Local Pigeon Research Articles

Libyan local pigeon: Preliminary description of meat characteristics

يعد الحمام أحد أنواع الدواجن البديلة الممكنة لإنتاج اللحوم. خصائص الذبيحة في فراخ الحمام المحلي الليبي لم يتم توصيفها من قبل. تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى وصف مبدئي لخصائص ذبيحة فراخ الحمام المحلي وتركيبها الكيميائي. أجريت الدراسة على ستة فراخ من سلالة الحمام المحلية الليبية تتراوح أعمارها بين (28-40 يومًا). منعت الطيور من الطعام والشرب لمدة 12 ساعة ووزنت (الوزن الحي)، ثم ذبحت ونزع ريشها باستخدام ماء ساخن (85 درجة مئوية) و أزيلت أحشاءها الداخلية وسجل وزن الذبيحة. بلغ متوسط الوزن الحي ووزن الذبيحة المنزوعة الأحشاء 283.38 و 207.81 جرام، على التوالي. كانت نسبة التصافي 73.36٪. يمثل الصدر والرجل (الفخذ + عصا الطبال) أعلى القطعيات: 34.91٪ و 5.82٪ من وزن الذبيحة، على التوالي. كانت نسبة اللحم إلى العظم في قطعيات الصدر والفخذ والجناح والظهر 10.55 و 5.49 و 3.12 و 3.16 على التوالي. كان محتوى لحم الفراخ من الرطوبة والبروتين الخام والدهن الخام والرماد 67.01 و 21.72 و 8.78 و 1.19٪، على التوالي. بناءً على النتائج المتحصل عليها من الدراسة الحالية، يمكن أن يشكل لحم الحمام أحد أنواع لحوم الدواجن البديلة في سوق لحوم الدواجن المحلي.

Investigation of the morphological and histological features of the testes of pigeon (Columba livia domestica) in pre-puberty and post-puberty

Background: Morphological and histological examination of the testes can provide a suitable insight into the health of the reproductive system. Aim: The objective of the current study was to investigate the morphological and histological features of the testes of local pigeons (Columba livia domestica) at mature and immature stages of age. Methods: Two groups of collected specimens underwent macroscopic and microscopic investigation to evaluate and compare the main general properties of their testes. Results: The findings indicated that the testis has an oval shape in both pre-puberty and post-puberty stages, situated on the inner side of the kidney towards the caudal extreme of the lungs. However, the left testis was bigger than those on the right side. In the pre-puberty stage group, the testicular parenchyma was small, and almost collapsed seminiferous tubules containing a single layer of Spermatogonia and Sertoli cells. In contrast, in the post-puberty stage, the parenchyma space between seminiferous tubules was small, and tubules adhered closely to each other. Also, mature cells including Sertoli, spermatogonia, and spermatocytes were noticed to spread within the tubules. Conclusion: The change in the histological structure of testes before and after maturity may help to evaluate the complexity of the male reproductive system of pigeons and draw attention to the organization of sex hormones and the function of several types of cells within the testes.

Seasonal cold induces divergent structural/biochemical adaptations in different skeletal muscles of Columba livia: evidence for nonshivering thermogenesis in adult birds.

Birds are endothermic homeotherms even though they lack the well-studied heat producing brown adipose tissue (BAT), found in several clades of eutherian mammals. Earlier studies in ducklings have demonstrated that skeletal muscle is the primary organ of nonshivering thermogenesis (NST) plausibly via futile calcium (Ca2+)-handling through ryanodine receptor (RyR) and sarco-endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA). However, recruitment of futile Ca2+-cycling in adult avian skeletal muscle has not been documented. Studies in mammals show remarkable mitochondrial remodeling concurrently with muscle NST during cold. Here, we wanted to define the mitochondrial and biochemical changes in the muscles in free-ranging adult birds and whether different skeletal muscle groups undergo similar seasonal changes. We analyzed four different muscles (pectoralis, biceps, triceps and iliotibialis) from local pigeon (Columba livia) collected during summer and winter seasons in two consecutive years. Remarkable increase in mitochondrial capacity was observed as evidenced from succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and cytochrome c oxidase (COX) activity staining in all the muscles. Interestingly, fibers with low SDH activity exhibited greater cross-sectional area during winter in all muscles except iliotibialis and became peripherally arranged in individual fascicles of pectoralis, which might indicate increased shivering. Furthermore, gene expression analysis showed that SERCA, sarcolipin and RyR are up-regulated to different levels in the muscles analyzed indicating muscle NST via futile Ca2+-cycling is recruited to varying degrees in winter. Moreover, proteins of mitochondrial-SR-tethering and biogenesis also showed differential alterations across the muscles. These data suggest that tropical winter (∼15°C) is sufficient to induce distinct remodeling across muscles in adult bird.

Evaluation of Meat Quality of Local Pigeon Varieties in China.

