Local Regional Anesthesia Research Articles

Comparing Different Multimodal Analgesia Protocols for Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty-A Retrospective Cohort Analysis.

Background: Several local regional anesthesia regimes have been described in the literature to reduce post-surgical pain following total knee arthroplasty (TKA), but it is unclear which regime has the best analgetic effect combined with the best motor function. The aim of this study was to determine if patients with infiltration between the popliteal artery and capsule of the posterior knee (IPACK) combined with an adductor canal block (SACB) had less pain, better motor function, and less opioid consumption after TKA than patients with a femoral nerve block (FNB) combined with a popliteal sciatic nerve block (PSB). Methods: In a retrospective cohort analysis, 342 patients following primary TKA were examined; 175 patients were treated with an IPACK combined with a SACB, and 167 patients with a femoral FNB combined with a PSB. The outcome parameters postoperative pain (visual analogue scale (VAS) for mobilization and at rest, functional recovery, opioid consumption, hospital discharge, and complications were analyzed and compared between both groups. Results: The IPACK/SACB group had a higher postoperative need for opioids despite higher doses of ropivacaine compared to the FNB/PSB group, accompanied by higher VAS scores. Patients' satisfaction was equal between the groups. Both groups showed comparable mobilization rates and walking distances following TKA. Conclusions: IPACK/SACB showed equal results compared to FNB/PSB for mobilization rates and patients' satisfaction following TKA without a reduction in opioid consumption.

Application of propofol-remifentanil intravenous general anesthesia combined with regional block in pediatric ophthalmic surgery

ObjectiveThe aim of this study is to observe the anesthetic effect and safety of intravenous anesthesia without muscle relaxant with propofol-remifentanil combined with regional block under laryngeal mask airway in pediatric ophthalmologic surgery.MethodsA total of 90 undergoing ophthalmic surgery were anesthetized with general anesthesia using the laryngeal mask airway without muscle relaxant. They were randomly divided into two groups: 45 children who received propofol-remifentanil intravenous anesthesia combined with regional block (LG group), and 45 children who received total intravenous anesthesia (G group). The peri-operative circulatory indicators, awakening time after general anesthesia, postoperative analgesic effect and the incidence of anesthesia-related adverse events were respectively compared between the two groups.ResultsAll the children successfully underwent the surgical procedure. The awakening time after general anesthesia and removal time of laryngeal mask were significantly shorter in the LG group than in the G group (P < 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in the heart rates in the perioperative period between the two groups (P > 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of intraoperative physical response, respiratory depression, postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) and emergence agitation (EA) between the two groups (P > 0.05). The pain score at the postoperative hour 2 was lower in the LG group than in the G group (P < 0.05).ConclusionPropofol-remifentanil intravenous anesthesia combined with long-acting local anesthetic regional block anesthesia, combined with laryngeal mask ventilation technology without muscle relaxants, can be safely used in pediatric eye surgery to achieve rapid and smooth recovery from general anesthesia and better postoperative analgesia. This anesthesia scheme can improve the comfort and safety of children in perioperative period, and has a certain clinical popularization value.

Endoscopic Primary Breast Augmentation With Loco-Regional Anesthesia: Preliminary Experience of 200 Consecutive Patients

