Local Private Sector Research Articles

NHS must try outside ideas to boost staff engagement, NHS Employers says

NHS organisations should explore ideas from other sectors to improve staff engagement, the organisation NHS Employers has said. A briefing paper by NHS Employers highlights examples from local authorities, social enterprises, and private sector businesses in manufacturing, retail, and finance.1 It says that the NHS has a “proud” record on staff engagement and that it was difficult to make direct exact comparisons with other sectors. Available indicators showed …

Sosyal Belediyecilik Uygulamalarında Kent Bilgi Sistemlerinin Kullanımı: Konya Büyükşehir Belediyesi Örneği

Social policies, which have gained importance after Industrial Revolution have substantially changed in line with economic understanding. With global oil crisis in the 1970s, the process of transformation in which wealth state enter has also influenced wealth. This process of transformation which can be summarized as passage to free market economy by abandoning Keynesian economic policies, governments come to decentralize their non-fundamental duties to local administrations, private sector or non-governmental organizations. Together with social policy practices of central administrations, local administrations have come to the fore as fundamental social politic actors by moving with the times. The weight of local administrations in social policy systems can vary along countries and in recent years it is seen that municipalities in Turkey has started come to the fore with social policy practices. The concept of social policy is adopted in municipal work as social municipal work. In this context, with social data center project by the Konya Metropolitan Municipality a detailed investigation is carried out on the social fabric of the city. The project aims to inform every relief institution about any relief received in the system, to help those who are indeed need, to prevent repetitive aids and thus abuse, fairly distribute relief supplies, prevent waste of recourses by informing relief institutions to a maximum extend. In this study, the importance of data about social fabric needed to make optimal decisions in conduction of civic services and information obtained was analyzed

Demystifying the Role of Chinese Commercial Actors in the Shaping China’s Foreign Assistance: The Case of Post-war Sri Lanka

Hedging against its potential exclusion from the Trans-Pacific Partnership and other mega trading agreements, China embarked on its 21st Century Maritime Silk Road agenda to generate growth through supply chain integration and infrastructure construction in South Asian economies. However, the characteristics of China’s business-led and elite-oriented overseas development practices created policy gaps in high-risk countries. Based on interviews and fieldwork focused on Chinese State-Owned-Enterprises (SOEs) in Sri Lanka, this paper explores how globalization changed the nature of these SOEs: from policy executor to both policy maker and market actor in host countries and in China. However, these changes in nature and influence of key Chinese economic actors in host countries are actually not reflected by, and are in fact out of step with, the 1994 regulation that lays down the principle of non-interventionism in foreign assistance. Such a mismatch between expansionist business and restrained regulation leads to a new paradigm where businesses, especially SOEs, serve as a bridge between the host country and Beijing to identify areas where business interest and development needs intersect, thereby shaping development financing distribution in a way that facilitates SOEs’ ascension of the global value chain. However, the exclusion of the local private sector from expressing the most pressing needs makes the new paradigm insufficient to integrate the local supply chain. This, in turn, implies the new paradigm is less able to address debt sustainability problems, and geopolitical and ethnic tension in high-risk regions. In order to redress this imbalance, this paper proposes the inclusion of the private sector and civil society into China’s mainly business-led overseas development paradigm.

Promoting green industrial development through local content requirements: India's National Solar Mission

In order to make renewable energy technology deployment strategies politically acceptable, many countries are linking them to other socio-economic goals. A controversial industrial policy tool that is increasingly popular is the use of local content requirements (LCRs). These regulate the extent to which certain projects must use local products and are often justified on the basis of supporting local employment and private sector development. The LCR debate has centred on the rights and wrongs of protecting infant industry, with little progress being made in finding common ground. This article aims to move beyond this stalemate to understand conditions under which LCRs might be an effective tool for promoting local manufacturing. To do so, an effectiveness framework is applied to LCRs for solar photovoltaics in India's National Solar Mission. The article finds that for LCRs to be effective, they must be (1) limited in duration and incorporate planned evaluation phases, (2) focused on technologies and components for which technical expertise is available and global market entry barriers are manageable, and (3) linked to training and promotion of business linkages and linked to support for other stages of the value chain and wider services integral to success of renewable energy industries.Policy relevanceIt is widely appreciated that governments need to support renewable energy technology deployment in order to mitigate climate change. However, policy makers face increasing pressure to link such support with other socio-economic goals, such as job creation, economic development, and poverty reduction. One such policy support mechanism is the use of local content requirements (LCRs) linked to feed-in tariffs. Policy makers are faced with a difficult choice as manufacturing interest groups lobby for the establishment of protection measures such as LCRs whilst the international trade community led by the World Trade Organization (WTO) seeks to limit their use. This difficulty is amplified by the limited information on the impact of LCRs on job creation and economic development. In this context, this article documents the use of LCRs in India's National Solar Mission and seeks to understand the conditions under which LCRs are an effective policy tool for building a competitive local manufacturing industry.

