Local Point Of View Research Articles

Dynamical importance of vorticity and shear in the universe

We study the dynamical importance of vorticity, ω2/ρ, assuming different upper limits on the relative shear, σ/ϑ, for a general relativistic model with a content represented by a perfect fluid distribution with a linear equation of state. Adopting a very conservative point of view with respect to the values of the Hubble constant and the density parameters of matter and radiation, we obtain that either σ/ϑ≳7% or there was a bounce at some point in the past during the matter era if the present-day relative vorticity is (ω/ϑ)0≳4%. Taking into account the latest results on singularities, the possibility of a bounce must be regarded from a local point of view.

The Aboriginal Liaison Officer in Western Australia: Views from Three Levels

In Eastern Australia the respective State Education Departments are encouraging the liaison of Aboriginal parents with the schools. An Aboriginal person is usually employed to facilitate this important interaction and is employed under various titles – The Aboriginal Home Visitor, Home-School Coordinator, and Community Education Counsellor. The diversity of nomenclature is maintained in Western Australia, where the Aboriginal person entrusted with this demanding task is employed as an Aboriginal Liaison Officer.The following articles describe the duties and performance of the Aboriginal Liaison Officers from three levels. Colin Mounsey, Superintendent of Aboriginal Education in Western Australia, provides a state-level overview, relating the history and special requirements of the Aboriginal Liaison Officer. Neil MacNeill (Principal, Roebourne Primary School) and Gladys Walker (Aboriginal Liaison Officer, Roebourne) relate the operations of the Liaison Officer from a local and personal viewpoint. (C.N. MacNeill)

Formal convergence characteristics of elliptically constrained incremental Newton-Raphson algorithms

Numerous situations in continuum mechanics, structural stability, optimization and related fields generate problems requiring the solution of nonlinear algebraic equations. To solve such problems, a large assortment of schemes has evolved over the years. This paper will consider the formal numerical properties of the newly developed constrained type incremental Newton-Raphson operator schemes. Specifically the evaluation of the formal behavior of the elliptically constrained version is treated in detail. Note this procedure has the versatility to efficiently handle a wide range of nonlinearities including the possibilities of positive, negative, semi and indefinite tangent properties in an inherently stable manner. The formalism includes such items as determining from both a global as well as local point of view the existence, uniqueness and convergence characteristics. Also included in the developments will be the determination of the occurrence of global safety zones wherein convergence is assured. The approach taken is general enough to provide a framework to enable applications to a wide variety of constrained schemes involving continuous, piecewise continuous, closed or open constraint conditions.

State Environmental Planning and Local Influence: A Comparison of Three Regional Natural Resource Management Agencies

Abstract Case studies of three regional natural resource management agencies in New York reveal different histories despite similar objectives. The Adirondack Park Agency (APA) enjoyed overwhelming statewide support and survived despite vigorous local opposition. The Catskill Commission faced similar local opposition and was discontinued by the state legislature. The Tug Hill Commission survived through a combination of limited statewide interests and a strategy of building local support. Centralized regulatory approaches like the APA's may be transferable to other regions only under certain conditions. Otherwise, as the Catskill and Tug Hill cases suggest, more responsiveness to differing local viewpoints may be necessary.

Conformational information from the high energy overtone spectra of cis-decalin, trans-decalin, and adamantane

CH-stretching overtone spectra are measured for cis- and trans-decalin and for adamantane. The spectra are interpreted from a local mode point of view, and the spectral features are correlated with the conformational properties of the CH bonds.

Van der Waals forces in electrolyte solutions

In this article we study van der Waals forces in electrolyte solutions from a local point of view. It is shown for arbitrary geometry that the classical limit of the force density exerted on the ions, as found in the macroscopic theory of van der Waals forces, is identical with the force density calculated from electrostatics and thermodynamic fluctuation theory. Thus neither retardation, nor the Lorentz force affect the average force density.

