Local Plant Species Research Articles

Treatment of Industrial Wastewater in a Floating Treatment Wetland: A Case Study of Sialkot Tannery

The city of Sialkot in Pakistan is a hub of leather tanneries, with approximately 260 tanneries in operation and, while producing millions of leather products per day, the city discharges millions of gallons of untreated effluent into drains each day. In order to devise a cost-effective system for the treatment of tannery wastewater, a floating treatment wetland (FTW) was established to treat the effluent using local plant species through phytoremediation. The efficiency of the FTW was tested with three different plant species, each grown separately and operating for three months in the FTW tank. Two of the plant species introduced, water hyacinth and water lettuce, were floating and vascular; the third plant species Typha latifolia was vegetated on a floating mat of styrofoam while the roots extended down to the contaminated water. Wastewater from a tannery drain was pumped into the FTW tank with a flow of 0.5 L per minute and was given a retention time of six days. The influent and effluent from the FTW were periodically tested to determine the percentage removal of contaminants, primarily the total suspended solids, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, and chromium. After two months with each species, a significant change in the quality of wastewater was measured: chromium was removed by up to 95 percent by the water hyacinth and water lettuce and 33 percent by the Typha latifolia. The pilot model indicates that FTWs are an effective system to treat effluent from tanneries in a cost-effective way as an alternative to establishing an expensive treatment system with high associated operational costs. It can help in achieving the circular economy concept of conventional wastewater schemes towards more sustainable ones. Moreover, to achieve the principles of circular economy and environmentally friendly development, it is crucial that the substances used for a wetland foundation have the capacity to be recycled, are available at a cheap price, and are locally available.

Assessment of air pollution tolerance index and anticipated performance index of a few local plant species available at the roadside for mitigation of air pollution and green belt development

Assessment of air pollution tolerance index and anticipated performance index of a few local plant species available at the roadside for mitigation of air pollution and green belt development

The Effect of Microbial Diversity and Biomass on Microbial Respiration in Two Soils along the Soil Chronosequence.

Microbial diversity plays an important role in the decomposition of soil organic matter. However, the pattern and drivers of the relationship between microbial diversity and decomposition remain unclear. In this study, we followed the decomposition of organic matter in soils where microbial diversity was experimentally manipulated. To produce a gradient of microbial diversity, we used soil samples at two sites of the same chronosequence after brown coal mining in Sokolov, Czech Republic. Soils were X-ray sterilized and inoculated by two densities of inoculum from both soils and planted with seeds of six local plant species. This created two soils each with four levels of microbial diversity characterized by next-generation sequencing. These eight soils were supplied, or not, by litter of the bushgrass Calamagrostis epigejos, and microbial respiration was measured to assess the rate of decomposition. A strong positive correlation was found between microbial diversity and decomposition of organic matter per gram of carbon in soil, which suggests that microbial diversity supports decomposition if the microbial community is limited by available carbon. In contrast, microbial respiration per gram of soil negatively correlated with bacterial diversity and positively with fungal biomass, suggesting that in the absence of a carbon limitation, decomposition rate is controlled by the amount of fungal biomass. Soils with the addition of grass litter showed a priming effect in the initial stage of decomposition compared to the samples without the addition of litter. Thus, the relationship between microbial diversity and the rate of decomposition may be complex and context dependent.

Aqueous extracts from indigenous plant in Burkina Faso with bio-herbicide properties to reduce Striga hermonthica (Del.) Benth propagation

BackgroundThe genus Striga includes 11 parasitic plants species of food crops in at least 50 African countries. Striga hermonthica (Del.) Benth. is a major biotic constraint to the cereal crops production in Africa. It is the most widespread species in fields in Burkina Faso and grows on all types of soil inducing losses estimated at 35–40% on sorghum and millet. The substantial reductions in yield caused by S. hermonthica contribute significantly to an insufficient food supply for the populations in the area.MethodsThis study aims to identify local plants with bio-herbicidal properties for the management of S. hermonthica. The inhibiting and stimulating effect of aqueous extracts from 13 local plant species on the germination of S. hermonthica seeds was assessed in vitro.ResultsThe aqueous extracts from the leaves of Azadirachta indica A. Juss, Jatropha curcas L., Jatropha gossypiifolia L., Lawsonia inermis L. and those from the leafy stems of Cassia obtusifolia L., Crotalaria retusa L., Phyllanthus amarus L. completely inhibited germination of Striga. Five other plant extracts significantly stimulated germination, of which the highest germination rate (60%) was recorded with the extract from Euphorbia hirta L. leafy stems.ConclusionsThe plant extracts thus constitute an ecological avenue for S. hermonthica control. Further experiments could lead to the formulation of bio-herbicides against the parasitic plant to improve cereal production while limiting environmental pollution.

