Local Rice Research Articles

Exposure to the global rice trade: A comparative study of arsenic and cadmium in rice consumed in Haiti

Rice makes up nearly a quarter of dietary intake in Haiti. Rice consumption began to rapidly increase during the mid-1980s and 1990s, corresponding to policy interventions that promoted the importation and consumption of U.S.-grown rice, soon making Haiti the second largest export market for Ameri­can rice worldwide. Haitian growers also cultivate and sell local rice. Rice consumption can be a significant source of exposure to toxic metals since rice plants accumulate arsenic and cadmium from their envi­ronment. In August 2020, we collected samples of local (n=48) and imported (n=50) rice from vendor sites in the Lower Artibonite Valley region of Haiti. Cadmium and arsenic concentrat­ions were meas­ured via inductively coupled plasma mass spec­trom­e­try. Levels were compared between local versus imported commercial rice samples. For arsenic, we conducted a simulation study to esti­mate the intake of arsenic from varied quantities of local or imported rice samples on a per-body weight basis for adults and young children. We found that median concentrations were nearly two-fold higher for both arsenic and cadmium in im­ported rice (0.15 µg/g and 0.007 µg/g) compared to local rice (0.07 µg/g and 0.003 µg/g). Our simu­lation of arsenic intake through rice consumption suggests that adults of varying weights consuming 3 or more cups of imported rice per day would exceed a daily minimum risk level for toxicity. The simulation also suggests that most children con­suming 1 or more cups of local or imported rice per day would exceed a health-based arsenic intake limit. In Haiti, imported rice had an average level of arsenic twice that of locally grown product, with some imported sources exceeding the international limits recommended to protect human health. Cur­rent consumption patterns of imported rice over the long-term for children and adults may adversely impact health in Haiti. Strengthening community food systems can promote better health.

Evaluation performance of irrigation local rice from South Tapanuli

Using new high-yielding varieties has led to increased production and availability of food, especially rice, in Indonesia. Even though it has high productivity, the popularity of consumers looking for local rice is still very high because of its taste. Apart from being long-aged, the ability of rice to only grow in specific environments causes farmers to avoid planting local rice. This research aims to evaluate the performance of irrigated rice from South Tapanuli. The research was carried out from May to August 2023 in the experimental field in Padang City, West Sumatra. Based on research results, the height of local plants is higher than the national superior varieties. Even though they have good agronomic performance, the results observed are that the generative characters of national superior varieties are better than local varieties. It was likely due to local varieties still adapting to the environment and pests and diseases to complete the life cycle.

Validation of molecular markers associated with amylose content of F8 and F9 lines resulting from a crossing of Black Rice and Mentik Wangi

The development of black rice with a fluffier texture at Universitas Jenderal Soedirman, which began in 2004, was carried out by crossing local black rice with the Mentik Wangi variety. At present, six black rice advanced breeding lines are ready for multi-location yield trials. Meanwhile, developing molecular marker-based plant breeding methods can facilitate a more efficient selection process. An important stage in developing molecular markers is marker validation, which aims to test the effectiveness in determining phenotypes in various genotypic and in new populations that differ from others based on the link between the marker and the expected character identified. This research aimed to determine molecular markers that can differentiate the level of amylose content in populations of F8 and F9 lines. The research was carried out on 10 (ten) genotypes consisting of the control variety Logawa, IRPM 112-19- 56, black rice, Mentik Wangi, and six lines. The amplification of the RM190, Wx and SSIIa markers showed polymorphic band. Based on the simple linear regression analysis, in F9, the SSIIa marker had the highest coefficient of determination compared to other markers. Hence, it had the greatest possibility of being a marker for selecting rice based on amylose content.