Book Notes

Book Reveiwed in this article Matrix Management: A Cross‐Functional Approach to Organization Kenneth Knight (ed). Public Administration and Public Policy H. George Frederickson and Charles R. Wise. Councils, Committees and Boards J. G. Anderson (ed). Sources of European Economic Information Compiled by Cambridge Information and Research Services Ltd. Public Expenditure: Allocation between Competing Ends M. V. Posner (ed). Can Personnel Management meet the Challenge? John Stewart. Practical Performance Appraisal Valerie and Andrew Stewart. Creative Conflict: The Politics of Welsh Devolution John Osmond. The Scottish Government Yearbook 1978 H. M. Drucker and M. G. Clarke (eds). Metropolitan Development and Change: The West Midlands ‐ A Policy Review Frank Joyce (ed). The 1981 Census: A Local Authority Viewpoint R. W. Black. Neighbourhood Councils in England: A Report to the Department of the Environment Stephen Humble and Jennifer Talbot. INLOGOV Register of Research and Intelligence Units A. G. Bovaid (ed). The Press and Publicity for Public Participation Peter Stringer. The Economics of Housing D. C. Stafford. Towards the Comprehensive University Robin Pedley. The Reorganized National Health Service Ruth Levitt. Claim in Time: A Study of the Time Limit Rules for Claiming Social Security Benefits Martin Partington. Justice for Juveniles: The 1969 Children and Young Persons Act—A Case for Reform? Philip Priestley, Denise Fears and Roger Fuller. Open Prisons Howard Jones and Paul Comes, assisted by Richard Stockford. Constitutional and Administrative Law E. C. S. Wade and G. Godfrey Phillips. The Court of Justice of the European Communities L. Nelville Brown and Francis G. Labour and the Law Sir Otto Kahn‐Freund. Aid and Development in Southern Africa David Jones, Croom Helm in association with Overseas Development Institute Christian Democracy in Western Germany Geoffrey Pridham

An analysis of phonon anomalies due to d-band effects in transition metal compounds -effects of electron-phonon matrix elements

Effects of the electron-phonon matrix element (EPME) on phonon anomalies in transition metal compounds due to d-band effects are analysed in detail by using a simple model proposed by Gale and Pettifor (1977). Susceptibilities with and without the EPME and an energy change associated with a second derivative of hopping integrals, Delta E2, are calculated by using Haydock et al.'s (1972, 1975) recursion method. It is pointed out that the EPME is very important in producing phonon anomalies and an energy change Delta E2 can enhance them. A discussion from a local bond point of view is also given to elucidate the basic role of the EPME. This argument suggests that the positions of phonon anomalies may be rather insensitive to the choice of parameters.

Structural stability theorems for integrable differential forms on 3-manifolds

81. STATEMENT OF RESULTS LET A4 BE a compact, connected, orientable C” Riemannian manifold of dimension n and 9’(M) the space of all integrable l-forms of class C’ endowed with uniform C’ topology., i.e. o E a’(M) if and only if w is C’ and o A do = 0. A singularity of w E 9’(M) is a point in M where w vanishes. Denote the union of all singularities of o by Sing(o). By Frobenius Theorem w defines a regular foliation of codimension one on M-Sing(w). A topological equivalence between forms w, n E 9’(M) is a homeomorphism h of M sending leaves of o/M-Sing(o) onto leaves of n/M-Sing(T) and Sing(w) onto Sing(n). The form o E 6’(M) is called C-structurally stable, s 5 r, if there is a neighborhood N(w) in 6”(M) such that any v E N(w) is topologically equivalent to w. The main problem concerning the stability of integrable forms is to characterize the elements of 9’(M) which are C-structurally stable. The first one to deal_ with this problem from the local point of view was I. Kupka[6] and more recently several people, [3, 131. Roughly there are two types of singularities, those x E M for which O, = 0, dw,# 0 and those for which o, and dw, vanish simultaneously. Let x0 E M be a singularity of u such that do,o # 0. The form do induces near x0 a regular foliation 9(o) defined by the vector fields X with ix(do) = 0. This foliation has codimension two, it is tangent to the leaves of w and Sing(w) near x0 is a union of leaves .of 9(o). It follows that there is a system of coordinates (x,, . . . x,) around x0 such that w = a,(~,, x2) dx, + az(x,, xz) dxz.

Canadian urban air quality, 1971–1975

Aspects of Canadian urban air quality are considered on an index basis, from both a local and national viewpoint. Seasonal trends are illustrated. National indices of suspended paniculate matter, sulphur dioxide, coefficient of haze and oxides of nitrogen show considerable decreases from 1971 to 1975. The word “national” refers to the population in areas of air quality measurement, rather than land surface. The national index of oxidants, however, shows an increase, indicating a worsening situation. A brief mathematical treatment analyzes the question of whether these are actual trends or merely statistical variations. Results are discussed in terms of the implications for public policy.