Temporal changes in the Swiss flora: implications for flower-visiting insects

BackgroundLocal floristic diversity has massively decreased during the twentieth century in Central Europe even though in the 1990s diversity began increasing again in several regions. However, little is known whether this increase is equally distributed among plant groups with different reproductive traits.MethodsOur study is based on data of the Swiss Biodiversity Monitoring Program. In this program, plant species occurrence is recorded since 2001 in 450 regularly distributed 1 km2 study sites. For all 1774 plant species registered in the study, we researched data on flower/pseudanthium type and colour, reproductive system, and groups of flower visitors. We then tested whether temporal changes in species frequency were equally distributed among species with different trait states.ResultsSpecies richness and functional richness significantly increased in the study sites while functional evenness decreased. The frequency of wind-pollinated species increased more strongly than that of insect-pollinated species. Further, the frequency of species with simple, open insect-pollinated flowers and pseudanthia visited by generalist groups of insects increased slightly more strongly than the frequency of species with complex flowers visited by more specialized groups of flower visitors. Additionally, the frequency of self-compatible species increased significantly more than that of self-incompatible species. Thus, the overall increase in local plant species richness in Switzerland is mostly driven by wind- and generalist insect-pollinated, self-compatible species. In contrast, species with complex flowers, which are essential for specialized groups of flower visitors and species with self-incompatible reproductive systems profited less.ConclusionsOur study thus emphasizes the need to consider functional traits in the planning and monitoring of conservation activities, and calls for a special focus on plant species with specialized reproductive traits.

Microbial community structure and functions during chronosequence-based phytoremediation programme of Lignite tailing soil

The eco-restoration of mine-tailing sites has a profound impact on native microbial communities and soil physicochemical properties. The adaptive response of microbial communities during the initial years of phyto-remediated mine-tailing sites was poorly understood. Therefore, the microbial changes during the early stages of chronosequence-based phytoremediative technology were studied at Lignite mine-tailing soils of Panandhro, Rann (desert) of Kachchh, Gujarat using amplicon and shotgun metagenomic approaches. The mine-tailing regions were segregated into three zones, based on the year of plantation and a fourth zone (i.e. unmined) was in proximity of the mining area. In a successive restoration programme, seedlings of local plant species were randomly dispersed and planted across the study area. The pH was acidic to circumneutral (3.7–6.7) at raw mine-tailing sites, post-revegetation, it retards the soil degradation by stimulating soil pH to 6.5–7.6 with an increase in the period of plantation (i.e. at the fifth year of study). In mine-tailing sites and during the restoration process, the bacterial community was predominantly composed of phyla Firmicutes (32%–72%), Bacteroidetes (1%–10%) and Proteobacteria (1%–24%), with changes in their relative abundances. The annotation of genes and proteins from sequenced metagenomes of different zones revealed the functions related to energy metabolism, cellular processing and signalling, genes for stress response, virulence and defence, various membrane transporters, genetic information processing, organismal systems and metabolism, etc. These results suggested that revegetation in the mine tailings has initiated the primary microbial succession and thus it can be further expanded to the remaining regions of the tailing areas. • A metagenomic study of Lignite mine tailings and restoration sites was performed. • Chronosequence-based phytoremediation approach was used for site restoration. • The study suggested the increase in TOC and micronutrients at restoration sites. • Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria were abundant at tailing and study sties. • The functional potential of indigenous communities was also characterized.

Experimental co-production of knowledge to adapt to environmental change in northern India

