Local Resource Management Research Articles

Local Government and Natural Resource Management in Madhya Pradesh, India: A Critical Institutional Analysis

This paper investigates the factors that influence the involvement of local government in natural resource management in a decentralized institutional context. Institutions, regulating resource use patterns and practices are indicated to be decisive for the success or failure of resource management initiatives, and decentralization is considered a promising institutional arrangement in this regard. In this context, it is significant that India adopted decentralization through the 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act, devolving resource management functions to the local government. However, there is limited work on how local government engages with devolved functions and what factors influence its resource management interventions. Consequently, we investigate the factors that influence the involvement of local government in natural resource management across three village councils in India. Taking a critical realist approach, we find that although multiple factors exert their influence, institutional force and actors’ rational incentives serve as key causal factors explaining local government’s involvement with resource management.

Siasat Kebudayaan Komunitas Adat Dayak Lepoq terhadap Kebijakan Pelarangan Membakar Lahan di Desa Lung Anai Kecamatan Loa Kulu Kabupaten Kutai Kartanegara

This study focused on the cultural strategies of the Dayak Kenyah traditional community in Lung Anai Village in farming practices as a response to the government policy concerning controlling forest and land burn. The cultural strategy referred to was a social practice related to the management and utilization of local resources, including the practice of local wisdom in farming in the form of burning which is passed down from one generation to the next. The research method that the researcher used was a type of qualitative descriptive research with data collection carried out by means of observation and in-depth interviews. The findings from this research were that the response of the Dayak Kenyah Lung Anai to the policy of prohibiting land burning was very diverse. The public responded to this policy in two ways, namely attitudes and actions. Their attitude was gossip and the actions of the community were carrying out one-time demonstrations. The Lung Anai community had a closed resistance, namely burning in the afternoon until evening, providing barriers, asking companies for help, using village land, increasing income. The conclusion of this research is that the cultural tactics carried out is a form of resistance by indigenous communities to government policies in order to survive by maintaining their traditions in the practice of managing and utilizing local resources.

A New GRACE Downscaling Approach for Deriving High‐Resolution Groundwater Storage Changes Using Ground‐Based Scaling Factors

AbstractTo compensate for the coarse resolution of groundwater storage (GWS) estimation by the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellites and make better use of available observed groundwater‐level (GWL) data in some aquifers, a ground‐based scaling factor (SF) method is proposed here to derive high‐resolution GRACE GWS estimates. Improvement is achieved by using the gridded SF derived from assimilating ground‐based GWL observations. The proposed SF method is tested on the North China Plain (NCP, ∼140,000 km2), where a dense network of observation wells and a consistently estimated specific yield (SY) data set are available, to demonstrate its effectiveness and practical applications. The sensitivities of SF‐estimated GWS accuracy to the specification of SY and the assimilation of GWL observation data are explored through four designed numerical experiments. Results show that this novel ground‐based method can reduce the impact of SY uncertainty on GWS estimates, particularly in regions with more pronounced regional GWS trends. The accuracy of SF‐estimated GWS is primarily determined by whether the assimilated wells can reflect the regionally averaged GWS trend. GWS accuracy is less dependent on the number of available wells assimilated. The estimated GWS trend (2004–2015) in NCP is −32.6 ± 1.3 mm/yr (−4.6 ± 0.2 km3/yr), with contrasting GWS trends found in the west Piedmont Plain (∼54,000 km2, with a loss of −66.8 mm/yr) and the coastal Eastern Plain (∼20,000 km2, and a gain of +7.2 mm/yr). Despite the limitations of regional and time scale dependence inherent in SF method, this study highlights the benefits of assimilating in situ observed GWL data instead of using model simulations in estimating SF to downscale GRACE GWS to the higher‐resolution that is desired by local water resources management.