Identification of the physiological characteristics of some local Aceh rice (Oryza sativa L.) germplasms

The identification of local rice germplasms resources is essential for determining morphological and anatomical traits for agronomic applications. In this study, we have screened several local rice germplasms from Aceh, conducted in Gampong Paloh Lada and Agroecotechnology Laboratory, Agriculture Faculty, Universitas Malikussaleh, Aceh Utara Regency, from February to June 2023. The study employed Randomized Block Design Non-Factorial, consisting of 7 lines of local germplasms, including Unsyiah Cakep, Unsyiah Seumeulu, Cot Bada, Sigunca, Sigupai, Cot Bada and Rajasa (control). Flowering age, net assimilation rate, relative growth rate, root length, shoot – root ratio and 1000- grain weight was observed. The results of this study showed that there were significant differences between several rice strains on the variables of flowering age, net assimilation rate 40-20 DAP, relative growth rate 60-40, shoot-root-ratio at 60 DAP and harvest, root length, 1000 seed weight. Cotbada eight and Cotbada four strains gave the best effect compared to Rajasa (control) and other strains, seen in the parameters of relative growth rate two, number of grains per clump, weight of 1000 seeds and yield tonnes/ha. Cotbada four strain with a production of 7.24 tonnes/ha and followed by Cotbada eight strain with a yield of 6.48 tonnes/ha.

Somatic Embryogenesis and Agrobacterium-Mediated Gene Transfer Procedures in Chilean Temperate Japonica Rice Varieties for Precision Breeding

Rice (Oryza sativa) varieties are generated through breeding programs focused on local requirements. In Chile, the southernmost rice producer, rice productivity relies on the use and generation of temperate japonica germplasms, which need to be adapted to the intensifying effects of climate change. Advanced biotechnological tools can contribute to these breeding programs; new technologies associated with precision breeding, including gene editing, rely on procedures such as regeneration and gene transfer. In this study, the local rice varieties Platino, Cuarzo, Esmeralda, and Zafiro were evaluated for somatic embryogenesis potential using a process that involved the combined use of auxins and cytokinins. An auxin-based (2,4-D) general medium (2N6) allowed for the induction of embryogenic masses in all the genotypes. After induction, masses required culturing either in N6R (kinetin; Platino) or N6RN (BAP, kinetin, IBA, and 2,4-D; Cuarzo, Esmeralda, and Zafiro) to yield whole plants using regeneration medium (N6F, no hormone). The sprouting rates indicated Platino as the most responsive genotype; for this reason, this variety was evaluated for gene transfer. Fifteen-day-old embryo masses were assayed for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation using the bacterial strain EHA105 harboring pFLC-Myb/HPT/GFP, a modified T-DNA vector harboring a geminivirus-derived replicon. The vector included the green fluorescent protein reporter gene, allowing for continuous traceability. Reporter mRNA was produced as early as 3 d after agroinfiltration, and stable expression of the protein was observed along the complete process. These achievements enable further biotechnological steps in these and other genotypes from our breeding program.

KARAKTERISASI BENIH DAN KEKERABATAN KULTIVAR PADI LOKAL PASANG SURUT DI KABUPATEN INDRAGIRI HILIR

Similarity analysis was carried out on the characteristics of local type tidal rice grain in Indragiri Hilit Regency in January-October 2015 in Indragiri Hilir Regency. This research aims to inventory, characterize and determine the relationship between each type of local tidal rice grain in Indragiri Hilir Regency. This research uses a qualitative-quantitative description method. The beginning of this research was to explore the types of rice grains in each village and sub-district of Indfagiri Hilir Regency, then they were characterized and analyzed using the agglomerative method by calculating the distance between relatives using hierarchical cluster average linkage (between gropus). The research results show that Indragiri Hilir Regency has 27 local tidal rice cultivars. These cultivars consist of 'Karya Kuning', 'Karanduku', 'Ramos', 'Pulut Putih', 'Pandan Wangi', 'Ordinary', 'Lembu Sawah Merah', 'Karya Merah', 'Pulut Hitam', ' Pariaman', 'Lembu Sawah', 'Karya Tinggi', 'Panama', 'Batang Tuaka', 'Ir Super', 'Batang Piaman', 'Maron', 'Merah Putih', 'Serang', 'Putri Malu', 'Super', 'Opium', 'White', 'Kuatik', 'Frog', 'Lentik Bamban', 'Sere'. Morphological characters that differentiate rice cultivars are grain characteristics (length, width, thickness, weight of 100 seeds, grain surface shape, grain surface color, sterile lemma length, grain tip color, grain tip tail feather color and grain tip tail feather length), character rice (length, width, thickness, ratio of length to width, and color of rice epidermis). Phenetic analysis using the Minitab Release version 17 program divided 27 local tidal rice cultivars into 9 clusters at a similarity level of 56.78%. Which consists of group 1, consisting of Karya Kuning, Karya Merah, Maron, Pulut Putih, Putih, Putri Malu, Merah Putih, Super; Group II consists of Karanduku, Opium and Lembu Sawah Merah; cluster III consists of Ramos, Batang Tuaka, Karya Tinggi, Serang and Pariaman, cluster IV consists of paddy cattle; Group V consists of Kuatik, Serai, Lentik Bamban, Kodok, Group VI consists of Ordinary and Batang Piaman and groups VII, VIII and IX respectively consist of Pandan Wangi, Super and Pulut Hitam.