The Local Authority Viewpoint

The Local Authority Viewpoint

Evaluation Concerns From the Local Practitioner's Point of View

Evaluation Concerns From the Local Practitioner's Point of View

Vector and tensor fields on conformal space

We consider in this paper vector and tensor fields on the compactified Minkowski space M4c and investigate their transformation properties under the group SO (2,4) of conformal transformations which are well defined on the manifold M4c contrary to their singular behavior on the pseudo−Euclidean noncompact Minkowski space M4. In writing down field equations on the manifold M4c, we get immediately the well−known conformal invariance of Maxwell’s equations. Also the problem of gauge transformations of the vector potential is treated both from the global point of view on the manifold M4c and from the local point of view on the Minkowski space M4. There we show which gauge instead of the so−called Lorentz gauge one has to choose to get a conformal covariant formulation of Maxwell’s equations on the pseudo−Euclidean noncompact Minkowski space M4.

The effective exchange and correlation potential for metal surfaces

The calculation of the potential seen by an electron due to its interaction with the other electrons in the system has been extensively studied in homogeneous systems and most of the physical processes are well understood. The concepts of self energy quasi-particles and the exchange and correlation potential have been qualitatively and quantitatively described. The author presents as an extension a study of a simple inhomogeneous medium, in this case the semi-infinite electron gas from a dynamic non local viewpoint. The electron states considered are of fairly high energies, i.e. above the vacuum zero. The effect of the bulk and surface plasmons on the effective exchange and correlation potential are described. A complex potential is obtained which varies with the position and electron state. There are threshold phenomena in the imaginary part representing the onset of surface and bulk plasmon excitation. These results are obtained by way of a self energy formalism using approximations to the Green function and electron-electron interaction of the system.

A Local Government Viewpoint

A Local Government Viewpoint

Cellular Method and the Calculation of Molecular Wavefunctions. I. A Generalized Method of Images

It is argued that the potential approximation and local physical viewpoint of the Cellular method, which is virtually obsolete in band theory, are well suited to the very different problem of calculating molecular orbitals. But the mathematics of the method, which are suspect even in metals, fail completely for covalent bonds. After discussing and illustrating these formal problems, we propose a technique for generating a highly overcomplete basis set in each cell from a Green's function for that cell, by placing source distributions on the neighboring atoms. The experience of the classical ``Method of Images'' suggests that a few point sources will be quite adequate to generate the wavefunction, so that the method is well suited to actual calculations. This is demonstrated in the succeeding paper where the technique is applied to the alkali molecules.

The Federal Role in Small Area Planning

Water resource planning is accomplished at several levels—individual projects and small watersheds, sub-basins, regional framework plans, and finally, national planning at the Water Resource Council and congressional committee levels, in ascending geographic scope. All planning efforts are in some measure guided by the statement in Senate Document 97 that, “All viewpoints (national, regional, state and local) shall be fully considered and taken into account in planning resource use and development”. However, the consideration of various viewpoints does not necessarily make them compatible. A plan once formulated favors a particular point of view over others. The local point of view generally carries more weight than the national point of view because: (1) more projects can be justified on the basis of their net value to local interests rather than the public at large, and (2) the local economic effects of a project are more readily identifiable and more easily analyzed than are the net national effects.

The carcinogenic activity of dibutylnitrosamine in IF × C 57 mice

Subcutaneous injection of dibutylnitrosamine (DBNA) into adult male and female IF × C 57 mice led to the induction of carcinomas of the epithelium of the urinary bladder. Haemangiomatous lesions were also present in these bladders. A single injection of DBNA led to an increase in 3H-thymidine incorporation into bladder epithelial DNA starting at 30 hr after injection and attaining a maximum at 72 hr. Slight hyperplasia was observed in some bladders 48 hr after injection and increased mitotic activity after 120 hr. Liver tumours but no bladder tumours were induced when DBNA was injected on days 1, 8 and 15 of life and the mice allowed to survive to 52 weeks without further treatment. The implantation of a paraffin was pellet into the lumen of the bladder of mice treated at an early age with DBNA did not lead to a significant incidence of bladder tumours. These results are considered from the view-points of the tumour localization and their relationship to bladder carcinogenesis.

Asymptotic locality and the structure of local internal symmetries

Symmetries are investigated from the local viewpoint. Using the Haag-Ruelle construction, the action of a local internal symmetry on the asymptotic states is determined. A condition of “asymptotic locality” is derived and used to show that the symmetry acts linearly and locally on the asymptotic fields. Within a field theoretical framework it is shown that the internal symmetry must commute with the Poincare group. The general structure of an internal symmetry is determined. The uniqueness of the representation of the Poincare group is discussed, and a simple example of an infinite component field is given to indicate what occurs when there are infinitely degenerate particle multiplets.

The Comprehensive Health Planning Laws from the Local Viewpoint: Philadelphia's Experience

The Comprehensive Health Planning Laws from the Local Viewpoint: Philadelphia's Experience