Abstract Background Breast augmentation with implants recorded over 1.6 billion procedures globally in 2022. To reduce surgical trauma and complications and facilitate a fast recovery, we employ an ultrasound-guided local–regional anesthesia technique, the creation of a partial submuscular implant pocket by direct endoscopic visualization and minimal skin access on the mammary fold. Objectives The aim in this study is to evaluate whether breast augmentation performed in endoscopy under local–regional anesthesia reduces postoperative recovery time, reduces complications, and increases patient satisfaction. Methods Patients provided their consent through a signed form. We set strict inclusion and exclusion criteria. We prospectively evaluated postoperative pain and recovery times, the rate of complications, and patient satisfaction at 12 months postsurgery. Results Between January 2021 and September 2022, 200 patients met the inclusion criteria. The average operation time was 54.2 min. Patients were discharged from the hospital within 2 to 3 h. Eighty-nine percent of patients expressed great satisfaction with the result. None of the patients experienced postsurgical complications. Conclusions In our initial study, we showed that endoscopic breast augmentation conducted under localized anesthesia is safe. It allows for quick recovery postsurgery and swift resumption of everyday activities. The overall complication risk is less than what has been reported in scientific studies for the classic dual-plane technique. Moreover, this approach yields excellent patient satisfaction. Additional prospective and randomized studies will be required to enhance the scientific validity of this technique. Moreover, a larger patient cohort will be essential to stratify the risks associated with varying prosthetic volumes. Level of Evidence: 4

Locoregional Anesthesia's Association With Reduced Intensive Care Unit Stay After Elective Endovascular Aneurysm Repair: Impact of Temporal Changes in Practice Patterns

BackgroundElective endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) can be performed via local anesthetics and/or regional (epidural or spinal) anesthesia (locoregional [LR]), versus general anesthesia (GA), conferring reduced intensive care unit (ICU) and hospital stays. Current analyses fail to account for temporal changes in vascular practice. Therefore, this study aimed to confirm reductions in ICU and hospital stays among LR patients while accounting for changes in practice patterns. Materials and methodsUsing the Society for Vascular Surgery's Vascular Quality Initiative, elective EVARs from August 2003 to June 2021 were grouped into LR or GA. Outcomes included ICU admission and prolonged hospital stay (>2 d). Procedures were stratified into groups of 2 y periods, and outcomes were analyzed within each time period. Univariable and multivariate analyses were used to assess outcomes. ResultsLR was associated with reduced ICU admissions (22.3% versus 32.1%, P < 0.001) and prolonged hospital stays (14.3% versus 7.9%, P < 0.001) overall. When stratified by year, LR maintained its association with reduced ICU admissions in 2014-2015 (21.8% versus 34.0%, P < 0.001), 2016-2017 (23.6% versus 31.6%, P < 0.001), 2018-2019 (18.5% versus 30.2%, P < 0.001), and 2020-2021 (15.8% versus 28.8%, P < 0.001), although this was highly facility dependent. LR was associated with fewer prolonged hospital stays in 2014-2015 (15.6% versus 20.4%, P = 0.001) and 2016-2017 (13.3% versus 16.6%, P = 0.006) but not after 2017. ConclusionsGA and LR have similar rates of prolonged hospital stays after 2017, while LR anesthesia was associated with reduced rates of ICU admissions, although this is facility-dependent, providing a potential avenue for resource preservation in patients suitable for LR.

The effects of different anesthetic approaches on recurrence in the surgical treatment of ganglion cysts

Aim: The surgical treatment of ganglion cysts usually involves local anesthesia (LA), regional anesthesia (RA), and axillary block applications. We aimed to show the effects of these anesthesia types on recurrence in surgically treated ganglion cysts. Material and Method: Between 2017-2019,142 patients were operated on in our clinic due to the dorsal ganglion cyst of the wrist. Cysts outside the dorsal region and patients who did not regularly attend their follow-up visits for at least 12 months were excluded. One hundred and thirty-five patients, with a mean age of 39.3 (15-73) years, were included in the study. LA (Group I) was applied to the patients who stated that they could tolerate the pain, and RA was used on those who stated that they could not (Group II) after preoperative anesthesia consultations. The files of the patients in both groups were reviewed retrospectively, and the effect of anesthesia type on recurrence was investigated. Results: Recurrence rates were significantly lower in the RA group compared to those in the LA group (p=0.049). The risk of recurrence in the LA group was 2.80 (0.95-8.28) times higher than in the RA group. The mean operation time of the RA group was significantly lower than that of the local anesthesia group (p=0.0001). Conclusion: The fact that RA allows tourniquet applications with deeper and longer-lasting anesthesia compared to LA increases surgical comfort and makes way for the comfortable dissection of the cyst and total excision of all components within a short operative time.