Raman Spectroscopic Characterization of Local Rice Germplasm from Konkan Region of Maharashtra

Raman Spectroscopic Characterization of Local Rice Germplasm from Konkan Region of Maharashtra

RESPON PADI GOGO (Oryza sativa L.) TERHADAP APLIKASI BIOCHAR SEKAM PADI DAN PUPUK KANDANG SAPI

Upland rice is one type of local rice that is still cultivated and has the potential to be developed. However, its productivity is still low, so it is necessary to add nutrients to increase its productivity. This research was conducted with the aim of looking at the response of upland rice to the application of rice husk biochar and cow manure. The tools and materials used in this study were: polybag, inceptisol soil, rice husk biochar, cow manure, camera, upland rice seed label paper, and stationery. This study used a completely randomized design with 5 treatments and 4 replications. The treatments in this study were BP0: control (without biochar and manure), BP1: biochar 5 t ha-1 + manure 5 t ha-1; BP2: biochar 10 t ha-1 + manure 5 t ha-1, BP3: biochar 5 t ha-1 + manure 10 t ha-1, BP4: biochar 10 t ha-1 + manure 10 t ha-1. The results of this study were that the application of rice husk biochar 10 t ha-1 + manure 5 t ha-1 gave the highest effect on plant growth which included plant height, number of leaves and number of tillers of rice plants.

Adaptation of local lowland rice from West Sumatra on growth, yield, and pest and disease resistance

Adaptation of local lowland rice from West Sumatra on growth, yield, and pest and disease resistance

Influence of Nitrogen Applications during Grain-Filling Stage on Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Yield and Grain Quality under High Temperature

High temperature frequently occurs during rice’s early grain-filling period in the south of China, negatively affecting rice yield and quality and posing a major threat to local rice production. This experiment researched the influence of 3.5 °C warming during the first 20 grain-filling days on rice yield and quality and emphatically investigated the effects of the low-broadcast nitrogen fertilizer application level (LBN), high-broadcast nitrogen fertilizer application level (HBN) and foliar nitrogen fertilizer application (FN) at heading on the rice organ temperature, leaf photosynthesis, chlorophyll fluorescence, yield and grain quality, pasting and thermal properties under high temperature in 2020 and 2022, with a widely planted japonica rice variety, “Wuyunjing31”, in order to explore the practical mitigation measures for reducing the adverse impact of high temperature on rice productivity. The results showed that high temperatures during grain filling increased the rice plant temperature, damaged the chlorophyll fluorescence system and decreased the net photosynthesis rate. This led to a decline in the seed-setting rate and grain weight, resulting in a 7.0% and 13.9% yield loss in 2020 and 2022, respectively. In addition, high temperature caused a decline in the head rice rate and an increase in chalk occurrence and pasting temperature, thereby deteriorating rice grain quality. Under high temperatures, HBN enhanced the rice yield by 3.6% and 13.0% in 2020 and 2022, respectively, while FN enhanced the rice yield by 11.5% in 2022. The increase in yield was linked to the increased seed-setting rate and 1000-grain weight. LBN did not significantly affect the rice yield under high temperatures. The positive effects of nitrogen fertilizer measures on rice yield were associated with their role in lowering plant temperature and protection against the damage to the chlorophyll fluorescence system. All three nitrogen application measures generally improved rice milling quality and appearance quality under high temperature, with HBN generally showing the greatest impact. Under high temperature, LBN and FN tended to make the texture of cooked rice softer due to the decreased consistency, retrogradation enthalpy and retrogradation percentage, and this was closely associated with the decline in amylose content. In summary, nitrogen supplementation at the heading could efficiently mitigate the adverse impact of high temperature during the early grain-filling period on rice yield and quality.