The local government policy strategy in managing waste at the coastal region of central Maluku district

The purpose of this research is to design strategy for government policy on waste management in the coastal region of Central Maluku district. The primary data has been taken by using questionnaire of expert judgment and analysed by using analytical hierarchy process (AHP). The results showed the waste management policy in the coastal region of Central Maluku district developed and implemented by collaboration approach between local government, community and private sector. The most dominant role held by the local government which is Environmental Department Office in the implementation of waste management strategy. Furthermore, the scenario that chosen for community participation is the reduction volume of waste. The strategy can be done by improving people's knowledge, motivation and ability to reduce, reuse and recycle of waste.

THE APPLICATION OF GIS IN TOURISM PLANNING AND SUSTAINABLE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT

Tourism planning is a complex process that includes the involvement of a number of factors during the process of decision-making. Taking into account that any rational planning of tourism should be in line with the principles of sustainable development, which means to preserve the physical and social-geographical attributes of a destination, but at the same time striking a balance with the interests of the local communities, private and public sectors, the use of geographic information systems (GIS) has become an imperative in the process. Tourism is an activity which depends on natural resources, but is also a phenomenon which can have a destructive effect on the natural geographic environment in case of an inadequate access to its planning and development. In addition, during the daily management and operations of tourist facilities, a large number of tourists are a big consumer of energy and water and at the same time produce a significant amount of solid waste, hazardous gases and waste water. These negative impacts of tourism can be prevented or reduced by the application of certain GIS technology in order to achieve sustainable tourism development. This papers main objective is to explore the potential of GIS application in a process of tourism planning and its sustainable development, for the purpose of long-term survival of the tourism destination.

Rapid Urbanization-Its Impact on Sustainable Development: A Case Study of Udon Thani, Thailand

This article focused on the pattern of land-use change based on urbanization and the impacts of land-use change on the local community in Udon Thani. Udon Thani was selected as a case study in this article because the rapid growth rate of the city was higher than that of other cities in decades. The study was conducted by satellite images analysis in order to compare the Udon Thani municipality and the suburban areas from 1989-2014. Group discussion was used with representatives from local communities, government sectors, and private sectors. Results revealed that the urbanization process has been settled based on both push and pull factors. Push factors consisted of the expectation of rural people in employment and income. Pull factors consisted of the expansion of the industrial sector, particularly in service and retail sectors, which affected the land-use change in the Central Business District (CBD) and surrounding communities. In addition, impacts of land-use changes on the community were found from several perspectives, including the economic, social, and environmental perspectives.

The Role Of Traditional Leaders In The Promotion Of Cultural Tourism In The South Coast Of Kwazulu- Natal: A Case Study Of Umzumbe Municipality

Tourism was identified by the government post 1994 democratic election as one of the mechanisms that could be used to fight poverty. Traditional leaders were also incorporated into the government structures so that they could also play a meaningful role in the development of the country of their birth. This paper seeks to look at the role played by the traditional leaders in the promotion of cultural tourism in the areas under their chieftaincy post the 1994 democratic elections. Through purposive and theoretical data gathering sampling methods, unstructured interviews were conducted to 18 traditional leaders, 1 Umzumbe municipality local economic development officer and 1local tour guiding service provider. The study used methodological triangulation in the analysis of the results and found that there were mixed feelings amongst the traditional leaders regarding their role with some feeling that they are being side-lined by the local government when it comes to development issues as they are not invited to meetings where such issues are discussed. Others of course felt that they are already instrumental in the promotion of cultural tourism in their areas of jurisdiction citing cultural projects that are in the pipeline as evidence. The study concludes that due to lack of synergy between the municipality officials and the traditional leaders there is still a lot of untapped wealth in rural south coast, which through tourism awareness campaigns, partnership between local government, private sector and local traditional leadership can be used to turn things around. DOI: 10.5901/jesr.2014.v4n6p265