Outcomes of Dexmedetomidine with Local Regional Anesthesia in Carotid Endarterectomy

Adequate sedation to complement regional techniques in carotid endarterectomy (CEA) can be challenging. Dexmedetomidine has both analgesic and amnesic properties and is reported to be a safe and acceptable alternative to conventional general endotracheal anesthesia (GETA). Outcomes observing dexmedetomidine in conjunction with regional anesthesia in CEA are not well described or known. Compare the immediate (during hospitalization) and short-term (within 30days of hospitalization) postoperative outcomes in patients who underwent CEA using GETA versus local regional anesthesia (LRA) alone versus dexmedetomidine with LRA at a single institution to determine whether dexmedetomidine is a safe adjunct and if there are anesthesia advantages over LRA alone. A retrospective cohort study from January 2015 to December 2019 at Saint Joseph Mercy Ann Arbor. Patients were stratified into three groups based on anesthesia type: GETA, LRA, and dexmedetomidine (D) + LRA. Primary outcomes included stroke, myocardial infarction (MI), and death. Patient demographics were characterized and adjusted using propensity score weighting. Three hundred seventy nine patients met inclusion criteria; 182 patients in the GETA group, 66 in the D+LRA, and 131 in LRA. There were no significant differences across anesthesia groups in primary outcomes of stroke, MI, and death during the admission. The GETA group had significantly longer length of stay (LOS) compared to the D+LRA group (LOS=1.51days versus 0.85days; P=0.011) and the LRA group (LOS=1.08days; P=0.003). However, there was no significant difference in hospital LOS between the D+LRA group and LRA only groups (P=0.952). There was no significant difference between stroke (LRA 0.87%, GETA 0.85%, and LRA+Dex 3.52%), MI (LRA 0%, GETA 0.49%, LRA+Dex 0%), or death (LRA 5.24%, GETA 1.16%, LRA+Dex 0%), within 30days between all three of the anesthesia groups. There was no significant difference in postoperative pain scores when comparing the GETA group (mean 1.3, standard deviation [SD] 2.5) to LRA (mean 1.2, SD 2.1) and between LRA and D+LRA (mean 0.9, SD 2.1). Procedure time (time of skin incision to closure) and total room time were comparable among all three anesthesia groups (LRA 2.2hr, SD 2.2; GETA 2.1hr, SD 0.5; LRA+Dex 2.1hr, SD 0.5). The use of dexmedetomidine in addition to LRA is a safe and acceptable alternative to conventional GETA or LRA alone in CEA with shorter length of hospital stay when compared with GETA, improved patient tolerance based on physician observation, and similar rates of immediate and short-term complications and postoperative pain scores.

Poster 245: Periarticular Local Infiltrative Anesthesia after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Comparison to Regional Adductor Canal Block with Matched Sub-Analysis