Invigorasi Larutan Bawang Merah Terhadap Viabilitas dan Vigor Tiga Benih Padi Varietas Lokal

Rice production in South Kalimantan during January to September 2020 decreased compared to 2019. The use of rice seeds per hectare is generally still not in accordance with the recommendations. The local varieties of rice seeds that cultivated are from last year's cropping season, where storage was not good which could lead to a decrease in seed quality. Shallots contain hormones auxin and gibberellins, can be used as a natural growth regulator. This study used a solution of shallots on three local varieties of rice seeds. The purpose of this study was to provide information on the use of natural growth regulators in shallot solution as an alternative to increase seed viability to become a provider of quality seeds. This research carried out from October to November 2021 at the Production Laboratory of the Department of Agroecotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Lambung Mangkurat University. The implementation of the research is making shallot stock solution, seed preparation, seed soaking, seed germination, and maintenance. The method used was qualitative using single factor Completely Randomized Design with three levels of treatment and each treatment consisted of five replications. The results showed that treatment using onion solution invigoration had a significant effects on the parameters of growth uniformity and maximum growth potential of expired local rice seeds of Siam Banjar variety. The highest growth speed and seed germination were found in Siam Saba variety. The highest growth uniformity was found in Siam Unus variety. The highest maximum growth potential is found in Siam Mutiara variety.

Association of a Specific OsCULLIN3c Haplotype with Salt Stress Responses in Local Thai Rice.

We previously found that OsCUL3c is involved in the salt stress response. However, there are no definitive reports on the diversity of OsCUL3c in local Thai rice. In this study, we showed that the CUL3 group was clearly separated from the other CUL groups; next, we focused on OsCUL3c, the third CUL3 of the CUL3 family in rice, which is absent in Arabidopsis. A total of 111 SNPs and 28 indels over the OsCUL3c region, representing 79 haplotypes (haps), were found. Haplotyping revealed that group I (hap A and hap C) and group II (hap B1 and hap D) were different mutated variants, which showed their association with phenotypes under salt stress. These results were supported by cis-regulatory elements (CREs) and transcription factor binding sites (TFBSs) analyses. We found that LTR, MYC, [AP2; ERF], and NF-YB, which are related to salt stress, drought stress, and the response to abscisic acid (ABA), have distinct positions and numbers in the haplotypes of group I and group II. An RNA Seq analysis of the two predominant haplotypes from each group showed that the OsCUL3c expression of the group I representative was upregulated and that of group II was downregulated, which was confirmed by RT-qPCR. Promoter changes might affect the transcriptional responses to salt stress, leading to different regulatory mechanisms for the expression of different haplotypes. We speculate that OsCUL3c influences the regulation of salt-related responses, and haplotype variations play a role in this regulation.