Desenvolvimento turístico regional: Governança e territorialidade no caso da Oktoberfest Blumenau (Santa Catarina, Brasil)

Este trabalho apresenta como objetivo caracterizar governança e territorialização no produto turístico Oktoberfest Blumenau, identificando suas fases desde o início, em 1984, e elementos de influência no desenvolvimento turístico regional. Resulta de estudo qualitativo analítico-descritivo amparado majoritariamente em fontes primárias por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas (com gestores estratégicos do evento). Os dados foram correlacionados por meio da análise de conteúdo. Sinteticamente, os resultados do estudo demonstram que o evento passou por um conjunto de fases distintas e expressivas, aqui caracterizadas como territorialidades, propiciadas respectivamente por instâncias de governança, onde o poder público local, comunidade e a iniciativa privada possuem interesses e os mesmos precisam ser ajustados no planejamento e execução deste megaevento. Ou seja, padrões de pactuação para a consecução dos objetivos que dão sustentação ao evento e o caracterizam: fatores culturais, sociais e econômicos.

A Region’s Local Economic Development and Competitiveness Index

The nationwide survey on local economic development and competitiveness index shows the local government unit’s competence in three major dimensions namely; economic dynamism, government efficiency, and infrastructure. It focuses on 30 pre-identified indicators of economic development and competitiveness from the National Competitiveness Council (NCC) reflecting the local government unit’s (LGUs) financial growth and stability, and examines the potential reinforcing factors as well as the hindering factors on business licensing competitiveness. The survey was conducted in Mindanao to gather secondary sources of data from various local government offices, private sectors and regional agencies. The findings revealed that the quality of performance in terms of economic dynamism, efficiency and infrastructure is highly relevant but not excellent. The progressive LGUs have shown responsiveness on efficiency in terms of government policy on service, client demands, consistent with the national policies to improve support on the government economic programs, however, it failed to have an excellent rating. Thus, there are still more lacking areas in promoting tourism support, business and industry promotion, and transparency on entrepreneurship. The scope of economic development and competitiveness provided opportunities on the plurality of factors to describe increase accountability among key local authorities on systematic recording and archiving of financial data.

The cost of gypsy moth sex in the city

Since its introduction in the 1860s, gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.), has periodically defoliated large swaths of forest in the eastern United States. Prior research has suggested that the greatest costs and losses from these outbreaks accrue in residential areas, but these impacts have not been well quantified. We addressed this lacuna with a case study of Baltimore City. Using two urban tree inventories, we estimated potential costs and losses from a range of gypsy moth outbreak scenarios under different environmental and management conditions. We combined outbreak scenarios with urban forest data to model defoliation and mortality and based the costs and losses on the distribution of tree species in different size classes and land uses throughout Baltimore City. In each outbreak, we estimated the costs of public and private suppression, tree removal and replacement, and human medical treatment, as well as the losses associated with reduced pollution uptake, increased carbon emissions and foregone sequestration. Of the approximately 2.3M trees in Baltimore City, a majority of the basal area was primary or secondary host for gypsy moth. Under the low outbreak scenario, with federal and state suppression efforts, total costs and losses were $5.540M, much less than the $63.666M estimated for the high outbreak scenario, in which the local public and private sectors were responsible for substantially greater tree removal and replacement costs. The framework that we created can be used to estimate the impacts of other non-native pests in urban environments.

Cooperation between Local Government and Private Sectors in Decontamination Activities in Kashiwa City

Cooperation between Local Government and Private Sectors in Decontamination Activities in Kashiwa City

Research paper on Case laws of Fraud, forgery and Corruption in Banks and Financial Institutions in India

