Local Soybean Cultivar Research Articles

Supporting functions of oligochitosan on soybean seed germination under normal and salinity stress conditions

Soybean is considered one of the important sources of oil and proteins worldwide. Nevertheless, the cultivation of soybeans is challenged by the threats of saline intrusion. Chitosan, a product derived from the shells of crustaceans such as shrimp, has been reported as a non-toxic biodegradable biopolymer that can minimize adverse impacts of salinity stress on plant growth. This study was to investigate the supportive activities of chitosan on germination under salinity stress of the local soybean cultivar MTD885-3. The assessment was conducted by pre-soaking soybean seeds in either distilled water, a commercial solution for seed germination, gibberellic acid 30 ppm, or oligochitosan solutions (500 ppm, 1000 ppm, and 2000 ppm), before allowing them to germinate in NaCl solution at different concentrations (0, 100, and 200 mM). As expected, soybean sprout emergence and growth were more adversely affected following the application of higher NaCl concentration. The pre-treatment of soybean seeds in oligochitosan solutions of 500 and/or 1000 ppm could enhance hypocotyl and radicle growth under both non-stressed and salinity conditions. Furthermore, seed pre-soaking with 1000 ppm oligochitosan could confer certain benefits for the soybean sprouts exposed to 200 mM NaCl treatment, which were also evidenced by shorter Mean Germination Time, higher Germination Index, and Coefficient of Velocity of Germination values. These findings indicate the practical application of chitosan in supporting the early growth of germinated seeds under osmotic stress conditions such as salinity.

ASSESSMENT OF BOTANICAL AND GENETIC COLLECTION OF SOYBEAN FOR MORPHOLOGICAL AND YIELD ATTRIBUTES AND THEIR IMPACT ON NODULE-ASSOCIATED BACTERIA AND SOIL FERTILITY

Assessment of botanical and genetic collection of soybean cultivars transpired during 2021–2022, for morphological and yield-related traits and their impact on nodule bacteria and soil fertility, at the Dormon Scientific Experimental Station, Institute of Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, District Kibray, Tashkent region, Uzbekistan. The soybean cultivars, grown in a randomized complete block design, had a factorial arrangement with three replications. Results revealed that in the botanical collection, the highest seed yield per plant came from the soybean cultivar K-2600 (48.3 ± 1.30 g), 1000-grain weight from Bk-105 (215.9 ± 0.15 g), and the number of grains per plant from the genotype K-2600 (346.4 ± 6.48). Moreover, in the genetic collection, the high oil content resulted in the genotypes Gen-15 (20.11%), Gen-13 (19.46%), and Gen-11 (19.40%). The higher values of the total protein content emerged in the soybean cultivars, Ehtiyozh (34.09%) and Gen-9 (33.74%), Gen-19 (34.72%), and Gen-26 (33.08%). Among the two types of soybean collections studied, the most substantial number of root nodules appeared in the cultivar Sochilmas (96.65 ± 0.11) during the pod formation phase. The recorded highest amount of soil microelements, according to soil analysis, was at the sowing site of the soybean cultivar, Genetiс-1 and on average, the soil samples contained N-NO3 (28 mg/kg), mobile P2О (212.3 mg/kg), and volatile trace element K2О5 (36 mg/kg), found to remain in the soil after crop harvesting. The conclusion based on the results indicates that the local soybean cultivar Genetik-1 has a more positive effect on improving soil fertility versus the other genotypes in both collections.

Correlation between Epidermis Thickness, Leaf Trichome Length and Density with the Whitefly Bemisia tabaci Population on Five Local Soybean Cultivars

Soybeans compsumsion in Indonesia is about 2.7 million ton, while the national production is only about 0.7 million ton per year. There are some problems in the soybean production in Indonesia, including pests and diseases. Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), is one of the important pests in soybeans causes a significant loss of yields. Developing soybean cultivars resistant to whitefly is one of method to reduce the production loss. This study aimed to determine the relationship between the physical characteristics of lower surface leaves and B. tabaci population on five local soybean cultivars. The experiments were conducted in the IPB greenhouse by Completely Randomized Design (RCD) using five soybean cultivars (Anjasmoro, Dena-1, Detam-3, Devon-1, and Wilis) with 3 replicates. Three plants of each cultivar were planted in a polybag, put under a cage, and after one week then infested with 5 female whiteflies. The parameters observed in this study were leaf epidermal thickness; density and length of trichome on lower leaf surface; and the number of egg, nymph, and adult of the whitefly. Observations were carried out every week, from 1−7 weeks after the plant was infested with the whitefly. The population of whitefly was affected by trichome density and length, as well as by the epidermal thickness of the lower leaf surface. The infestation of B. tabaci was higher in the soybean cultivars with denser and longer leaf trichomes, and thinner epidermal of the lower leaf surface. This result of this research suggests that it is necessary to include the characteristics of leaf trichome and epidermal thickness in the breeding program to produce soybean cultivars that are superior in productivity and resistant to whitefly.