Objectives:There is a paucity of literature that directly compares postoperative pain control and hospital recovery after using periarticular local infiltrative anesthesia (LIA) or regional anesthesia with an adductor canal block (ACB) for ambulatory anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) surgery. Additional studies are needed to investigate the analgesic efficacy of both ACB and LIA in patients undergoing ACLR surgery with concomitant procedures. The purpose of this study is to compare postoperative pain and recovery after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) in patients who received an adductor canal block (ACB) or periarticular local infiltrative anesthesia (LIA).Methods:Study Design: Retrospective comparison studyA retrospective review of a prospectively collected ACL registry was performed. Patients underwent ACLR at a single institution between January 2015 and September 2020 and received long-acting local anesthesia with a pre-operative ultrasound-guided ACB or peri-articular LIA after surgery. Visual Analog Scale (VAS) pain scores, milligram morphine equivalents (MME) consumed in the post-anesthesia care unit (PACU), and total hospital recovery time were compared. Univariate analysis was used to compare VAS pain and MME totals between overall groups and groups matched for age, sex, BMI, graft type, and meniscal treatment. A p-value < 0.05 indicated statistical significance.Results:There were 265 knees (253 patients) included (LIA, 157 knees; ACB, 108 knees). Overall, VAS pain scores before hospital discharge (LIA 2.6 ± 1.5 vs. ACB 2.4 ± 1.4, p=0.334) and total MMEs were similar (LIA 17.6 ± 7.6 vs. ACB 18.5 ± 6.7 (MME), p=0.134). Total time to discharge also did not significantly differ (LIA 137.5 (IQR:116-178) vs. ACB 147 (IQR:123-183) (min), p=0.118). Matched sub-analysis (LIA and ACB, n=94) did not reveal significant differences in VAS pain before discharge (LIA 2.4 ± 1.4 vs ACB: 2.7 ± 1.5, p=0.122) or total MMEs (LIA 18.6 ± 6.7 vs. ACB 17.9 ± 7.1, p=0.532).Conclusions:The use of ACB or LIA resulted in similar pain levels and opioid consumption during early recovery after ACLR surgery.

Local anesthetics and regional anesthesia versus conventional analgesia For preventing persistent postoperative pain (Meta-analysis)

Local anesthetics and regional anesthesia versus conventional analgesia For preventing persistent postoperative pain (Meta-analysis)

Editorial introductions.

Editorial introductions.

Assessment of Duplex Ultrasound Carried Out by the Vascular Surgeon After Locoregional Anesthesia for Preferred Arteriovenous Fistula Access

Preoperative vascular mapping by duplex ultrasound is required in construction of an arteriovenous fistula for hemodialysis (AVF). Due to venous vasospasm in cool temperatures and variability of the dialysis patient's blood volume, the conditions for performing this examination may be less than ideal. However, local regional anesthesia (LRA) resulting in vasodilation of the limb, can allow the use of veins considered to be of insufficient caliber during preoperative ultrasound mapping. The aim of this study was to assess the functionality of AVF when duplex ultrasound is performed by the surgeon following LRA. These results were compared with those from the preceding year, during which preoperative duplex ultrasound had been performed without LRA by vascular specialists, (Clinical Trial registration number: NCT04978155). This is a prospective study of all the patients having received AVF after systematic immediate preoperative ultrasound (US) under LRA (US-LRA group) in 2020. The initial surgical programming based on the Silva criteria was reported by a vascular medicine specialist. The change of AVF strategy following US-LRA was reported together with AVF usability and patency and compared to the results of the control group, in which AVF had been performed in 2019 without US-LRA. Ninety patients were included in the US-LRA group and 93 in the control group. Modified surgical planning was observed in 38% of cases (35/90) in the US-LRA group including more distal AVF in 28% of patients (26/90) and alternative target vein in 6.6% (6/90). AVF usability at 6 weeks was 80% (72/90) in the US-LRA group and 51.6% (48/93) in the control group (P < 0.001). Median follow-up was 12 months [IQR:9-15] in the US-LRA group and 13 months [IQR:9-18] in the control group. Primary patency at 6, 12, 18 months was significantly better in the US-LRA group (73.6% vs. 57.4%, 54.4% vs. 40.2%, 31.3% vs. 28.2%, respectively, P < 0.001). Assisted patency and secondary patency were comparable in the two groups. This study showed the benefit of having the surgeon perform US-LRA before starting the procedure, thereby allowing for more distal AVF, better usability and patency.

