Local Point Of View Research Articles

重要伝統的建造物群保存地区における修景実態に関する研究

This paper aims to seize the local government's point of view for Important Preservation District for Groups of Historic Buildings (I. P. D., for short) through their "Enhancement regulation" and the present situation, and tries to see ideas about the harmonious design order and the various preservation design developments. As a result, we find these three points. First, there is the correlation between character of I. P. D. and the building form regulation's type. Second, "frame" (heights of eaves, pitch of roof), "silhouette" (building line), and "parts" (walling) are influenced by the harmonious design order. Third, the preservation design developments are influenced by "elements".

MONITORED BALLISTIC TESTS ON SHOCKPROOF SANDWICH GLASSES

The sandwich glass ballistic test shows some repetitive phenomena. There is a crater surrounded by a plasticized area with a flexural behavior. In the panel central area there is an energy storage and a following energy discharge; out of the central impact area the energy storage is negligible and there is a draw behavior; there is also a panel stiffening. The question is now how to use these results. New tests on the same panel would not add anything to what known so far. But the same kind of tests on different panels makes it possible to compare the different panel behaviors not only from a global point of view, but also from a local point of view. The measurement of the maximum acceleration and strain peaks, of the area interested by the energy storage and discharge, of the panel stiffening after the impact, can give useful directions for the design to the manufacturers, and for the choice of a most apt sandwich glass to the purchasers (the Italian Railroad).

Analytical Predictions for Zonally Symmetric Equilibrium States of the Stratospheric Polar Vortex

Equilibrium states of initially barotropically unstable polar vortices are predicted using two different approaches: minimum enstrophy and maximum entropy theories, which have been extended to include flows evolving on the surface of a sphere. Minimum enstrophy theory shows very good agreement with an ensemble of direct numerical integrations of a polar vortex that mixes vorticity mainly on a spherical cap. For the case of a polar vortex with a substantial resistance to vorticity mixing at its core, the maximum entropy prediction shows good consistency with an ensemble of direct numerical integrations. Maximum entropy theory gives an additional source of information with its density functions, which in a probabilistic sense reveal how the vorticity field (and therefore the mass field) is redistributed in the equilibrium state. The density functions show good skill in predicting several passive tracer distributions in the numerical experiments. Also, from a local point of view, density functions determine the degree of mixing of initially well separated air masses, information that is valuable in tracing atmospheric chemical components.

Kinetic Considerations in the Formation of Electrical Active Grain Boundaries in Barium Titanate and Similar Perovskites

Grain boundaries in ceramic barium titanate and related materials can be engineered in order to ob- tain desired transport behavior. Our ability to do so is closely related to kinetic limitations during the preparation. The close-packed structure of perovskites excludes native or foreign interstitials in the bulk. (Interstitial pro- tons are regarded as OH • , using the Kroger-Vink notation). Antisites are also unlikely due to size, charge and coordination number mismatch. The possible point defects are, therefore, substitutionals and vacancies. The ki- netic limitations of these species, and the results in terms of grain boundary engineering, are considered in this contribution. A clear distinction between three different conditions is made. At very high temperatures, it is assumed that all the relevant defects are mobile and can equilibrate, at least locally. Hence, their concentrations are all functions of the degrees of freedom of the system. At lower temperatures, the cation sublattice is frozen. Therefore, the concentrations of metal vacancies and substitutional cations are constants and, from local electrical neutrality point of view, a new parameter becomes important: the concentration of frozen charge. The concentrations of electronic defects and oxygen vacancies in this metastable state are functions of temperature, oxygen partial pressure and frozen charge. The normalized concentration of frozen metal vacancies is calculated as a function of the doping factor, f (defined as the ratio between the electron concentration at a given state and at a reference state), and a nonstoichiometry parameter. Around room temperature, the anion sublattice is also frozen, and only electrons and holes exhibit significant transport properties.

Temporal criterion for behavior: orientation of the young Japanese flounder Paralichthysolivaceus

When considering a behavioral pattern as a specific type of mechanism, an inherent problem is that it is difficult to determine to what extent the mechanism is programmed to behave selectively in individual situations. To probe this question further, we investigated the orientation of the body axis of the young Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. The pattern of the substrate and the orientation of neighboring fish were recognized as the determining factors for orientation in P. olivaceus. It was expected, therefore, that a group of individuals would exhibit a definite orientation pattern with respect to the striped pattern. However, the global orientation patterns on the striped substrate based on ten individuals could be classified into two categories: perpendicular and cross to the stripe pattern. This suggests that the substrate pattern and the surrounding individuals operated as distinct temporal criteria as stimuli for orientation. Analysis based on the local and global viewpoints reveals the temporality quantitatively.