Influence of flooding and soil properties on the genetic diversity and distribution of indigenous soybean-nodulating bradyrhizobia in the Philippines

One of the strategies that is commonly used in the Philippines to improve the production of soybean is by inoculation. However, this technique often fails mainly due to the lack of information about the indigenous soybean rhizobia in the Philippines soil. In this study, the diversity of indigenous bradyrhizobia collected from the non-flooded and flooded soil conditions at 11 locations in the country was investigated using a local soybean cultivar as the host plant. The genetic variation among the 424 isolates was detected through Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) treatment and sequence analysis for 16S rRNA gene, 16S-23S rRNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and rpoB housekeeping gene. All the isolates were classified under the Bradyrhizobium species namely B. elkanii, B. diazoefficiens, B. japonicum, B. yuanmingense and a considerable proportion of the isolates were clustered under Bradyrhizobium sp. The isolates which were classified under Bradyrhizobium sp. were thought to be endemic to Philippines soil as evidenced by their nucleotide divergence against the known rhizobia and the historical absence of rhizobia inoculation in the collection sites. The major influence on the distribution and diversity of soybean bradyrhizobia is attributed to the difference in the flooding period, followed by soil properties such as pH, soil type, and nutrient content. As determined, it is proposed that the major micro-symbiont of soybean in the Philippines are B. elkanii for non-flooded soils, then B. diazoefficiens and B. japonicum for flooded soils.

Germinaton performance of selected local soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrills) cultivars during drought stress induced by Polyethylene Glycol (PEG)

Drought stress is one of the factors that can decreased growth and production, so that required a variety that has the ability to sustain cellular metabolism, and growth during the stress. This research was aimed to investigated the involvement of germination performance invitro of five local soybean cultivars, Grobogan, Kaba, Anjasmoro, Argomulyo, and Dering to drought stress induced by polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000 (0%, 2%, 4%, and 6%). The measurable seedling traits as the day appearance of shoots and roots, total of leaves, shoot length, root length, fresh plant weight, dry plant weight, fresh root weight, and dry root weight under control as well as water stress condition were recorded. The experiment units were arranged in factorial completely randomized design with four replications. The result showed that the value for most parameters was recorded highest for Argomulyo cultivar compared with Dering cultivar which is known to be tolerant to drought. In terms of roots performance, Grobogan and Argomulyo cultivars produced the longest and heaviest of roots, while Grobogan cultivar had no significant different for root length compared with control. In conclusion, the root length and fresh weight root parameters can be used as quick criteria for drought tolerance.

Response of Some Soybean Cultivars to Low Light Intensity under Different Intercropping Patterns with Maize

A two-year study was carried out at Mallawi Agricultural Experiments and Research Station, A.R.C., El-Minia governorate, Egypt, during 2014 and 2015 seasons to determine the compatible soybean cultivar with high maize plant density to achieve farmer's benefit under intercropping conditions. Alternating ridges (70 cm width) between maize and soybean were used as 1:3, 2:4, 2:2, 3:3 and 4:2, respectively, in addition to sole culture of both crops. Local maize cultivar T.W.C. 310 was grown in one plant per hill distanced at 30 cm under intercropping and sole cultures, meanwhile local soybean cultivars (Giza 22, Giza 82 and Giza 111) were drilled in both sides of the ridge (two plants/hill distanced at 15 cm) under intercropping and sole cultures. A split plot distribution in randomized complete block design with three replications was used. The results indicated that maize yield attributes were increased significantly by decreasing maize plant density from 67 to 25% of sole maize under intercropping conditions, meanwhile the converse was true for plant height and grain yield per ha. All the studied maize traits were not affected by soybean cultivars. Also, all the studied maize traits were not affected the interaction between intercropping patterns and soybean cultivars. Soybean yield and its attributes were increased significantly by decreasing maize plant density from 67 to 25% of sole maize under intercropping conditions except plant height. The late-maturing soybean cultivar Giza 22 recorded the highest values of intercepted light intensity within soybean canopy, number of pods per plant, seed index, seed yields per plant and per ha, meanwhile, the highest values of biological yield per ha, plant height and number of branches per plant were recorded for soybean cultivar Giza 111. Soybean cultivar Giza 22 gave the highest seed yield per plant compared to the other cultivars under all the intercropping patterns. Relative yield of soybean showed that the early-maturing soybean cultivar Giza 82 is better adapted to low light intensity than the other cultivars. Land equivalent ratio and area time equivalent ratio values for intercrops were greater than 1.00 indicating less land requirements of intercropping patterns than sole maize. Growing four maize ridges alternating with two ridges of soybean cultivar Giza 82 achieved the highest net return compared to sole maize.

