandemic. What this paper adds to existing knowledge This study shows that there is a definitive shift in perspectives in favour of telepractice after the pandemic, as clinicians continued to provide telepractice across most service areas even without lockdown restrictions. The previous challenges of insufficient resources, knowledge and privacy concerns were reduced with more experience in providing telepractice. Although client suitability remained a major barrier, more clinicians saw benefits of easy access to therapy and range of resources used as benefits that they could harness from telepractice. What are the potential or actual clinical implications of this work? A majority of respondents stated that they are more confident in providing telepractice and would want to continue providing this service delivery mode after the pandemic, so more training and resources suitable for the local contexts can be provided by national associations to sustain this. More research and resources can be gathered to make telepractice more efficacious for dysphagia management and clients who may be deemed unsuitable for telepractice.

Design of Hotel Human Interaction System Based on Deep Learning

This paper designs a hotel human-computer interaction (HCI) system which is based on deep learning. The whole system mainly includes face detection, speech synthesis, and speech recognition. Real time face detection is realized by transplanting the Opencv library into the Android system and combining that with the AdaBoost algorithm. Furthermore, the local speech recognition is realized through the special chip for speech recognition hbr740, while the local speech synthesis is realized through the special chip for speech synthesis syn6288. Subsequently, the massive speech resources are obtained through the network connection into the iFLYTEK’s open platform, which can realize online speech recognition, semantic understanding, and speech synthesis. In the data flow phase, we transmit data to the lower computer through the serial port of tiny4412 in order to realize the motion control of the lower computer. This is achieved through the SQLite database for system voice interaction and motion control, which is built through the jar package of the Litepal and POI. Finally, a hybrid voice interaction system is designed combining the local voice interaction with the online voice interaction. Through numerical simulation, the suggested system is tested to verify the feasibility of the hybrid voice interaction scheme. We observed that when the network is in good condition, the speech recognition rate of the whole system reaches as high as 94.67%; while without the network, the speech recognition rate can still reaches up to 84.67%. The attained outcomes demonstrate the superiority of the suggested hybrid system.

Web and Speech Controlled Video Surviellance Robot

Abstract: Video surveillance can be defined as the process of monitoring a circumstance, a human or a place. Human surveillance is obtained by posting people near sensitive places in order to constantly detect the changes. But we have many restrictions like we cannot go to dark, narrow and remote places and work efficiently and deployment in inaccessible places is not possible. In this paper, we are going to develop a robot which can be used to perform monitoring and surveillance and this can be controlled through web applications and local speech. This robot is mainly used to watch live video surveillance and streaming footage which can be viewed remotely through a web browser. The spider robot can be run using two methods, firstly is through voice commands and the other is from the web interface. These commands cover both recognition and ‘intent detection’

DIACHRONIC REPRESENTATION OF SELECTED ROMANCE LOANWORDS IN THE LOCAL SPEECH OF POMJAN

This paper presents a diachronic account of the use of selected Romance loanwords (from A to K) in the Pomjan local speech of the Šavrini dialect. The Romance loanwords, which are an integral part of the Istrian dialects of Slavic origin, are the result of the centuries-long life of Istrians with Slavic and Romance roots. They are reflected as simple borrowings, hybrid borrowings, Romance phrases, calques, and so on. The loanwords collected by the Slovenian dialectologist Tine Logar in 1957 in Pomjan (Slovenian Istria) were compared with those we hear from today's dialect speakers. In 29 etymological articles we find out whether the Romance loanwords used by the villagers more than sixty years ago are still known and used by the locals today. At the same time, we show the spread of the lexemes in other parts of Slovenian Istria and connect them to their first origin, which is mainly Istrian-Venetian – the existence of the lexeme is also proved 1) in the Triestine dialect, 2) in Venetian and 3) in Standard Italian. The etymological articles conclude with a reference to the final source of the word.