The Characterization of the Building Materials Used in the Refectory of the Manzana Jesuítica in Córdoba (Argentina) on the Basis of a Study of Its Historical Background and the Archaeological Evidence

This paper explores the historical and geological background of the refectory of the Manzana Jesuítica in the city of Córdoba (Argentina), as a basis for characterising some of the building materials used in it. The aim is to gain a better understanding of the raw materials, labour, and production methods employed by the Jesuits in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. To this end, six fragments containing brick, render, and paint layers were studied by X-ray diffraction and using optical and scanning electron microscopies. Our results show that the ceramics differed solely in terms of their firing temperature, while the mortars were either air lime- or gypsum-based. The paints, mainly lime-based with clays, have similar mineralogical compositions, with some differences in colour due to the presence of goethite. This study demonstrates that the Jesuits, through their strategically situated settlements in the province of Córdoba, developed an economic system for the extraction and transport of raw materials, centred around the use of local resources. This, combined with construction techniques imported from Spain and adapted to local circumstances, was a sign of the adaptability of the Jesuit Order and their lasting influence on the region. Understanding the materials and techniques used by the Jesuits provides valuable insight into the methods of construction employed in historical buildings, offering key perspectives for their conservation. Moreover, it highlights the significance of local resource management in the longevity and preservation of these architectural works.

The Hybridisation, Resilience, and Loss of Local Knowledge and Natural Resource Management in Zambia

AbstractThe contribution of Indigenous and local knowledge (ILK) to natural resource management has recently gained increasing prominence in academia, policymaking, and civil society. However, persistent knowledge gaps concerning the contribution of ILK to sustainable landscape management remain. We investigate existing local knowledge and practices of the Tonga of Kalomo District, Zambia, and their contribution to sustainable landscape management by combining walking interviews with photovoice. Especially Tonga women and youth are important knowledge holders for land management, agricultural practices, and tree conservation. We found that local knowledge is often ‘hybridised’ with ‘external knowledge’ when local knowledge alone is deemed insufficient. In some cases, introduced ‘external knowledges’ are simply reconstituted long-standing local practices. Nevertheless, local communities often perceive external knowledge holders as “knowing better.” Finally, we show how local knowledge and associated practices have been simultaneously eroded and lost and describe those that have remained resilient to provide insights into the complexity of hybridisation processes where different knowledge systems interact.

Dynamic Changes and Driving Factors in the Surface Area of Ebinur Lake over the Past Three Decades

Dryland lakes are indispensable to regional water resource systems. Ebinur Lake, the largest saline lake in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, is vital for regional biodiversity and environmental stability but has been facing the predicament of gradual shrinkage in recent decades. In this study, we proposed a new dual-index method for Landsat (-5, -7, -8, and -9) data to extract water with the combinations of the normalized difference water index (NDWI) and the modified NDWI for turbid waters (NDWIturbid). The dual-index method showed a high overall accuracy of 96.36% for Ebinur Lake. Landsat series images from 1992 to 2023 were employed to acquire the water areas of Ebinur Lake. The results showed that, over the past three decades, the area of Ebinur Lake exhibited a fluctuating decreasing trend, with an average lake area of 568.74 ± 152.43 km². The northwest intermittent water areas showed significant changes, and there was a close connection between the northwest and core water areas. Seasonally, the lake area decreased from spring to autumn. River inflow, driven by rainfall and human activities, was the primary factor affecting the inter/inner annual changes in Ebinur Lake. Furthermore, due to the valley effects, wind was found to be a critical factor in the diurnal changes in the water areas. This study should deepen the understanding of the variations of Ebinur Lake and benefit local water resource management.

Lake water storage changes and their cause analysis in Mongolia

Lake is an important water resources in Mongolia, which has undergone a large variation in past decades. However, it is still challenging to monitor long-term changes in lake water storage (LWS) due to the lack of lake level monitoring and long-term satellite altimetry data for Mongolian lakes. According to the Advanced Land Observing Satellite Digital Elevation Model (ALOS DEM) and the Joint Research Centre (JRC) dataset, we estimated the LWS changes of 55 Mongolian lakes (> 10 km2) from 1991 to 2020. The results showed that the LWS increased by 40.24 km3 from 1991 to 1997, especially for northwestern Mongolia with 31.47 km3. However, the LWS decreased by 32.44 km3 from 1998 to 2010, and the lakes in the northwestern and southern decreased by 20.24 km3 (62%) and 7.38 km3 (23%), respectively, and then the LWS continued to decrease by 10.22 km3 from 2011 to 2020. The precipitation was the primary cause of lake change, which could explain 45.13% of LWS change based on Generalized Linear Model, followed by temperature (26.33%) and irrigated area (16.72%). Analyzing the changing characteristic and driving mechanisms of LWS can provide a scientific basis for local water resources management and planning.