Development of INDEL Markers for Genetic Mapping Based on Whole Genome Resequencing in Soybean

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] is an important crop worldwide. In this study, a Chinese local soybean cultivar, Hedou 12, was resequenced by next generation sequencing technology to develop INsertion/DELetion (INDEL) markers for genetic mapping. 49,276 INDEL polymorphisms and 242,059 single nucleotide polymorphisms were detected between Hedou 12 and the Williams 82 reference sequence. Of these, 243 candidate INDEL markers ranging from 5–50 bp in length were chosen for validation, and 165 (68%) of them revealed polymorphisms between Hedou 12 and Williams 82. The validated INDEL markers were also tested in 12 other soybean cultivars. The number of polymorphisms in the pairwise comparisons of 14 soybean cultivars varied from 27 to 165. To test the utility of these INDEL markers, they were used to perform genetic mapping of a crinkly leaf mutant, and the CRINKLY LEAF locus was successfully mapped to a 360 kb region on chromosome 7. This research shows that high-throughput sequencing technologies can facilitate the development of genome-wide molecular markers for genetic mapping in soybean.

Cloning and Overexpression of GmDREB2 Gene from a Vietnamese Drought-resistant Soybean Variety

This work studied the amplification, cloning and determination of the GmDREB2 gene from the soybean cultivar DT2008 and five Vietnamese local soybean cultivars (DT26, DT51, DVN5, CB, CBD) and designed the vector carrying the structure containing GmDREB2 gene from cultivar DT2008 (best drought tolerant). The coding region of GmDREB2 gene isolated from six soybean cultivars was 480 nucleotides in length, encoding 159 amino acids. The recombinant structure was designed as 35S- GmDREB2- c-myc and its expression was analysed in transgenic tobacco plants. Recombinant DREB2 protein was expressed in five transgenic tobacco lines with molecular weights close to 20 kDa. During the drought conditions, the proline accumulation of the transgenic tobacco lines was higher than on wild-type (WT) plants, with the rate from 211.17 to 332.44% after five days of drought stress, and from 262.79 to 466.04% after nine days of drought stress. The two lines, TG2 and TG12 had the highest increase rate. These results provided the basis to generate drought-tolerant soybean plants by GmDREB2 overexpression.

Residual Effects of Some Preceded Winter Field Crops on Productivity of Intercropped Soybean with Three Maize Cultivars

A two – year study was carried out at Sids Agricultural Experiments and Research Station, ARC, Beni – Sweif governorate, Egypt, during 2012/2013 and 2013/2014 to study the residual effects of the preceded berseem, sugar beet and wheat crops on yield and its attributes of intercropped soybean with three maize cultivars. The treatments consisted of three local maize cultivars (S.C.122, T.W.C.310 and Giza2) that grown with one local soybean cultivar Giza22 in alternating ridges 2:2 and three preceded winter crops (berseem, sugar beet and wheat). A split plot design with three replications was used. The results showed that the preceded berseem (the Egyptian clover) crop residues which had positive allelopathic effects on soil properties contributed mainly in productivity of intercropped soybean with maize. On the other hand, Giza 2 cultivar had a lower negative effect on intercropped soybean productivity than S.C. 122 or T.W.C. 310 cultivar. The interaction between the preceded winter crops and maize cultivars was significant for all the studied soybean traits except branches dry weight, numbers of branches and seeds/plant. Intercropping soybean with T.W.C. 310 cultivar that followed berseem produced 1.78 ton/ha of soybean seeds in addition to 5.60 ton/ha of maize grains. Yield advantage was achieved because of land equivalent ratio was exceeded 1.00. Dominance analysis proved that soybean is dominated component. The highest monetary advantage index was obtained by intercropping soybean with maize cultivar T.W.C. 310 that followed berseem.