Assessment of Some Toxic Heavy Metals in Rice and Beans Sold in Benin City, Nigeria

Rice and beans are staple foods for more than 50% of the world's population. They are prone to heavy metal contamination, with the global rise in heavy metal pollution, which causes harm and danger to the ecosystem and puts people and other living things in major health problems. This study aimed to determine the level of some heavy metals in local and foreign rice and white and brown bean samples obtained from an open market in Benin City. The samples were prepared and analysed using a standard method with the aid of an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (A.A.S.). The results of the analysis show the levels of heavy metals in the beans and rice ranged from 0.013–0.067 mg/kg for Pb, 0.02-0.043 mg/kg for Cr, 0.003-0.367 mg/kg for Mn, 0.263–1.017 mg/kg for Zn, 0.30–0.933 mg/kg for Fe, and 0.01–0.023 mg/kg for Cu, with Cd being the only metal below the detection limit. Statistical analysis using a t-test showed that there was no significant difference between the levels of the selected heavy metals analysed among the bean samples and those analysed among the rice samples. If these heavy metals are used as benchmarks for measuring the product's quality, local rice would be considered to be of higher quality than foreign rice, according to statistical analysis using a correlation matrix that showed a nearly identical heavy metal composition between local and foreign rice. The concentration of all the metals studied was observed to be present at tolerable levels lower than the maximum permissible limit as given by the World Health Organisation (WHO). Based on the research findings, the rice and bean samples studied were safe for human consumption.

Food Demand Projection and Consumption Patterns of Urban Households in Nigeria’s Kano State

Changes in population and income are essential components for altering the pattern of food demand. In light of the importance of food demand analysis, this study set out to ascertain urban household consumption trends in Nigeria’s Kano State in order to forecast future demand levels for certain food items. This research contributes to becoming a basis for policymakers to increase food productivity. A household’s cross-sectional survey data elicited through a well-structured questionnaire complemented with an interview schedule from a total of 144 households chosen via a multi-stage sampling procedure was used for the study. The collected data were analyzed using both Linear Approximate/ Almost Ideal Demand System (LA/AIDS) and factor analysis models. Based on empirical evidence, households’ poor purchasing power is owed to high food inflation, which causes them to have low dietary diversity. Besides, the necessary and luxury goods, respectively, were rice, beans, spaghetti, and meat; and millet, yam, Irish potatoes, semovita, fish and groundnut. Meanwhile, maze, garri, and palm oil were established to be inferior commodities. Besides rice and semovita being everyday goods, they demand high price-sensitive commodities. Consequently, to maintain the status quo in the households’ welfare, the onus lies on policymakers to compensate consumers if there is a rise in the prices of local rice, indomie and groundnut oil. The study advises policymakers to increase the productivity of those food items projected to witness the steep-to-gentle rise in demand, and government should endeavour to adopt macro-economic policies with human-face so as to cushion/soften households’ economic hardship in the study area.

Potential usage of fly ash and nano silica in high-strength concrete: Laboratory experiment and application in rigid pavement

High-strength concrete (HSC) using supplementary cementitious material of 30% fly ash (FA) and various nano silica (NS) contents were investigated in this study. FA and NS are waste materials collected from local thermal plants and rice husk ash in Southern Vietnam, respectively. Different concentrations of NS at 0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, and 1.5% were incorporated into the base mixture in place of cement and FA. The water-to-binder ratio of 0.32 was constant for all the mixtures. Results indicated that the combination binder of cement, FA, and NS satisfied the setting time as pure cement binder. The slump test value was in the range of 30–40 mm by adjusting the superplasticzer. Mechanical properties of HSC were studied at various curing ages of 3, 7, 28, and 56 days, including compressive strength, flexural strength, elastic modulus, and abrasion resistance. Results indicated that 1% NS can be considered as optimum content for preparing an HSC mixture, which showed the best mechanical properties. Furthermore, a good correlation between compressive strength and flexural strength was obtained from the results. Finally, rigid pavement calculation revealed that the addition of 1% NS resulted in a reduction in the thickness of the concrete slab by 30 mm (around 10.7%) compared to non-NS concrete. These findings suggest that incorporating nano-silica into concrete can lead to thinner concrete slabs with improved performance characteristics.