Poor farmers are particularly vulnerable to environmental stressors and often rely on traditional knowledge and grassroots creativity to help them to adapt. Such adaptation can be enhanced using other knowledge sources, but this requires greater understanding of the processes of knowledge co-production among scientists, local communities and state actors. In this study we undertook knowledge co-production on an experimental basis with two contrasting communities: smallholder farmers in Jind (Haryana) and Adi women in East Siang district (Arunachal Pradesh). We found that the Jind farmers displayed grassroots creativity in coping with salinity induced stresses to rice-wheat cropping systems, while Adi women applied their traditional knowledge of food based on namdung (Perilla ocymoides, a local plant species) to cope with climate variability that affected fermentation. Jind farmers perceived the process of knowledge co-production as moderately credible and salient, but the legitimacy of the exercise was compromised by the relatively low level of participation by state actors. The farmers rated the practical outcomes of the co-produced zero-till wheat as low to moderate for combating salinity-induce risks but as high for a community rice nursery. The knowledge co-production process was considered more credible and salient among younger Adi women than older women, and the utility of the Adi women’s co-produced adaptive practices were rated as moderate to high for reducing the impacts of climate variability on namdung based foods. In both cases, an emergent property of the knowledge co-production exercise was creation of a knowledge network that has the potential to lead to ongoing enhanced adaptation to environmental change. Insights from the study could help improve knowledge co-production in similar social-ecological systems, and can be integrated with environmental change policies.

Characterization of ectomycorrhizal fungal communities associated with tree species on an iron tailings deposit undergoing restoration

Vegetation restoration is an effective method to improve the ecological environment of mine tailings, which has a profound impact on the potential ecological functions of soil fungal communities; yet, little is known about its beneficial effect on soil ectomycorrhizal fungal community. In this study, the responses of soil characteristics and soil ectomycorrhizal fungal community diversity and structure to different revegetation, as well as the contribution of soil factors to soil ectomycorrhizal community were investigated in Liaoning Province, China. As we anticipated, the presence of vegetation significantly improved most soil properties we studied. What’s more, compared to Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis Sieb. et Zucc.), Chinese poplar (Populus simonii Carr), and black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L) could better improve soil total carbon, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and available phosphorus. In addition, soil ectomycorrhizal fungal community diversity in black locust was greater than Korean pine and Populus simonii. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling analyses indicated that soil ectomycorrhizal community significantly differed depending on different revegetation types. Thus, these results indicated that black locust could be a suitable species for the revegetation of iron mine tailings. The study provided theoretical basis for ecological restoration of iron mine tailings using local plant species.

Tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.): Source of Ideas Behind the Semarang Batik Motifs to Strengthen Local Cultural Identity

Tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.), a type of tropical plant that grows in Indonesia has various benefits and has been widely studied by various disciplines. The study of Tamarind as a source of ideas for art creation, on the other hand, has not been widely carried out. The aims of this study are: (1) To explain the process of creating Semarang batik motifs using the idea of Tamarind through the stylization of forms; (2) to analyze the shape of the Tamarind batik motif to strengthen the identity of Semarang’s local culture. This study uses a qualitative approach with phenomenological methods to examine phenomena related to the creation process and the uniqueness of locality-based batik motifs on batik artisans in Semarang City. The data collection techniques used were observation, in-depth interviews, and document studies. The data that has been collected was analyzed interactively through data reduction, presentation, and conclusions with the scope of analysis in intra-aesthetic and extra-aesthetic studies. The results showed that: (1) Tamarind is a typical plant that is closely related to the toponym of the city of Semarang so it becomes a source of ideas for the creation of locality-based batik motifs through the stylization technique by Semarang batik artisans; (2) Visualization of the shape of the Tamarind batik motif that has been produced shows the diversity and uniqueness of the form as an aesthetic expression of the batik artisan in responding to the beauty of the natural and socio-cultural environment in Semarang City according to the level of knowledge and aesthetic experience. This research contributes to the batik artisan in exploring the diversity of local plant species as a source of ideas for creating environmentally-based batik motifs to strengthen the value of local cultural identity.

Clove flower powder (Syzygium Aromaticum) as an alternative plant controlling Aedes Aegypti larvae

Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is still one of the most important health problems in Indonesia. Indonesia is a country with the highest dengue cases in Southeast Asia. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of clove flower powder (Syzygium aromaticum) as a medium in killing Aedes aegypti larvae. This type of research is a simple experimental study with a post test only group control design. This research was conducted to determine the effectiveness of clove powder in killing Aedes Aegypti larvae using doses of 2 mg/10L, 4 mg/10L, 6 mg/10L, 8 mg/10L and 10 mg/10L. Data collection techniques are carried out by making observations, namely by making direct observations. The results showed that each level of the test material (P1, P2, P3, P4, and P5) within 1x24 hours of observation showed a significant difference in the mortality of Aedes Aegypti larvae. The conclusion of this study was that clove powder (Syzygium Aromaticum) was effective in killing Aedes Aegypti larvae with varying results according to the level. Even so, it is still necessary to carry out further research by testing more local plant species as a medium that can kill Aedes Aegypti larvae by paying attention to environmental factors and it is advisable to examine the comparison between Zanzibar clove flowers and ordinary clove flowers