Corruption in civilized society is disease like cancer which is not detected in time is sure to spread its malignance among the polity of the country leading to disastrous consequences. Corruption is opposite to democracy and social order and being of only anti-people but also due to fact that it effects the economy of a country and destroy its cultural heritage. It poses threat to the concept of constitutional governance and shakes the very foundation of democracy and rule of law. The purpose of this study is get rid from fraud and corruption committed by the criminals, outsiders customers and employees of the banks and financial institutions and other State, Central and Local bodies, public and private sectors. The detection of fraud and corruption has become a big problem. This phenomenon surprisingly is not limited to a particular area, city, or country. It is throughout the world. The word fraud is defined under Sec. 17 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872 and Forgery is defined under Sec.163 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860. The main objectives of this research paper are as under:  To study the information’s of law relating to fraud and corruption in banks and financial institutions is essential.  To examine the nature of evil of fraud and corruption in the banks and financial institutions which is increasing in spite of implementation of various law?  To study dimensions of fraud and corruption in earlier and modern time.  To identify and examine the role played by the C.B.I., Central Vigilance Commission, Police and other agencies with regard to fraud and corruption in the banks and financial institutions..  To study the law and policies in India for prevention of fraud and corruption in Banks and financial institutions.  To study the need to strengthen and harmonize the law and policies regarding fraud and corruption in banks and financial institutions while ensuring its compliance with international law. The fraud, forgery and corruption is commonly found in exchange of services rely on Information and Technology and the absence of physical bank branches to provide these services to the customers. There is great increase in E-banking and M-banking. The virtual banking becomes very popular amongst the customers due to speed, convenience and round-the-clock access. The Information Technology Act, 2000 has been passed by the parliament which gives recognition to the transitions undertaken through computer system and internet. Frauds and corruption are on increase. Some of the reasons are: speedily expansions of foreign and private banks i.e., increase of number of branches, increase in volume of business, increase inn number of employees, number of customers and spread of operations. These are the contributing factors to the higher incidence of banks frauds and forgeries.

Local Content and Private Sector Participation in Ghana's Oil Industry: An Economic and Strategic Imperative

Many African countries well-endowed with natural resources are taking measures to improve the management of these resources and ensure that these resources contribute to their socioeconomic development. A policy that has taken center stage is what is called local content policy. This article examines the local content policy that has been adopted by the government of Ghana to further domestic job creation and improve the local capabilities, competences, and capacities of businesses. Achieving these goals will depend on addressing the financial, human-resource, and technological challenges faced by local businesses in the oil and gas sector. It is in this regard that this article suggests that, given the economic and strategic importance of oil, promoting capacity-building measures, improving the access of local businesses to funds and capital, and helping local businesses with large-scale procurement in Ghana can serve as a means to develop national industries and generate employment to ensure that the positive effects of the local content policy become a reality.

Autonomy in a post-neoliberal era: Community water governance in Cochabamba, Bolivia

Bolivia’s leftward political shift, which is frequently described as “post-neoliberal,” is crucially linked to the ideal of autonomy. While autonomy has a long history among leftist theorists and social movements in Latin America, its contemporary importance is related to an ongoing effort on the part of scholars and activists to identify an alternative organizational form that eschews both state actors and private entities. Drawing on fieldwork conducted with a group of community-run water systems in peri-urban Cochabamba, this paper asks what autonomous water governance looks like in practice. By presenting a case in which the community water systems made a series of structurally limited “autonomous” decisions that ultimately bound them more closely to the local state and private sector, the paper argues that autonomy faces socio-ecological limitations when conceptualized as a project of internal self-governance. Socio-ecological processes take place at multiple scales and over long time spans; a radical politics of autonomy therefore necessitates a spatially extroverted project that focuses on building strategic alliances that strengthen community autonomy in the long-term.

The Impact of the Private Sector Participation in the Infrastructure Public Services and the Way Forward in Albania

The strategy of the government of Albania was to use privatization as a mean to improve the productivity of public companies in various public services, to access investment capital and improve service delivery of high cost that impact the economy; and reduce the fiscal burden of loss-making companies.The international literature indicates that for the countries, which are in the development stage private operators have preferred management and lease contracts as a convenient way to introduce themselves. This does not exclude the concession type contract where there is a regulatory system in place and a credible legal system and corporate low for public companies. In many cases where donors or International Finance Institutions (IFI) have played the main role in promoting the PPP, management and lease contracts have been preferred for Private sector participation (PSP). This would increase the likelihood of the success by giving to the private operator the task of improving the utility’s operational efficiency and financial viability, while leaving the public authority in charge of investment financing. The management contracts were used to introduce private participation in water utilities for the first time in the water and sanitation sector in Albania in 2004.In early 2000s there was a high level of optimism about the role of the Private sector participation (PSP) to bring the required changes in some key public services. In the late 2000s until 2012 this optimism declined rapidly. Privatization activity in the water and sewerage public services as a whole dropped off in the late 2000s in Albania and it seems that the electricity services will follow suit.The conclusion is that, promoting private sector participation now in the infrastructure public services – at least as it has been pursued to date in the water and sanitation sector in Albania – will be received with skepticism. The policy makers and decision makers have to take the ownership, and see it as a challenge to the public sector and local private sector that could bring more important changes, including selection of cities and regions which are prone to this partnership. The hypothesis of the analysis of the effects of the PPP in the infrastructure public services in Albania is that the PPP is not a panacea; it can be useful to the countries if they model is suitable to the country’s conditions and there is a workable environment with the public sector, which accept its own responsibilities, and encourage competition. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2013.v4n3p219