Geometrical perturbation of graphene electronic structure

We discuss low-energy electronic properties of distorted graphene sheets from a local geometric viewpoint, treating curvature and strain as perturbations of a smooth surface. This allows a unified description of the variety of deformations to which carbon nanotubes are susceptible. By using a general symmetry analysis in conjunction with a four-orbital, nonorthogonal tight-binding model, we calculate accurate values of the relevant couplings. Carbon nanotubes 1 have a high Young’s modulus, but are not otherwise mechanically strong, being easily bent, or deformed by van der Waals interactions with a substrate. 2 Hence, the electronic repercussions of mechanical deformations are of interest for both fundamental and device-oriented reasons. Kane and Mele 3 have studied this issue with the aid of a tight-binding model incorporating only p electrons. We use a model-independent group-theoretical analysis to reveal the relevant couplings, which are then evaluated with a fourorbital non-orthogonal tight-binding model that takes into account the strong effects of rehybridization. By expressing curvature and strain as a modification of the Hamiltonian and overlap, we avoid the use of the large unit cells implied by small deformations. The response of electronic structure to curvature and strain is essentially a local coupling, largely independent of boundary conditions or global topology. We therefore isolate the effects of geometric deformation by first studying a single graphene sheet. Although our perturbative approach is in principle limited to gentle distortions, the results are in good agreement with full tight-binding calculations for a radius of curvature as small as two graphene lattice spacings @i.e., a ~12,0! tube#. The conformation of a surface in space ~e.g., a single graphene sheet! is described by a vector-valued embedding function X(x m ), specifying the location of the point with coordinates x m ,m51,2. The pair of vectors tm5]X/]x m ,(m 51,2) provide a basis for the tangent space and determine the metric g mn 5t m it n , which converts coordinate differences into physical distances. If the coordinates are determined relative to a flat unstretched state, the metric carries information about strain. The inverse of this matrix is denoted g ls , so that g lm gmn5d l n . Curvature is detected by second derivatives 4,5 of the embedding function X,

Epimorphisms of Generalized Polygons Part 1: GeometricalCharacterizations

A generalized polygon is a thick incidence geometry of rank 2 such that the girth of the incidence graph is twice the diameter of the incidence graph. These geometries are introduced by Tits [17] for group-theoretical purposes, but became an interesting research object in their own right. For an overview of the geometric study, see [19]. Obviously, the notion of morphism is an important one when dealing with geometries. For instance, monomorphisms are equivalent to embeddings of one geometry into the other (and on the group-theoretical level often give rise to maximal subgroups); isomorphisms clearly are needed to distinguish new geometries from old ones, but also to determine automorphism groups; epimorphisms can be used to construct quotient geometries or cover geometries (as the geometric counterpart of local fields). But in all these cases, the geometries considered in the literature are of the same kind, i.e., they have same gonality and diameter. In the present paper, we initiate the study of morphisms between generalized polygons of unequal gonality. We restrict ourselves to epimorphisms since we are motivated by some nice examples in this case. The study of monomorphisms and embeddings requires different techniques. To see the problem, a good starting point is Pasini’s theorem [13] that states that any epimorphism between two generalized n-gons, n > 2, is either an isomorphism or has infinite fibers. In particular, if an epimorphism is bijective if restricted to one point row, then it is a global isomorphism. This is no longer true for epimorphisms from a generalized m-gon to an n-gon, m 6= n, and a standard example is given is Section 3 below. It describes an epimorphism from the classical split Cayley hexagon over some field F to the ordinary Pappian projective plane over F with the property that line pencils and point rows are mapped bijectively onto line pencils and point rows, respectively. The paper is organized as follows. In section 2, we propose a quite general classification system for epimorphisms of geometries, from the local point of view. In the next section, Section 3, we give some examples, and we characterize geometrically our stan-

A Response to Elizabeth Sloat and Douglas Willms' "The International Adult Literacy Survey"

Based on the results of the 1994 International Adult Literacy Survey (IALS) and Canada's National Longitudinal Study of Children and Youth (NLSCY), Sloat and Willms (Canadian Journal of Education, volume 25, number 3) argue convincingly for early intervention to compensate children from disadvantaged backgrounds so these children will enter school better prepared for success. They also argue for changes in school practices and workplace opportunities to encourage the development of literacy skills and workplace values. The authors express alarm over the survey's finding nearly 20% of Canadians function at the lowest literacy level, Level 1, and more than 40% of Canadians have literacy skills. Finally, they focus on the link between parents' low socioeconomic status (SES) and low literacy skills, and the effect of these factors on children's school achievement. Who exactly makes up the undereducated 40% of the population? And why aren't these individuals lining up at the doors of literacy programs? The IALS results show a significant percentage of people deemed to have inadequate literacy skills rate their own skills as good to excellent (Statistics Canada, Human Resources Development Canada, & National Literacy Secretariat, 1996, p. 64). This means that, in their work and social context, many people believe they have the literacy or decoding skills they need. Here we face an epistemological dilemma of what the literacy reality is and who defines it. The IALS uses a positivist epistemology to describe literacy as a technical skill. The implication is with the right strategies, literacy levels will improve if appropriate public interventions are taken and if literacy programs are effective. Furthermore, literacy programs face the challenge of demonstrating improved outcomes when the next survey results are reported. The survey cannot offer an understanding of what literacy means to the individuals who make up the statistics. To understand literacy from this perspective would require a phenomenological approach that connects generalizations with local contexts and viewpoints. Postpositivism . . . means trying to find ways to move beyond positivism's limitations (Sleeter, 2001, pp. 240-241).