Pemberdayaan Ekonomi Masyarakat dengan Literasi dan Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Lokal di Desa Perkebunan Maryke

Community economic empowerment is a strategic step in improving welfare and economic independence, especially in areas rich in local resources. Economic literacy plays a crucial role in this process, as it provides communities with the knowledge and skills to understand and manage resources efficiently and sustainably. This article examines efforts to empower communities economically through the enhancement of literacy and the management of local resources. With an economic literacy approach that covers aspects of financial management, business operations, and marketing, communities can maximize the potential of local resources to create added economic value. This study highlights various forms of local resources, such as agricultural products, fisheries, and handicrafts, and their potential to drive local economic growth. The analysis shows that good economic literacy not only improves the community's ability to make informed economic decisions but also contributes to poverty reduction and overall improvement in the quality of life. Therefore, empowerment through literacy and local resource management is key to achieving inclusive and sustainable economic development.

TRANSFORMASI USAHA SAMPAN PADA KELOMPOK MASYARAKAT SUNGAI MELALUI OTOMATISASI DAN STRATEGI PEMASARAN INOVATIF

Area-based development emphasizes the optimal management of local resources to achieve community welfare. Kampung Beting, Pontianak, has great potential in transportation and river tourism but is hindered by a negative stigma as a center for drug trafficking. Through community service programs, business transformation is applied to the boat mining group with automation, installing waterproof canopies, using solar cell lights, and rebranding. The results show increased operational efficiency, revenue, and a regional image change. Innovative marketing strategies that capitalize on historical and cultural potential have successfully enhanced tourist attraction and local community welfare.

Pemberdayaan Masyarakat dalam Memanfaatkan Lahan Pekarangan Kosong Melalui Program Kebun Sehat di Desa Kedawung Wetan Pasuruan

Community empowerment in utilizing empty yard land through the Healthy Garden program is an initiative in Buntalan Hamlet, Kedawung Wetan Village, Grati, Pasuruan to increase food independence and welfare. The method used is Asset-Based Community Development (ABCD) approach. This program focuses on community empowerment through the management of local assets, especially yard land that is not optimally utilized. The goal is to transform the land into a productive garden that produces vegetables, fruits, and medicinal plants to support the nutritional needs and health of the community. This empowerment process involves various stages, starting from discovery (identifying assets), dream (dreaming about the future), design (designing programs), define (determining actions), and destiny (implementing actions). The result is the formation of a healthy garden that functions as an example for the wider community and improves farming skills and local resource management. This program has a positive impact in reducing stunting rates, increasing food independence, and creating a healthier and more independent community in a sustainable manner.

Evaluating the Economic Viability of Agro-Ecotourism as a Nature-Based Solution for a Climate Adaptation Strategy: A Case Study of Yuanshan Township, Taiwan

This study applied the contingent valuation method to evaluate the economic viability of climate adaptation policies in the climate-fragile Yuanshan Township (YST), Taiwan, focusing on the balance between forest conservation and local livelihoods. Traditional agriculture in YST is transitioning to agro-ecotourism, supported by leisure-oriented and hillside forest protection policies that attract visitors and cause the local economy to thrive. This research used non-market valuation methods to quantify the value of local recreational resources perceived by visitors at NTD 1002.00 per visitor. The findings indicate that visitors’ willingness to pay for these resources is significantly influenced by their intention to revisit YST, their trust in local conservation efforts, their gender, and their income. The value that visitors place on recreational resources and the aforementioned significant determinants of their willingness to pay highlight the economic potential of agro-ecotourism in supporting both environmental sustainability and community income. This study emphasizes that successful nature-based climate adaptation must consider the economic interests of resource users and local residents. Agro-ecotourism in YST is shown to be a viable policy for balancing forest conservation with societal benefits, providing a model for the sustainable management of local resources. The economic benefits from this transition underscore the feasibility of agricultural transformation for community income generation and climate resilience, demonstrating that environmental and economic goals can be mutually supportive in addressing climate change.

Could California's groundwater resource management lessons be beneficial to England?