Biometrics analysis of the stem fibers of some local Algerian plant species

Studying the biometric characteristics of the stems of plant species has been of great interest to researchers in the wood and paper industry. The use of plant fibers has been widespread in the fields of composites, buildings, insulation, plastics and automobiles. The present study aimed to investigate the biometric characteristics of the stem fibers of local Algerian plant species, viz. Group 1 (Lygeum spartum and Stipa tenacissima), Group 2 (Linum usitatissimum in the greenhouse and Linum usitatissimum in natural conditions), Group 3 (Retama monosperma and Retama raetam) and Group 4 (Phoenix dactylifera and Ricinus communis). The extraction process was carried out using 1 M NaOH at 60 °C for 48 hours, and the fiber length was calculated for all the species using a micrometer. The fiber length of stems of all the species ranged from 0.36 to 5.18 mm. Then, the difference between each of the two species was approximated using Student's test. The results obtained showed that the t value ranged from 0.50 to 1.79 for Groups 4 and 1, respectively. There was no significant difference between them. These results suggest that these species are promising raw materials for paper production due to their adequate fibre length.

Knowledge and perception of common local wild plant and animal species by children and their teachers – a case study from Switzerland

ABSTRACT This study asked 241 primary children and their 13 teachers in the Canton of Berne, Switzerland, to identify 136 local plant and animal species, which were shown to them as pictures. Children's age, gender, and experiences with nature were recorded to test for associations with species knowledge. Teachers identified 52% of the plants and 61% of the animals, while their pupils only knew 17% and 41% of the species, respectively (class means). Plants with bright flowers like dandelion (Taraxacum officinale), edible fruits like strawberry (Fragaria vesca) or harmful ones like stinging nettle (Urtica dioica) were most identified correctly. Among the animals, charismatic mammals such as fox (Vulpes vulpes) and hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus), but also insects like bumblebees (Bombus terrestris) were best known. However, many common bird species such as chaffinch (Fringilla coelebs) were largely unknown. Boys identified more animal species correctly than did girls. Contact with living beings, a green environment and support by family members fostered species knowledge of children, while their school education was rather insignificant.

EVALUASI PERTUMBUHAN TANAMAN UJI KETURUNAN TEMBESU (Fagraea fragrans ROXB) UMUR 3 TAHUN DI KHDTK KEMAMPO KABUPATEN BANYUASIN

Tembesu (Fagraea fragrans Roxb) is a local superior plant species in South Sumatra. The lots of use has resulted in a decrease in the potential of these plants in natural forests. The length for recycling of tembesu plants is problem in the cultivation of it. One of the ways to overcome this problem is by plant breeding. This study aimed to determine plant growth and genetic variation of 3 years old tembesu (Fagraea Fragrans ROXB) in KHDTK Kemampo, Kabupaten Banyuasin, South Sumatra Province. This study uses Incomplete Block Design with rows and columns, 55 families, 20 replications. The results showed that Provenan had no significant effect on all observed variables, while plant family had a very significant effect on plant height and stem diameter and significantly affected for tree volume. The highest average plant is found in family 20 is 4.79 m, the largest average diameter is found in family 35 is 7.02 cm, the largest average volume is found in family 35 is 0.0177 m3. For genetic parameters, the value of individual heritability was at a high level of 0.37 for plant height, and was at a moderate level for trunk diameter and tree volume, while the value of family heritability was at a high level of 0.65 for plant height variables and was at low levels for trunk diameter and tree volume. the genetic correlation between height and stem diameter has a high value, which is 0.67. Estimated genetic gain at the 5% selection level shows a fairly high value, namely 7.84% for plant height, 4.51% for stem diameter, and 36.62 for tree volume. Key words: Tembesu plant (Fagraea fragrans ROXB) 3 years old, progeny test, growth, genetic variation, evaluation

Cultivation of Local Popcorn Genotypes as a Second Crop in Kahramanmaras Conditions