Chemical bonding and reactivity: a local thermodynamic viewpoint

The possibility of gaining insight into chemical bonding and reactivity through various local temperatures and associated entropy densities is explored. Comparisons of these quantities with other local reactivity descriptors like the electron density, the Laplacian of the density, the Fukui function and the electron localization function are made. The water molecule has been chosen as a prototype for analyzing the above-mentioned quantities. The global entropies are also calculated for the atoms He to Ne. Most of the local quantities preserve the molecular symmetry and some are well suited for use as reactivity indices.

Acetic Acid Molecular Aggregates: Energy and Softness of Hydrogen Bonding

We present a theoretical study of global and local energetic and electronic properties to rationalize the formation process of molecular aggregates of acetic acid. Total energy, electronic chemical potential (μ), hardness (η), and softness (S) are determined as a function of the size of the aggregate. We show that μ, η, and S are observable properties to indicate structural changes occurring along the aggregation process. From the local point of view, the hydrogen bonding is characterized by making use of the energy and softness (SO···H) associated with that interaction. In relation to the determination of SO···H we propose an analytic form to obtain the hydrogen bonding fukui function. The excellent results obtained indicate that our model is useful for characterizing local intermolecular interactions and provides a starting point to determine indexes of local reactivity in these molecular systems. A global and local Principle of Minimum Softness is shown to be occurring when the aggregate is growing.

Influence of Alkylating Reagent Softness on the Regioselectivity in Enolate Ion Alkylation: A Theoretical Local Hard and Soft Acids and Bases Study

C-Alkylation and O-alkylation of ethyl acetoacetate by a series of alkylating agents is investigated, in the gas phase as well as in the solvent, within a local viewpoint of the hard and soft acids and bases (HSAB) principle at the Hartree−Fock level using a 3-21+G* basis set. The Gazquez and Mendez formula for calculating the interaction energy is used to reveal the influence of the alkylating agent softness on the two possible orientations in the ethyl acetoacetate alkylation. O-Alkylation was found to be favored by a hard alkylating agent, whereas C-alkylation becomes less and less disfavored upon increasing softness.

ON LOCALLY COUNTABLY S-CLOSED AND LOCALLY RC-LINDELÖF SPACES

The aim of this paper is to continue the study of some topological properties weaker than S-closed, this time via a local point of view. We show that every focally countably S-closed km-perfect space is extremally disconnected as well as that every locally rc-Lindelöf mildly Hausdorff space is δ-extremally disconnected.

A local point of view to intermolecular bonding of saturated organic molecules

The general expression for the common one-electron density matrix (DM) of saturated organic molecules obtained previously in the framework of the Hückel type model [V. Gineityte, J. Mol. Struct. (Theochem) 343 (1995) 183] has been applied to investigate intermolecular bonding. To this end, the total DM of two interacting molecules has been expressed as a sum of two matrices, the first one coinciding with the direct sum of DMs of isolated molecules and the second one being a correction describing the intermolecular bonding. As a result, additive intra- and intermolecular contributions have been revealed both within occupation numbers of basis orbitals and within the total energy of interacting molecules, and an internal additivity of intermolecular terms with respect to increments of pairs of bonds has been established. These results have been used to substantiate the local models of intermolecular bonding commonly used when studying the early stages of chemical reactions between two saturated molecules. Conditions for which the local model is adequate have been formulated explicitly.

ELECTRON-LATTICE COUPLING IN MANGANITES AND CUPRATES

The lattice effects of charge localization in manganites and cuprates arediscussed from the local structural point of view. Pulsed neutron atomicpair-density function (PDF) analysis indicates that in La1−xSr x MnO3 the realstructure deviates from the average crystal structure, and the localJahn–Teller (JT) distortion of Mn3+O6 octahedra remains even in themetallic phase. This leads to a concept of the critical ionic size factorfor the formation of JT polarons. The colossal magnetoresistance (CMR)phenomena are observed in the crossover region from localized to delocalizedcharge states. This concept also explains the asymmetry of the phase diagramwhich is difficult to understand in the current band picture. Similarconsideration may help understand the lattice effects in superconductingcuprates.