Dampak Pemberhetian Ekspor Beras Dari Negara-Negara Pengekspor Utama Terhadap Ketahanan Pangan Indonesia

The development of rice production in Indonesia is very important to support national economic growth. Considering the importance of rice as a fundamental element in the national food system, rice is the most important food ingredient that needs to be produced a lot. In Indonesia, more rice is produced than people consume. To maintain and increase food security, as well as close the gap between domestic consumption and local rice production, the government is still importing rice. Apart from that, rice imports also aim to maintain rice supplies and keep rice prices stable. So what happens if Indonesia no longer accepts rice imports from major rice exporting countries such as Vietnam, Thailand and India? This research aims to provide in-depth insight into the impact of stopping rice exports and its implications for food security in Indonesia. The data obtained used descriptive statistical analysis techniques to compare the amount of rice consumed, produced and imported into Indonesia. The findings of this research indicate that Indonesia's food security will not be significantly impacted if major rice exporting countries stop sending rice to Indonesia. This is because over the last five years (2018–2022), rice production has exceeded Indonesia's rice consumption. However, if the level of rice production in Indonesia at any time decreases, rice supplies will not be sufficient and the price of rice will increase significantly.

ANALYSIS OF VERTICAL INTEGRATION OF RICE MARKET IN SOUTH KALIMANTAN PROVINCE

Vertical integration is important to know to see whether changes in rice prices in the reference market (consumers) are followed by changes in rice prices in the follower market (producers) which will have an impact on the effectiveness of the Government's policies in stabilizing rice prices. This study aims to determine the price variation and vertical integration of local and superior rice markets in South Kalimantan Province. This study uses local and superior rice price data at the producer (milling) and consumer (retailer) levels from January 2014 to March 2024. The data used was sourced from the Central Statistics Agency and the South Kalimantan Provincial Agriculture and Food Security Office. The Coefficient of Variation is used to see price variations in local and superior rice. VAR/VECM analysis is used to identify vertical integration relationships between local and superior rice markets at the producer and consumer levels. The results of the study show that the highest coefficient of variation in local and superior rice prices occurred in the year of the Covid-19 pandemic. The coefficient of variation in local rice prices of producers was highest in 2020 and 2022 at 10.96% and 15.68%. The coefficient of variation in the price of superior rice for the highest producers in 2022 and 2023 is 16.23% and 12.48%. The results of the study also show that there is a vertical integration of a long-term equilibrium relationship between the consumer and producer of local and superior rice market. In the integration of the long-term equilibrium relationship, when the price of local and superior rice at the consumer level increases, the price of local and superior rice at the producer level also increases. The vertical integration of the short-term equilibrium relationship in the local rice market is full integration because both the consumer and producer markets influence each other but in opposite directions of price transmission. If prices in the consumer market rise, prices in the producer market will fall. The vertical integration of the short-term equilibrium relationship in the superior rice market is not complete because the producer market affects the consumer market but the consumer market does not significantly affect the producer market.

Implementation of Ban on Rice Import and Economic Implications in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria

Despite the ban on the importation of rice into Nigeria, there seems to be a prevalent preference for consumption of foreign/imported rice by consumers in Akwa Ibom State. Hence, this preference motivates smugglers to bring in the rice from the neighbouring country (Cameroon) into Akwa Ibom State through water broader. This study focused on rice consumers likes/dislikes, market changes and problems faced by local rice produces. It will provide useful information to legislators, producers of rice, marketers and researchers. The study reviewed: the rationale behind the ban on the importation of rice into Nigeria with specific focus on Akwa Ibom State. It also reviewed consumers perception of the quality of locally produced rice, their attitude preferences and factors influencing their choice. Factors contributing to limited patronage of Nigeria rice, strategies for encouraging local producers/marketers, were also examined. Important discoveries reveal among others various factors influencing rice production such as consumers likes purchasing power and the perception of the quality of the rice. Furthermore, laws rules and regulations made by the government and the advertising skills of rice producers create a challenging situation for marketers. Local rice producers in Akwa Ibom State have problems such as: not getting enough capital and lacking other resources to produce in large quantities. This shows that special aid is needed for them to succeed. More support needs to be put in place such as giving grants to farmers, building firms and other infrastructure for them, provision of fertilizer etc. This will make the local rice business stronger and viable. In practice, Nigeria rice producer and sellers can concentrate on branding, making sure the quality is good and improve on marketing strategies in order to increase the patronage of produced-in-Nigeria rice. It is also important for Nigeria rice producers to study consumers likes and preferences, government programmes on local rice farmers and exploring alternative methods of rice cultivation that benefit the environment. These and others if implemented are likely to improve the faltering fortune of the rice industry in Nigeria by way of improving demand and discouraging illegal importation.