Popcorn is a snack plant with widespread consumption in our country and around the world. Although the increasing commercialization rate in agriculture with the spread of hybrid varieties has narrowed the production area of local plant species, the production of local pop corn varieties still continue today. Therefore, in this study, 17 local popcorn genotypes and 3 commercial popcorn cultivars were grown as the second crop in Kahramanmaraş climatic conditions. In the study, local popcorn genotypes were determined by plant height, first ear height, first node diameter, ear length, ear diameter, the row number of ear, the number of grain on the ear row, number of ears per plant, and ear tassel-out time, ear silk-out time, grain yield per decare and the relationships between these properties were investigated. According to the results of the research, the plant height of the local popcorn populations was 216 - 166 cm, the height of the first ear 107 -63 cm, the diameter of the first node 22.6 - 16.7 mm, the diameter of the node of ear 16.4 -11.8 mm, ear length 17.267 – 12.833 cm, ear diameter 32.513 – 26.120 mm, the row number of ear 16.8 -12.26, the number of grain on the ear row 38.86 -26.33, the number of ears per plant 1.8 -12 pieces, ear silk-out time 56 -48 days, the ear tassel-out time 68 -56 days and grain yield per decare 478 -260 kg da-1. In the study, positive correlations were found between first ear height and plant height, ear length and ear diameter, the number of grain on the ear row and ear length, the ear tassel-out time and grain yield per decare, ear silk-out time and first node diameter, ear silk-out time and the ear tassel-out time.

Chemical Composition, Antibacterial and Antifungal Activities of Four Essential Oils Collected in the North-East of Tunisia

This work aimed to determine the essential oil composition and their biological activities of four local medicinal plant species (Pinus halepensis, Tetraclinis articulata, Juniperus phoenicea and Juniperus oxycedrus) widely planted in the same geographical site. Essential oil isolation was isolated using hydrodistillation and the chemical composition was based on GC/MS analysis. The antibacterial and antifungal activities of essential oils were assessed against 8 pathogenic bacteria and 4 yeast, and 3 different tests were used. GC/MS results showed that essential oil chemical composition is highly affected by plant species (P<0.001). GC/MS identification revealed that β-phellandrene (21.8%), β-caryophyllene (37.2%), α-pinene (24.7%) and camphor (22.4%) were identified as the major compounds of J. phoenicea, P. halepensis, J. oxycedrus and T. articulata essential oils, respectively. Interestingly, two volatile compounds: β-pinene and p-cymen-8-ol were present in all isolated essential oils with similar concentrations: 0.8 and 0.5% of the total identified componenents. Antibacterial results suggested that essential oils were efficient in arresting the growth of most tested bacteria with different extent depending on the studied plant and bacterial strains. Interestingly, Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most resistant bacterium and Shigella sonnei was the most sensible to tested essential oils. Indeed, the lowest and the highest inhibition diameters were recorded for latter bacterial strains, respectively. Concerning the antifungal activity, results showed interesting efficiency against tested Candida strains. The most susceptible yeast was Candida glabrata, and the most resistant strain was Candida krusei, as the inhibition zone diameter generated by tested essential oils were the lowest and were limited to 13 mm (J. oxycedrus).

Pollination service delivery is complex: Urban garden crop yields are best explained by local canopy cover and garden scale plant species richness

Abstract Pollination is an important ecosystem service to agriculture, however, the factors influencing pollination in urban food gardens are poorly understood. We investigated how features within urban environments, including floral resources and canopy cover, impacted (a) flower visitation and seed production of a model plant (Brassica rapa) and (b) total yields of produce from urban gardens in Sydney, Australia. Floral visitation to model plants was dominated by a few common species, with honeybees responsible for 53.4% of visitation and native stingless bees and two hoverfly species accounting for another 37.1% of visitors; 28 other species were collectively responsible for less than 10% of visitation. While insect pollinators were abundant, the relationship between floral visitation and model plant reproductive output was weak and not always positive. The pollination success of model plants was only marginally impacted by environmental features, while pollinator visitation had a small negative impact. However, total crop yields across urban gardens were strongly influenced by local canopy cover and garden scale plant species richness. Synthesis and applications. The factors influencing pollination service delivery to urban gardens are complex; pollinator visitation, richness and/or floral resource availability may not always reflect positive, plant reproductive outcomes. Yields of garden crops, whether pollinator dependent or not, were more strongly influenced by surrounding environmental variables, including broad scale measures of canopy cover and local plant diversity, than pollination‐related metrics. This implies policies to support pollinator richness will likely differ to those supporting crop yields in urban gardens and will require assessment and management of external environmental factors.