Microscopic string analysis of the D0–D8 brane system and dual R-R states

Using the boundary state formalism, we perform a microscopic string analysis of the interaction between two D-branes and provide a local interpretation for the R-R force in the D0–D8 brane system. To do so, we construct BRST invariant vertex operators for the massless R-R states in the asymmetric picture that are proportional to potentials rather than field strengths. The Hilbert space of such R-R states contains combinations of two vectors that decouple from all physical amplitudes, even in the presence of boundaries. Identifying these vectors, we remove the null states and recover duality relations among R-R potentials. If we specify to the D0–D8 brane system, this mechanism implies that the R-R 1-form state has a non-zero overlap with both the D0-brane and the D8-brane, thus explaining from a local point of view the non-vanishing R-R contribution in the interaction for the D0–D8 brane system and those related to it by duality.

Prototyping Manufacturing Systems. Contribution of Virtual Reality, Agents and Petri Nets

The necessity of low-cost and rapid prototyping tools is often arisen in the field of manufacturing system design. This work showed that virtual reality, combined with multi-agent systems was a very efficient method to perform such a prototype. Virtual reality offered an easy to understand representation of the future system and a powerful reactivity from end-users. Because Agent paradigm enforced local point of view, modularity and re-usability could be achieved. Applied on the KorSo case study, this method led to a fully distributed architecture without any centralized controller. Agent-orientness was also a very structuring approach, specially because behaviors were modeled by Petri nets

On shear band nucleation and the finite propagation speed of thermal disturbances

This paper examines the onset of shear flow localization in thermal viscoplastic materials at high rates of loading while accounting for the finite speed of thermal wave propagation. It is well known that the Fourier's classical law of heat conduction implies that thermal disturbances travel with infinite speed. We introduce a modification to the classical Fourier law which renders a finite speed for thermal wave propagation. We then utilize the energy viewpoint of dynamic localization introduced in Shawki (Shawki, T. G. (1994). An energy criterion for the onset of shear localization in thermal viscoplastic materials, part I: Necessary and sufficient initiation conditions. ASME J. Appl. Mech.61, 530–537) and (Shawki, T. G. (1994). An energy criterion for the onset of shear localization in thermal viscoplastic materials, part II: Applications and implications. ASME J. Appl. Mech.61, 538–547) as well as a linear stability analysis to determine the necessary conditions for the onset of localization. An exact linear solution is obtained for adiabatic deformations of thermal viscoplastic materials with no strain dependence. A matched asymptotic expansion is obtained for the general case involving non-adiabatic deformations of the foregoing class of materials. The foregoing solutions illustrate the effect of finite speed of thermal wave propagation on localization initiation.

La montée en généralité pour sortir du Nimby. La mobilisation associative contre le TGV Méditerranée

«How to avoid NIMBY ? The mobilization of associations against the Méditerranée TGV». Jacques Lolive [109-130]. The analysis of the conflict over the Méditerranée TGV shed light on the «rise in generality» performed by some associative networks, moving from a local point of view to a general one. This reference to a common good leans on the mobilization of territories which are disrupted by the project, the democratization of the decision processes or the proposal to redefinite the project itself. In this way, the protester associations have established a specific public space, an effective forum for the railway policy.

Man and the Natural World: Reflections on History and Anthropology

Abstract The efforts of both anthropologists and historians have been weakened by a failure to take into account what the other half were doing. Anthropologists have tended to see nature and culture as too harmoniously related in the simpler societies, overlooking evidence of the kind of ambivalence that is often regarded as typical of later societies. Modern historians, on the other hand, have tended to see new feelings of nature emerging in their chosen period. In Keith Thomas's Man and the Natural World, for example, the idea of development is closely tied to notions of the Enlightenment. A discussion of the cultural history of flowers demonstrates that what seems from a local point of view to be a rapid advance towards the modern may in fact be a catching up with other great traditions, earlier as well as wider.

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN THE PERIPHERY: IS THERE A WAY OUT FROM FOOD RELIEF FOR THE TURKANA IN KENYA?

Sustainable development is hard to achieve, especially if the target is food security in drought-prone, economically and ecologically marginal pastoral areas such as the Turkana District in Kenya. A brief historical account is given of the famine relief and development efforts in the area and their impact is analysed from a local point of view. The main conclusion is that previous activities have largely ignored the existing social basis for development and thus they have failed to create a sustainable institutional framework. Although there are presently some encouraging signs that new, locally based efforts are taking root, their success will depend on the creation of an enabling socio-political environment by the national authorities and international aid organizations. This paper is based on field data collected in Turkana in 1987, supplemented by research reports and other project-based secondary data.