Assessment of drought tolerant ability and cloning of the encoding dehydrin protein (Lea-D11) giene of some mountain local soybean cultivars [Glycine max (L.) Merrill

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] is a cultivar which has not only highly economic and nutritious value but also degraded earth- improved ability. The mountain local cultivars in the North of Vietnam are precious gene source because of preeminent quality and ability against the harm of environment. In our work, the artificial method of making drought is used to estimate the drought tolerant ability of nine mountain local soybean cultivars by physiological and biochemical aspects. Its result shows that there are four most drought tolerant soybean cultivars, which are CB4, VMK, QH and HL. The CB4, VMK and HL have the highest drought tolerant index (corresponding to 10633.87, 7198.52 and 6038.47) and the strongest increase of 200% of proline content (corresponding to 203.91, 208.28, 246,90% and 290.29%). A 751 bp dehydrin gene fragment from DNA of genome of seven local soybean cultivars was amplified by PCR with primers MD1, MD2 and carried out successfully the cloning of giene and determine the giene arrangement encoding dehydrin protein of VMK and CB4 which have the most drought tolerant ability. The nucleotide sequence of dehydrin gene of VMK and CB4 was compared with that of other 34 gene in GenBank, especially compared with that of four soybean cultivars (M103, CucVang, MV1C and V74). This shows that the dehydrin gene sequence and the amino acid sequence of these soybean cultivars have quite high homology. The dehydrin gene sequence of the VMK and CB4 has the homology of 99.9%, the amino acid sequence of the VMK and CB4 has the homology of 100%.

Cloning and Designing Vector Carrying GmEXP1 Gene Isolated from Local Soybean Cultivar Sonla, Vietnam

 Abstract—Soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) are short-duration industrial crops which have high economic and nutritional values, and play an important role in improving soil fertility and sustainable use of cultivated land resources. Soybeans have low level of drought tolerance, thus it is of great necessity to study on approaches to improve their drought tolerance, including using genes related to the root elongation. The GmEXP1 gene which expresses expansin, a key protein in cell expansion, is one of those genes. In this study, we amplified, cloned and determined the GmEXP1 gene sequence from local soybean SL1 cultivar with best vigorous root systems. GmEXP1 gene is 790 bp in length, encoding 255 amino acids. Transgenic vector carrying GmEXP1 gene has been designed successfully (pCB301-GmEXP1) and transformed into tobacco plants (N. tabacum K326). These results form the basis for generation of transgenic soybean cultivars overexpressing GmEXP1, aiming to improve the drought tolerance based on the root elongation of soybean cultivars in Vietnam.

Evaluation of drought tolerance of the Vietnamese soybean cultivars provides potential resources for soybean production and genetic engineering.

Drought is one of the greatest constraints to soybean production in many countries, including Vietnam. Although a wide variety of the newly produced cultivars have been produced recently in Vietnam through classical breeding to cope with water shortage, little knowledge of their molecular and physiological responses to drought has been discovered. This study was conducted to quickly evaluate drought tolerance of thirteen local soybean cultivars for selection of the best drought-tolerant cultivars for further field test. Differences in drought tolerance of cultivars were assessed by root and shoot lengths, relative water content, and drought-tolerant index under both normal and drought conditions. Our data demonstrated that DT51 is the strongest drought-tolerant genotype among all the tested cultivars, while the highest drought-sensitive phenotype was observed with MTD720. Thus, DT51 could be subjected to further yield tests in the field prior to suggesting it for use in production. Due to their contrasting drought-tolerant phenotypes, DT51 and MTD720 provide excellent genetic resources for further studies underlying mechanisms regulating drought responses and gene discovery. Our results provide vital information to support the effort of molecular breeding and genetic engineering to improve drought tolerance of soybean.