Medicinal Plants in Semi-Natural Grasslands: Impact of Management

Semi-natural grasslands (SNG) are valuable for their high biodiversity, cultural and landscape values. Quantitative information about medicinal plants (MP) in SNG facilitates the evaluation of ecosystem services of these habitats. Different literature sources were used to assess the ratio and frequency of MP species in several Estonian SNG and to evaluate the impact of management on these values. Lists of MP species according to different MP definition scenarios are available. The ratio of MP species in the local plant species list was the largest in alvars, followed by floodplain and wooded meadows. The average number of MP species in wooded meadows and alvars was about twice of that found in naturally growing broadleaved forest (according to the most detailed MP species list, 7.2, 7.8 and 4.3 plot−1, respectively). Fertilization of wooded meadows had no significant impact on MP species ratio, but decreased the percentage of MP biomass. Coastal meadows had few MP species and the impact of management quality depended on adopted MP scenarios. Comparison of Ellenberg indicator values revealed that MP species were more drought-tolerant, with higher commonness and more anthropophyte than the rest of studied grassland species.

KUALITAS TEGAKAN BENIH LOKAL DI HUTAN LINDUNG KAB. LUWU UTARA

Information regarding the potential and dominance of local plant species in the Sassa Village Protection Forest, North Luwu Regency is still limited. In fact, there are fewer and fewer local plant species that are used by the community, this is indicated by the difficulty of obtaining local plant seed sources. This difficulty is due to the lack of local parent plants in this area, for this reason it is necessary to study the potential of local plants and the selection of parent trees for local plant seed sources. The research method by collecting data was carried out using exploratory techniques with the transect method, then the parent tree that had been determined as a seed source stand that had met the criteria as a parent tree was given a coordinate point. Then the scoring was carried out on tree height (T), tree diameter (D), branch-free height (Tbc), trunk straightness (KB), trunk surface (PB) and tree health condition (KK). The results of this study obtained 16 types of plants with the highest T score of 20, 16 species of plants with the highest D score of 30, 33 species that had the highest Tbc score of 15, and 3 types of plants that had the highest KB+PB+KK score of 20. There were 18 species with a total score of &gt;60 that met the highest criteria as well as from the various genotypic characteristics that had been observed.

Forage resources and animals’ feeding in southern groudnut bassin and eastern regions of Senegal

Rainfall disturbances, a consequence of the effects of climate change, aggravated by anthropogenic pressure on vegetation, are leading to the progressive disappearance of several adapted local plant species in the so-called "groundnut basin" and eastern Senegal. Also, the clearing of land for agriculture potentiates and amplifies this degradation. At this rate, the loss of most of the local plant, forage and forest resources will follow. As part of a multi-species census and collection of plant genetic resources for food and agriculture, an inventory of available forage resources in the groundnut basin and eastern Senegal was made. This inventory was made by field observations triangulated with interview data. The results show that the methods and level of exploitation of natural forage resources and crop residues differ from one area to another. The natural rangeland, which still constitutes the essential part of domestic ruminants feed in these regions, is in continuous degradation. In fact, this rangeland in groundnut basin is not very diversified like southern area, with a low index of quality and volume of pastures. Crop residues are abundant but not very varied. They represent an interest for the breeders of this zone and their sale prices can sometimes exceed those of the harvested products. This is a snapshot of the situation, valid for a given time. This situation is dynamic and can change significantly from one moment to the next. Nevertheless, the results obtained will make it possible to conceive methods of conservation and production of the identified species; in order to identify the best methods of management and sustainable use.

Formulation Of Instant Moringa Oleifera Combination Dates (Phoenix Dactylifera L.) As Galactogogues

Background: Moringa oleivera is a local plant species that has the potential to be developed for nursing mothers. The content of phytosterol compounds contained in Moringa leaves has a function to increase and facilitate the production of breast milk. Instant Moringa powder preparation is one of the processed Moringa powder leaves in the form of powder for drinks that can be used by nursing mothers. Dates contain sterols needed to produce hormones for breastfeeding mothers, such as estrogen, progesterone, and prolactin. This hormone has a very important role in increasing milk production.&#x0D; Methods: Extraction of Moringa leaf powder (15%) and dates (25%) by infundation method with aquadest solvent. Moringa powder extract and date extract were further crystallized with sucrose (60%). &#x0D; Results: The results of the formulation of 30 grams of moringa plus 50 grams of crystallization with 120 grams of sugar obtained as much as 115 grams of moringa powder. The color of the preparation is brownish yellow, the smell is typical of Moringa with a slightly bitter sweet taste, pH is 5.61%, water content is 5.41% and fat content is 1.75%.&#x0D; Conclution: There is a shrinkage during the formulation processing process of 57% of the net weight of the material.