In California, Groundwater Sustainability Agencies (GSAs) are basin/catchment-specific water organizations mandated by the Sustainable Groundwater Management Act of 2014 to manage groundwater sustainably by 2040/2042. A GSA can charge replenishment fees for pumped groundwater and these fees can be used to: (a) monitor basin hydrologic conditions; (b) improve the water budget accuracy; (c) increase water availability through management actions and projects; (d) mitigate undesirable results; and/or (e) pay for activities including issuing allocations and limiting production to allocations. In England, housing is frequently proposed in river basin catchments that face water resource challenges. High profile examples are the Arun Valley and Cambridge. The current National Planning Policy Framework manages water resource planning strategically through water company Water Resource Management Plans or Environment Agency River Basin Management Plans. These processes can be slow to respond to development requirements. England might look to California's practices that require water users and developers to pay for ‘water credits’ or fees. This could involve a ‘Watermaster’ charged with local or catchment scale resource management and project implementation. This Watermaster could engage all stakeholders including the local water company, farmers, the Environment Agency and the local authority, none of whom is well positioned to act in isolation.

Contrasting Non-Timber Forest Products’ Case Studies in Underdeveloped Areas in China

Enhancing the sustainability of the non-timber forest products industry has dual significance for both the management of local forest resources and socio-economic development. This paper adopts a systems theory perspective to construct an analytical model for the sustainable development of non-timber forest products, based on a “social-economic-natural” framework. By analyzing case studies of non-timber forest products industry sustainability from four underdeveloped counties in China, the paper derives the following main conclusions and insights: The sustainability of non-timber forest products development models is influenced by factors such as resource endowments and institutional environments and includes both single and composite models. Underdeveloped regions can achieve considerable sustainability in the development of non-timber forest products, but this requires a rational allocation of six key elements—policy, model, stakeholders, natural resources, funding, and technology—to stimulate industry growth. To promote the sustainable development of this industry, optimization should be pursued across five aspects: “policy leadership and top-level design to guide industry development”, “selection of appropriate development models based on local natural endowments and socio-economic foundations”, “large enterprise-driven mechanisms to form multi-stakeholder interest connections”, “focus on product technology research and development, and establishment of technical training mechanisms”, and “market-driven funding to develop product sales markets”.

A new paradigm for local infrastructure to enhance the potential of Finiq and its surrounding

The main aim of this report is to promote an innovative approach for Municipalities, engineers and designers showing instruments and methodologies to envision a new paradigm for the future of those areas that area suffering emigration of population and lack of infrastructures. A specific case study has been identify in the village of Finiq, located in the South of Albania - and topic of the 8th International Workshop of Tirana – which, due to the isolation of its population, related to historical and geo-morphological characteristics, is registering a constant shrinking of the inhabitants in search of occupational and educational facilities. Within the development of the investigation Finiq has been first evaluated at local scale – estimating the needs of the inhabitants – and secondly it has been systemised with the sur- rounding villages: Aliko, Mesopotam, Vrion. This approach led to an implementation of the interconnection within the villages as necessary action to overcome the isolation of all the inhabitants. This analysis has been the starting point for the definition of the strategy to adopt as an opportunity to develop an innovative structure for the management of mobility, local resources and energy use, to increase the touristic attractiveness of the site and to provide the inhabit- ant with a strategic and widespread infrastructure. To be truly effective, the mentioned approach includes an active participation of the citizen/ user, who becomes the main actor and prosumer of his own infrastructure and whom, through an adequate information program, becomes able to modify and align his own behaviors to this new one paradigm. The outcome of this report has the characteristics to be implemented and replicated in other context with similar issues, not only by designers but also by public administrations or private stakeholders that have to confront with similar social and demographic issues, putting an end to the systematic abandonment of the areas and to unlock their economic and demographic development.