Hemodiyaliz için arteriyovenöz fistül oluşturulmasında lokal anestezi ve bölgesel blok anestezi tekniklerinin karşılaştırılması

Abstract&#x0D; Objective: To compare local anesthesia and regional anesthesia techniques in the creation of AVFs for hemodialysis in patients with chronic kidney disease.&#x0D; Methods: A total of 90 patients who underwent AVF creation were divided into regional and local anesthesia groups. Postoperative complications, maturation time and running status of the fistulas were recorded and compared between the two groups. All patients were followed-up for six months. AVF creation was performed by shunting the cephalic vein to the radial artery of the wrist under either local or regional anesthesia. &#x0D; Results: No significant difference was found between the groups in terms of age (p=0.209) and gender (p=0.455). The most commonly encountered postoperative complications included pain, hematoma and infection. There was no significant difference between the groups in terms of postoperative complications (for all p&gt;0.05). No statistically significant difference was observed between the groups in terms of the running status of the fistulas (for all p&gt;0.05). The median maturation time was statistically significantly shorter in patients undergoing regional block anesthesia (p

Inhaled Anesthetics: Environmental Role, Occupational Risk, and Clinical Use.

Inhaled anesthetics have been in clinical use for over 150 years and are still commonly used in daily practice. The initial view of inhaled anesthetics as indispensable for general anesthesia has evolved during the years and, currently, its general use has even been questioned. Beyond the traditional risks inherent to any drug in use, inhaled anesthetics are exceptionally strong greenhouse gases (GHG) and may pose considerable occupational risks. This emphasizes the importance of evaluating and considering its use in clinical practices. Despite the overwhelming scientific evidence of worsening climate changes, control measures are very slowly implemented. Therefore, it is the responsibility of all society sectors, including the health sector to maximally decrease GHG emissions where possible. Within the field of anesthesia, the potential to reduce GHG emissions can be briefly summarized as follows: Stop or avoid the use of nitrous oxide (N2O) and desflurane, consider the use of total intravenous or local-regional anesthesia, invest in the development of new technologies to minimize volatile anesthetics consumption, scavenging systems, and destruction of waste gas. The improved and sustained awareness of the medical community regarding the climate impact of inhaled anesthetics is mandatory to bring change in the current practice.

Monitored Anesthesia Care Versus General Anesthesia as the Primary Anesthetic for Ankle Amputations

The authors hypothesized that monitored anesthesia care (MAC)-either by local sedation or regional anesthesia (RA)-compared with general anesthesia (GA), would be associated with lower odds of significant 30-day postoperative complications and mortality in patients undergoing an ankle amputation. Retrospective cohort study. Inpatient. The authors used data from patients who underwent ankle amputation from the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program registry. RA as primary anesthetic. A multivariate logistic regression was used to evaluate the association of primary anesthesia type with the outcomes. The regression analysis included all covariates to test the association of the primary exposure variable (anesthesia type) with each outcome of interest. The odds ratio (OR), with associated 95% confidence interval (CI), was reported for each covariate. There were a total of 3,368 patients undergoing guillotine amputation through the tibia/fibula (n = 2,935) or ankle disarticulation (n = 433). Among these patients, 15.5% (n = 491) received MAC as their primary anesthetic. Among all patients, 11.4% (n = 363) experienced a significant postoperative complication. On multivariate logistic regression, MAC was found to decrease odds of postoperative complications (OR 0.57, 95% CI 0.40-0.82, p = 0.002), but not mortality (OR 1.26, 95% CI 0.87-1.84, p = 0.22). This study showed that MAC was associated with improved outcomes, as opposed to GA, as the primary anesthetic in ankle amputations.

Upper Arm Arteriovenous Grafts are Superior over Forearm Arteriovenous Grafts in Upper Extremity Dialysis Access