Making humanoid robots teaching assistants by using natural language processing (NLP) cloud-based services

Humanoid robots have a substantial potential to serve as teaching and social assistants. However, the expectations of the children from robots to interact like humans are huge. This study presents a general model for understanding the natural language in human-robot interaction by applying Generative Pre-trained Transformer (GPT) language models as a service in the Internet of Things. Thus, the physical presence of the robot can help in fine-tuning the GPT model by prompts derived from the environmental context and subsequent robot actions for embodiment understanding of the GPT outputs. The model uses web or cloud services for Natural Language Processing (NLP) to produce and play human-like text, question answering or text generation. Verbal questions are processed either via a local speech recognition software or via a Speech-to-Text (STT) cloud service. The converted question into machine-readable code is sent to one of the GPT language models with zero- or few-shot learning prompts. GPT-J model has been tested and deployed either in the web or cloud with options for varying the parameters for controlling the haphazardness of the generated text. The robot produces human-like text by using Text-to-Speech (TTS) cloud services that convert the response into audio format rendered on the robot to be played. Useful requirements how the model to be used in order to be feasible were determined based on the evaluation of the outputs given from the different NLP and GPT-J web or cloud-services. We designed and implemented the model in order to be used by a humanoid NAO-type robot in the speech language therapy practice, however it can be used for other open-source and programmable robots and in different contexts.

Adaptation to Social-Linguistic Associations in Audio-Visual Speech.

Listeners entertain hypotheses about how social characteristics affect a speaker’s pronunciation. While some of these hypotheses may be representative of a demographic, thus facilitating spoken language processing, others may be erroneous stereotypes that impede comprehension. As a case in point, listeners’ stereotypes of language and ethnicity pairings in varieties of North American English can improve intelligibility and comprehension, or hinder these processes. Using audio-visual speech this study examines how listeners adapt to speech in noise from four speakers who are representative of selected accent-ethnicity associations in the local speech community: an Asian English-L1 speaker, a white English-L1 speaker, an Asian English-L2 speaker, and a white English-L2 speaker. The results suggest congruent accent-ethnicity associations facilitate adaptation, and that the mainstream local accent is associated with a more diverse speech community.

Smart Speech Recognition System for Chinese Language Learning Enhancement

With the expansion of teaching scale and the rapid development of educational information, a smart classroom management system based on speech recognition has been proposed and developed to improve the information level of smart classroom management. This paper discusses the application of multimedia equipment control. The system relies on the mature campus network in the way of cloud and local speech database for speech recognition. The application of the system proves that the smart classroom management system based on speech recognition in cloud architecture has more advantages than the traditional multimedia classroom management system and also has definite expansibility. It facilitates the unified management of the school, improves the efficiency of administrators, saves a lot of human and financial resources, and greatly promotes the development of school information construction. The smart classroom becomes a new direction in the application of information technology in the field of teaching and learning and is a smart learning scenario for improving the learning and teaching scenario. This paper focuses on the use of smart classroom as a supplementary teaching tool to improve Chinese language teaching and learning and illustrates the optimization of the teaching environment by smart classroom in terms of vocabulary learning and listening and speaking training.

Transport and means of communication in the patois of the hamlet of Borbushino

The article is devoted to the description of the local speech content devoted to transport and ways of communication. The speech material is collected according to the programme ‟Lexical Atlas of Russian Folkish Patois” from the words of the villagers of Borbushino of Kirillov district of Vologda Region. The oral narratives of the informants about overland travel, as well as travel by water and air, about the means of transportation of passengers and various cargoes in different natural and weather conditions are commented. It is revealed that ways of movement, vehicles, various devices for transportation of passengers and cargoes, as well as subjects that perform various functions in the transport system can be singled out within the system of ways of communication fully corresponding to the section of the programme ‟Lexical Atlas of Russian Folkish Patois”. The layer of vocabulary reflecting the system of transport means and ways of communication in Borbushino patois reveals a number of features due to both the location of the hamlet at a significant distance from water transport routes and the family histories of the villagers. The defining position of overland transport is revealed by this. What is authentic for Borbushino patois and unusual for the traditional use of means of transport in the Northern Russian rural area is the way of air transportation of passengers and goods, which has generated a number of changes in the traditional vocabulary of Vologda land’s inhabitants, but has not led to a radical restructuring of the patois speech system. The conclusion that the lexicon of the transport system of the described dialect for the most part implements the features typical for the dialect system as a whole, is made.