Analysis of Hydrological Changes in the Fuhe River Basin in the Context of Climate Change

Against the backdrop of global warming, assessing the effects of climate change on hydrological processes is crucial for local water resource management. Variations in temperature, precipitation, and runoff at four different timescales in the Fuhe River Basin were evaluated based on observational data collected from 1960 to 2020 using the Mann–Kendall test. The findings indicated significant increases in average temperatures for the annual, flood season, and non-flood season periods, rising by 0.0197, 0.0145, and 0.0278 °C every annum, respectively (p < 0.01). Precipitation exhibited non-significant upward trends at all timescales (p > 0.1). The trend in flood season runoff was also non-significantly upward, whereas annual runoff and non-flood season runoff displayed non-significant downward trends (p > 0.1). Flood season temperature decreased with increasing altitude, exhibiting a significant Pearson correlation coefficient of −0.744 at the 0.01 level. Conversely, annual, flood, and non-flood season precipitation significantly increased with increasing altitude, with Pearson correlation coefficients of 0.678 at the 0.01 level, 0.695 at the 0.01 level, and 0.558 at the 0.05 significance level, respectively. Precipitation and runoff exhibited similar trends throughout the year, increasing initially and then decreasing over time, reaching maximum values in June. Climate change is likely responsible for the hydrological alterations in the study basin. The findings of the study could provide references for water resource management decisions in the Fuhe River Basin.

Projected future changes in the cryosphere and hydrology of a mountainous catchment in the upper Heihe River, China

Abstract. Climate warming exacerbates the degradation of the mountain cryosphere, including glacier retreat, permafrost degradation, and snow cover reduction. These changes dramatically alter the local and downstream hydrological regime, posing significant threats to basin-scale water resource management and sustainable development. However, this issue is still not adequately addressed, particularly in mountainous catchments. We developed an integrated cryospheric–hydrologic model, the FLEX-Cryo model, to comprehensively consider glaciers, snow cover, and frozen soil and their dynamic impacts on hydrological processes. Taking the mountainous Hulu catchment located in the upper Heihe River of China as a case study, we utilized the state-of-the-art climate change projection data under two scenarios (SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5) from the sixth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) to simulate the future changes in the mountainous cryosphere and their impacts on hydrology. Our findings showed that under the medium-emission scenario (SSP2-4.5) and high-emission scenario (SSP5-8.5), by the end of the 21st century, the glacier will completely melt out around the years 2051 and 2045, respectively. The annual maximum snow water equivalent is projected to decrease by 41.4 % and 46.0 %, while the duration of snow cover will be reduced by approximately 45 and 70 d. The freeze onset of seasonally frozen soil is expected to be delayed by 10 and 22 d, while the thaw onset of permafrost is likely to advance by 19 and 32 d. Moreover, the maximum freeze depth of seasonally frozen soil is projected to decrease by 5.2 and 10.9 cm per decade, and the depth of the active layer will increase by 8.2 and 15.5 cm per decade. Regarding hydrology, catchment total runoff exhibits a decreasing trend, and the tipping point of glacier runoff occurs approximately between 2019 and 2021. Permafrost degradation will likely reduce the duration of low runoff in the early thawing season; the discontinuous baseflow recession gradually transitions into linear recessions, and the baseflow increases. Our results highlight the significant changes expected in the mountainous cryosphere and hydrology in the future. These findings enhance our understanding of cold-region hydrological processes and have the potential to assist local and downstream water resource management in addressing the challenges posed by climate change.

Groundwater quality analysis in Hail region of northwest Saudi Arabia based on physicochemical investigation

The acquired groundwater data from seventeen wells were hydrochemically analyzed for Sulfate, Chloride, Ammonia, Nitrate, Nitrite, pH, EC (Electrical Conductivity), TDS (Total Dissolved Solids), total hardness, and total alkalinity concentrations and then compared to the national and international standards. The results range as follows: pH (6.65–8.26), EC (382–1214 μS·cm−1), Total hardness (72–310 ppm), TDS (258–775 ppm), Total alkalinity (54–138 ppm), Cl- (19–202 ppm), Ammonia (NH3) (0.0 to 1.5 mg/liter), Nitrate (NO3) (4.7 to 65.6 ppm), Nitrite (NO2) (0.007 to 0.05 ppm), and sulfate (SO4) (29–278 ppm). About 70.58 % of the study area’s groundwater samples have TDS levels below 500 mg/l, which are considered safe for drinking. The EC of the groundwater found that 100 % of the samples fall within the allowed level. Based on these results, the groundwater quality is suitable for drinking and irrigation purposes in Hail region. Hence, this research shows that using GIS and chemical analysis of groundwater could be useful tools for the decision-making process of local and international authorities and water resources management.