In this study, we compared the outcomes of forearm arteriovenous grafts (AVGs) and upper arm AVGs in a large, prospectively collected data set, which represents real-world experience with upper extremity prosthetic dialysis access, to determine if there are clinically significant differences in the upper arm and forearm positions. We identified 2,063 patients who received upper extremity AVGs within the Vascular Quality Initiative data set (2010-2018). Axillary to axillary upper arm AVGs were excluded (n=394) from the analysis. The main outcome measures were primary and secondary patency rates at 12months. Other outcomes were 6-month wound infection, steal syndrome, and arm swelling. The log-rank test was used to evaluate patency loss using a Kaplan-Meier analysis. Cox proportional hazards models were used to examine adjusted association between locations (forearm and upper arm) and outcomes. There were 1,160 forearm AVGs and 509 upper arm brachial artery AVGs in the study cohort. Patients with forearm AVGs were more likely to have a body mass index>30 (45% vs. 38%, P=0.013), no history of previous access (73% vs. 63%, P<0.001), and underwent local-regional anesthesia (56% vs. 43%, P<0.001). The 12-month primary patency (51.5% vs. 62.9%, P<0.001) and secondary patency (76.4% vs. 89.1%, P<0.001) were significantly lower for forearm AVGs. Wound infection, steal syndrome, and arm swelling were similar between forearm AVGs and upper arm AVGs at the 6-month follow-up. In multivariable analysis, the primary patency loss (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) 1.66, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.33-2.01, P<0.001) and 12-month secondary patency loss (aHR 2.71, 95% CI 1.84-3.98, P<0.001) were significantly higher for forearm AVGs at 12months. From this observational study of the Vascular Quality Initiative data set, the primary and secondary patency rates were superior for upper arm brachial artery AVGs compared with forearm AVGs.

Anesthetic Choice During Transcarotid Artery Revascularization and Carotid Endarterectomy Has an Impact on Risk of Myocardial Infarction

Previous studies have shown no difference in outcomes of transcarotid artery revascularization (TCAR) performed under general anesthesia (GA) vs local/regional anesthesia (LRA). To date, no study has specifically compared the outcomes of TCAR with carotid endarterectomy (CEA) stratified by anesthetic type. The aim of this study was to identify the impact of anesthetic type on outcomes of TCAR vs CEA.

Local Anesthetic and Regional Anesthesia: An Update Information and Future Prospects

Local Anesthetic and Regional Anesthesia: An Update Information and Future Prospects

Mortality and Urological Complications After Open Groin Hernia Repair in Local, General, and Regional Anesthesia: A Nationwide Linked Register Study.

The choice of anesthesia method may influence mortality and postoperative urological complications after open groin hernia repair. We aimed to investigate the association between type of anesthesia and incidence of urinary retention, urethral stricture, prostate surgery, and 1-year mortality after open groin hernia repair. Data were linked from the Danish Hernia Database, the national patient register, and the register of causes of death. We investigated data on male adult patients receiving open groin hernia repair from 1999 to 2013 with either local anesthesia, regional anesthesia, or general anesthesia. In relation to the type of anesthesia, we compared mortality and urological complications up to 1 year postoperatively. We adjusted for covariates in a logistic regression assessing urological complications and with the Cox regression assessing mortality. We included 113,069 open groin hernia repairs in local anesthesia, regional anesthesia, or general anesthesia. The risk of urinary retention adjusted for covariates was higher after both general anesthesia (adjusted odds ratio = 1.64, 95% confidence interval = 1.05-2.57, p = 0.031) and regional anesthesia (odds ratio = 2.99, 95% confidence interval = 1.67-5.34, p < 0.0005) compared with local anesthesia. The adjusted risk of prostate surgery was also higher for both general anesthesia (odds ratio = 1.58, 95% confidence interval = 1.23-2.03, p < 0.0005) and regional anesthesia (odds ratio = 1.90, 95% confidence interval = 1.40-2.58, p < 0.0005) compared with local anesthesia. Type of anesthesia did not influence 1-year mortality or the risk for urethral stricture. Patients undergoing open groin hernia repair in local anesthesia experience the lowest rate of urological complications and have equally low mortality compared with patients undergoing repair in general anesthesia or regional anesthesia.

Ultrasound-Guided Percutaneous Cryoneurolysis for Postoperative Analgesia After Limb Amputation: A Case Series.