On-Farm Local Rice Cultivars and Pest Diversity Identification of Kasepuhan Customary Communities in Banten Kidul

Local rice cultivars have distinct characteristics that are loved by the locals, e.g. taste, quality, and softness. Owing to years of adaptation, local rice cultivars are also more resistant to pests (animal pests, diseases, weeds). Nonetheless, the people of Kasepuhan Banten Kidul’s customary communities stay loyal to these cultivars. For decades, they have been practicing traditional farming. However, the varieties of local rice cultivars being planted are declining from year to year, prompting conservation efforts to be taken. This research aims to identify the types of local rice cultivars in Kasepuhan Banten Kidul and the pests associated with them. The research methods used are descriptive qualitative and quantitative. The qualitative method is used for the morphology of the cultivars, while the quantitative method is for the abundance or quantity of the pests. The quantity and diversity of the pests are subsequently analyzed using the Shannon-Wiener index (H’ index). The sampling method used in this research is systematic random sampling. The research findings show that there are 3 categories in general, i.e. pare, cere, and ketan, each of which demonstrates morphological diversity. To date, there are 11 types of local rice cultivars planted by the farmers of Kasepuhan customary communities, i.e. Tampey, Beureum, Sogleng, Srimahi, Srikuning, Kiara, Hurik, Kewal, Petay, Ketan White, and Cere. Additionally, there are 13 Arthropods species of pests and natural enemies identified in the rice field agroecosystem of Kasepuhan, i.e. Chanaphalocrosis medinalis, Dasychira inclusa, Leptocorisa acuta, Nilaparvata lugens, Zosteria sp., Munia sp., Pachydiplosis oryzae, Pomacea panaliculata, Nezara viridula, Harmonia octomaculata, Araneus diadematus, and Oxyopes lineatus. Meanwhile, in terms of pest diversity, only a few pests or diseases are found to be dominating. The reason is that farmers in these communities only plant rice once a year, thereby helping maintain the balance of nature. The dominant pest associated with the local rice plants is golden apple snails. A Shannon-Wiener analysis measures an index of 2.27, which indicates moderate pest species diversity and a stable ecosystem in the area being studied.

The Impact of Yellow Stem Borer, Scirpophaga incertulas (Walker) on Local Rice Landraces: Screening for Resilience

Field evaluation of 50 local landraces against paddy yellow stem borer (YSB), Scirpophaga incertulas (Walker) was carried out at the College of Agriculture, V.C. Farm, Mandya during Kharif 2022. The per cent of damage by YSB on different genotypes was evaluated at 30, 60 and 90 days after transplanting (DAT). Based on the mean per cent incidence genotypes were grouped into different resistance categories using the Standard Evaluation System for Rice (SES) developed by IRRI. Results revealed ten genotypes exhibiting resistance with a damage score of 1, while 25 genotypes showed moderate resistance (score 3). Additionally, ten genotypes displayed moderate susceptibility (score 5), and five genotypes were susceptible (score 7) to YSB infestation. Notably, none of the genotypes were classified as highly resistant or highly susceptible. Promising resistant and moderately resistant genotypes, including Chinna Ponni – 5, Jeerige Sanna, Karimundaga, Kyasakki, Kariga Javele, Kari Doddi, Kari Dodi Budda, Laalya, Murkanna Sanna, and Sidda Sanna, were identified, offering potential for incorporation into breeding programs aimed at enhancing YSB resistance in rice cultivars.