Characteristics of expansin gene isolated from local soybean cultivar in Vietnam

Characteristics of expansin gene isolated from local soybean cultivar in Vietnam

Genetic diversity of native soybean bradyrhizobia from different topographical regions along the southern slopes of the Himalayan Mountains in Nepal

Soybean-nodulating bradyrhizobia are genetically diverse and are classified into different species. In this study, the genetic diversity of native soybean bradyrhizobia isolated from different topographical regions along the southern slopes of the Himalayan Mountains in Nepal was explored. Soil samples were collected from three different topographical regions with contrasting climates. A local soybean cultivar, Cobb, was used as a trap plant to isolate bradyrhizobia. A total of 24 isolates selected on the basis of their colony morphology were genetically characterized. For each isolate, the full nucleotide sequence of the 16S rRNA gene and ITS region, and partial sequences of the nifD and nodD1 genes were determined. Two lineages were evident in the conserved gene phylogeny; one representing Bradyrhizobium elkanii (71% of isolates), and the other representing Bradyrhizobium japonicum (21%) and Bradyrhizobium yuanmingense (8%). Phylogenetic analyses revealed three novel lineages in the Bradyrhizobium elkanii clade, indicating high levels of genetic diversity among Bradyrhizobium isolates in Nepal. B. japonicum and B. yuanmingense strains were distributed in areas from 2420 to 2660 m above sea level (asl), which were mountain regions with a temperate climate. The B. elkanii clade was distributed in two regions; hill regions ranging from 1512 to 1935 m asl, and mountain regions ranging from 2420 to 2660 m asl. Ten multi-locus genotypes were detected; seven among B. elkanii, two among B. japonicum, and one among B. yuanmingense-related isolates. The results indicated that there was higher species-level diversity of Bradyrhizobium in the temperate region than in the sub-tropical region along the southern slopes of the Himalayan Mountains in Nepal.

English

Local soybean cultivar “Nannong 94-16” was treated with NaN 3- 60 Co
ray and EMS separately, and two curled cotyledon mutants were obtained. Local soybean cultivar “TSB” was treated with 60 Co
ray and one curled cotyledon mutant was obtained. Two-dimension electrophoresis analysis was employed to determine the differential proteins between three mutants and their wild types. The results showed that there were three common differential protein spots between the mutants and their wild types. Further analysis suggests that the two increased protein spots in mutants were both globulin subunit G3/A1aB1b, while the decreased protein spot in mutants was lectin. These results indicate that there may be an association between protein components (glycinin subunits G3/A1aB1b, lectin) and the curled cotyledon phenotype in soybean.

Host suitability of South African and foreign soybean cultivars to Meloidogyne incognita race 2

Eighty-five local and foreign soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) genotypes, including cultivars and breeding lines, were evaluated for host suitability to Meloidogyne incognita race 2 in two separate greenhouse experiments. In vivo reared M. incognita race 2 second-stage juveniles (J2) and eggs were inoculated on roots of soybean seedlings. Nematode egg and egg mass counts were made 56 days after inoculation (DAI). The number of egg masses as well as eggs per root system were counted, while reproduction factors (RF), egg-laying-female indices (ELF) and eggs per g of root were determined. Substantial variation existed among the soybean cultivars and breeding lines with regard to the parameters evaluated. Several local as well as foreign cultivars and breeding lines were identified with RF-values lower than 1 for M. incognita race 2. The commercial local soybean cultivar LS5995 had the lowest number of egg masses and eggs per root system, eggs per g of root, RF-values and ELF-indices in the present study. Based on RF-values this is the first report that LS5995 is resistant to M. incognita race 2. Results obtained in the present study could be used for the planning of crop rotation systems as well as the identification of resistance sources for breeding purposes.

Identification of Soybean mosaic virus Strains by RT-PCR/RFLP Analysis of Cylindrical Inclusion Coding Region.

A reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction/restriction fragment length polymorphism (RT-PCR/RFLP) was employed successfully for detection and identification of Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) strains. A primer pair amplifying a 1,385-bp fragment of the cylindrical inclusion (CI) coding region was used for RT-PCR and the RFLP profiles of the RT-PCR products were compared after restriction digestion with RsaI, EcoRI, or AccI restriction endonucleases. These enzymes were chosen based on the nucleotide sequences of SMV strains G2, G5, G5H, G7, and G7H in the CI coding region. These five strains, as well as seedborne SMV isolates from local soybean cultivars, could be differentiated by RT-PCR/RFLP analysis. The results correlated well with strain identification by symptom phenotypes produced on differential cultivars inoculated with strains and isolates. The sensitivity of RT-PCR enabled detection of SMV from plants with necrotic symptoms in which the number of virus particles was too low to be detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.