Pain after limb amputation is frequently challenging to adequately treat with local anesthetic-based regional anesthesia techniques due to its relatively long duration. Furthermore, uncontrolled pain in the immediate postoperative period is associated with persistent postsurgical pain, and frequently phantom limb pain. Cryoneurolysis is an alternative regional analgesic method to local anesthesia-based techniques. We report 3 cases in which ultrasound-guided percutaneous cryoneurolysis was performed in the perioperative period of limb amputation. All reported profound analgesia in the postoperative period without persistent postsurgical residual limb or phantom pain in the following months. No adverse events associated with the cryoneurolysis procedure occurred.

Local anesthetics and regional anesthesia versus conventional analgesia for preventing persistent postoperative pain in adults and children: A Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis update

BackgroundRegional anesthesia may mitigate the risk of persistent postoperative pain (PPP). This Cochrane review, published originally in 2012, was updated in 2017. MethodsWe updated our search of Cochrane CENTRAL, PubMed, EMBASE and CINAHL to December 2017. Only RCTs investigating local anesthetics (by any route) or regional anesthesia versus any combination of systemic (opioid or non-opioid) analgesia in adults or children, reporting any pain outcomes beyond three months were included.Data were extracted independently by at least two authors, who also appraised methodological quality with Cochrane ‘Risk of bias’ assessment and pooled data in surgical subgroups. We pooled studies across different follow-up intervals. As summary statistic, we reported the odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals and calculated the number needed to benefit (NNTB). We considered classical, Bayesian alternatives to our evidence synthesis. We explored heterogeneity and methodological bias. Results40 new and seven ongoing studies, identified in this update, brought the total included RCTs to 63. We were only able to synthesize data from 39 studies enrolling 3027 participants in a balanced design.Evidence synthesis favored regional anesthesia for thoracotomy (OR 0.52 [0.32 to 0.84], moderate-quality evidence), breast cancer surgery (OR 0.43 [0.28 to 0.68], low-quality evidence), and cesarean section (OR 0.46, [0.28 to 0.78], moderate-quality evidence). Evidence synthesis favored continuous infusion of local anesthetic after breast cancer surgery (OR 0.24 [0.08 to 0.69], moderate-quality evidence), but was inconclusive after iliac crest bone graft harvesting (OR 0.20, [0.04 to 1.09], low-quality evidence). ConclusionsRegional anesthesia reduces the risk of PPP. Small study size, performance, null, and attrition bias considerably weakened our conclusions. We cannot extrapolate to other interventions or to children.

Preoperative sonography efficacy for cholecystoscopy cannula orientation, evaluation on pigs

Background: the Cholecystoscopic Cholecystosclerosis is a single session procedure, under enhancing process, which pursues a definitive Gallbladder elimination by means of stone removal and mucous membrane ablation through Operatory Cholecystoscopy, under local-regional anesthesia, and requires the insertion of a Cholecistoscopy Cannula from the abdominal wall toward the gallbladder fundus.Objective: to assess the effectiveness of the Preoperative Sonography when it comes to finding the right place for the Cholecystoscopy Cannula insertion. It is important to achieve the Cholecystoscopy Cannula being introduced in a way that its axis matches the Gallbladder´s axis, in order to provide a suitable passage for instruments between the Cannula and the Gallbladder´s lumen.Material and Method: preoperative sonography was planned to be performed in a series of surgical interventions on pigs, in order to determine the position of the gallbladder in its three spatial dimensions, allowing a virtual projection of the organ´s axis toward the abdominal wall, thus pointing to the most suitable place for the Cholecystoscopy Cannula insertion.Results: five procedures were performed as planned, the Cholecystoscopy Cannula rapidly reached the gallbladder fundus and coincidence between cannula axis and gallbladder axis was achieved in all the cases.Conclusions: preoperative sonography seems to be very efficient for choosing the right place for Cholecystoscopy Cannula insertion accordingly to this experience.