Development Challenges for Iraqi Economy

The wars and economic blockade, for the period 1980 -2003 which had impacted on Iraqi economy, were characterized by technological retardation and poor production. The military operations and robberies, that followed the occupation of Iraq in 2003, destroyed most of economic institutions and infrastructure. After 2003, there was a great hope for most Iraqis about possibility of achieving economic development, through the transition to a market economy, and build the economic base, depending on the state, local private sector, and foreign direct investment, but it has faced a number of challenges that have impeded the process of growth and development. This paper analyzes, the economic development process challenges in Iraq.

The Political Economy of Private Sector Development in Communist China: Evidence from Zhejiang Province

This article investigates a natural experiment in China’s Zhejiang province in order to identify why local officials across the province had varying motivations and capacities for protecting and promoting private entrepreneurship after 1949. As the result of communist revolution before 1949, all Zhejiang’s counties were divided into two categories in 1949: guerrilla counties and non-guerrilla counties. In guerrilla counties, local cadres were marginalized by the newly established provincial power structure and faced huge political insecurity, while their counterparts in non-guerrilla counties could rely on the patron–client network that was built by the provincial leadership for promotion. The local cadres in guerrilla counties were forced to cultivate popular support from below in order to guarantee their political survival, i.e., they looked after local economic interests by supporting local private sector development in exchange for the grassroots’ support. This mutual protection between local elites and potential private entrepreneurs explains why, relative to the non-guerrilla counties, the private sector was effectively protected after 1949 and therefore better developed in the long run. We argue that the analytical framework developed by this research can go beyond Zhejiang to apply to other provinces.

Feasibility Study of Boreholes Hand Drilling in Senegal—Identification of Potentially Favorable Areas

Drilling techniques commonly used in Africa are rather well suited for areas where geologic formations are hard and groundwater is not located at higher depths. Thus, for a large number of people living in rural areas, access to improved drinking water sources is often limited, due to the high cost of drilled boreholes that is closely linked to geographical, geological and hydrogeological factors. The analysis of various contexts has revealed that, in order to improve access to safe drinking water for underserved communities and populations, it is possible to consider less costly alternative solutions, compared to current options for water supply which are still expensive. In this paper, a simplified drilling technology at a very low cost has been demonstrated: “the manual or hand drilling”, which is a practical solution for less than 40-m deep water points in alluvial terrains or low resistance rock formations. The feasibility study of manual drilling in Senegal has revealed that, even if it is not practical in all geological formations of the country, manual drilling remains an alternative solution for reducing costs and improving accessibility to drinking water in several areas in Senegal, particularly in the Senegal River Valley, along the northern coast, in Fatick and Casamance coastal zones. This study was used to set up map of areas suitable for manual drilling boreholes; it aims to strengthen the local private sector capacity to meet growing drinking water needs in rural areas.

Small Business Growth During a Recession

This research examines the relationship between local government policies and small business growth at various stages of development. Businesses at different stages of development have distinct needs; therefore, we predict that they will interact with the local policy environment in different ways. We use data from the 2009 International City/County Management Association and National League of Cities economic development survey, the National Establishment Time Series Database, and the American Community Survey to construct four regression models to predict growth between 2007 and 2008 of small businesses overall, small businesses in the self-employed stage, small businesses with 1 to 9 employees, and small businesses with 10 to 99 employees. Overall, our findings suggest that the local policies that most significantly affect small business growth are those that create a supportive culture between the local public and private sectors and provide regulatory assistance.