УПРАВЛІННЯ ФІНАНСОВИМИ РЕСУРСАМИ ТЕРИТОРІАЛЬНИХ ГРОМАД У СИСТЕМІ ПУБЛІЧНИХ ФІНАНСІВ

The article examines the elements of managing the financial resources of territorial communities in the public finance system. The essence of the concept of public finance was analyzed, the classification of the sources of the formation of financial resources of territorial communities was considered, the level of effectiveness of local self-government bodies in the implementation of the functions and powers assigned to them and their role in managing the resource potential of socio-economic development of administrative-territorial units was investigated. It is established that local financial resources management is carried out using an integrated approach, which includes a combination of resources of the State and non-State sectors of the economy. This is done with a view to achieving the goals and indicators of socio-economic development set out in the planning process in the interests of the population of the administrative-territorial entity. In this context, it is important to apply the principles of financial support for the development of territorial communities in the activities of local public authorities. The analysis of the development of the local finance management system has led to the conclusion that it is advisable to determine a comprehensive indicator of the resource provision of local budgets. It should take into account the indicators of revenues per capita, the percentage of budget subsidies, the amount of funds raised through grant support project activities, the share of borrowing made to the local budget, the assessment of the communal property management indicators of the territorial community, etc. The generalised indicator will make it possible to compare the state of financial and resource provision of the territorial community in regions with different levels of economic, natural, recreational and social potential. At the same time, it should be clearly understood that the system of financial management of territorial communities is fundamentally determined by those who actually, not nominally, influence the development and implementation of management decisions and have actual levers of influence on it.

Community-based agricultural revitalization in Ngringo Village, Jaten Subdistrict, Karanganyar Regency

Background: Development involves conscious efforts and activities aimed at achieving positive change within a community. It requires the participation of all societal layers, with the government acting as a facilitator and guide. The government and the community must work harmoniously to achieve the desired goals. National agricultural development often focuses on villages close to municipalities, benefiting from hierarchical governance and advanced rural agricultural practices. This development can progress with political support, as outlined in Law Number 6 of 2014 on Villages, which aims to improve welfare, enhance human resources, and reduce rural poverty through sustainable management of local resources and the environment. This study aims to understand the potential and issues facing Ngringo Village, analyze the structural transformations, examine the institutional changes, assess the technology transfer, and identify a suitable agricultural development model. Methods: The research employs qualitative methods, including field observations, interviews with key informants, and analysis of secondary data from relevant literature and official documents. Result: The results indicate that Ngringo Village has significant potential due to its strategic location and developed infrastructure. However, challenges such as reduced agricultural land and a shift in economic activities from agriculture to industrial sectors are evident. Institutional support through local farmer groups and technology adoption has been crucial in addressing some of these challenges. Conclusion: In conclusion, while Ngringo Village faces challenges due to rapid structural changes and urbanization, the village has managed to sustain its agricultural practices through effective institutional support and technology transfer. The study suggests that a location-based development model, considering both agricultural and non-agricultural factors, is essential for the sustainable development of Ngringo Village. Novelty/Originality of this study: This study produces a location-based agricultural development model that considers both agricultural and non-agricultural factors, providing practical guidance for local governments in planning sustainable development in villages facing rapid urbanization, such as Ngringo Village.

Exploring how community context informs variations in local perceptions of forest disturbance and land management in Colorado over time

Place-based socio-economic and biophysical context has been viewed as an essential driver in shaping perceptions of forest risks and land management. Growing evidence of the importance of diverse community context in forested landscapes sets the stage to further consider how people's understandings of their local environment influence natural resource management preferences. However, research to date largely lacks considerations of how community context informs social responses to long-term environmental change over time. Using the mountain pine beetle (MPB) outbreak in Colorado, we analyze and compare longitudinal interview and survey data collected from nine north-central Colorado communities to understand the relationships between community context and changing perceptions of forest disturbance and engagement with land management. Both qualitative and quantitative findings show that community context framed and continues to inform variations in local perceptions of the MPB outbreak and forest management. Interviews with key informants provided rich narratives on different context-based trajectories in local residents' perceptional responses, while survey data allowed for general patterns of evolving community variations (e.g., stable or clearer community clustering, reduced community differences) to be uncovered. We explore methodological implications for community indication and future directions for understanding differing community responses to slow-moving environmental change. Incorporating knowledge of changing local contexts and variations can also help practitioners advance toward more dynamic and effective management strategies.