To evaluate the germplasm characteristics and nutritional value of Chinese native pigeon varieties, this study analyzed the nutrient composition of the meat of four Chinese native pigeon varieties and then compared them with those of the White King pigeon, which is the most commonly used in China. A total of 150 pigeons aged 28 d (squabs) of 5 breeds including Taihu pigeon, Shiqi pigeon, Ta-rim pigeon, Boot pigeon, and White King pigeon were selected for slaughter. The basic meat quality parameters and contents of conventional nutritional compositions, inosine acid, amino acids, and fatty acids were measured. The results showed that there were significant differences in flesh color (L*, b*), pH, and water loss rate of different breeds of suckling pigeons (p < 0.05). Compared with White King pigeons, four local breeds had dark breast meat and a low water loss rate. The protein contents of Taihu, Tarim, and Shiqi suckling pigeons were significantly higher than those of White King pigeons (p < 0.05). Taihu pigeons had the highest protein content, reaching 22.72%. The inosinic acid content of Tarim pigeons was the highest (1.31 mg/g) and was significantly higher than that of Shiqi pigeons, Boot pigeons, and White King pigeons (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the content of amino acids, the ratio of essential amino acids, and the ratio of umami amino acids in the meat of different breeds of pigeons (p > 0.05). The percentage of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) in the breast muscle of local breeding pigeons was significantly lower than that of White King pigeons (p < 0.05), and the percentages of lauric acid, palmitic acid, eicosanoic acid, and behenic acid in SFAs reached significant levels (p < 0.05). The content of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in the meat of Taihu pigeons was significantly higher than that in other breeds. In conclusion, compared with the White King pigeon, the meat of local breed pigeons (Taihu pigeon, Shiqi pigeon, Tarim pigeon, and Boot pigeon) had dark flesh, good water retention, high protein and inosine contents, a high proportion of essential amino acids, and a low saturated fatty acid ratio. In addition, Taihu pigeons had the highest protein content (22.72%), monounsaturated fatty acids (44.58%), and EPA (0.47%) compared to other breeds.

Histomorphological and histochemical study of small intestine of adult age of local pigeon Columba livia

Histomorphological and histochemical study of small intestine of adult age of local pigeon Columba livia

The Role Of The Brooke Rajahs: Promoting The Natural History Of Sarawak

From 1842 until 1946, three members of the English family Brooke governed the State of Sarawak in succession: Rajah Sir James Brooke (from 1842 until his death in 1868), his nephew Rajah Sir Charles Brooke (1868 – 1917), and his son His Highness Rajah Sir C. Vyner Brooke (1917 – 1946). None of these men, nor the wives of the latter two (Ranee Margaret, and Ranee Sylvia, respectively) personally studied the Natural History of Sarawak, but each of the three Rajahs created opportunities for others to investigate and record the rich natural resources of the State. In 1838, although drawn by the opportunity for profit from trade in the rich and accessible deposit of antimony ore (stibnite) in the Sarawak river, James Brooke’s first act on landing at Santubong was to hunt a local pigeon and wild pigs. Once securely installed as Rajah, he engaged specialists to investigate the geology, natural resources and indigenous population of his territory. In 1853-54, he invited the naturalist collector Alfred R. Wallace to start his exploration of the ‘Malay Archipelago’ at Sarawak. During his stay, Wallace benefited from Rajah Brooke’s hospitality at Santubong (where he wrote his first paper on speciation: ‘the Sarawak Law’), and at Peninjau (where he made fabulous collections of night-flying moths). Wallace also sold specimens of orangutans to British museums. In 1865, after Rajah James had retired to England, as acting Head of Government, Charles Brooke welcomed the Italian collectors, Giacomo Doria and Edoardo Beccari. Doria did not stay long, but Beccari established himself at a favourable spot on the hillside of Mt Matang. Beccari recorded his travels and discoveries in an Italian publication Nelle Foreste di Borneo; Ranee Margaret later promoted an English translation, for which she provided photographs.

THE EFFECT OF ROSEMARY (SALVIA ROSMARINUS) SUPPLEMENTED DIET ON REPRODUCTIVE AND PRODUCTIVE TRAITS OF LIBYAN LOCAL PIGEON

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of rosemary leaves powder supplement on reproductive and productive performance of local pigeon. Thirty pairs of Libyan local pigeons were randomly allocated into three groups, each with 10 replicates. Rosemary leaves powder (RLP) was added to isonitrogenous and isoenergetic ration at 0 % (control, C), 0.5 % (T1) or 1 % (T2). The experiment lasted for a complete breeding cycle. RLP did not affect egg weight, egg number or incubation period. Egg volume (13.82, 10.73 and 11.42 cm3), egg hatchability (100, 55.56 and 50.00 %) and hatching weight (16.63, 14.91 and 14.89 g) were higher in C group in comparison with T1 and T2, respectively (p &lt; 0.05). Egg surface area (30.25, 26.30 and 27.74 cm2) and egg width (2.67, 2.44 and 2.53 cm) were higher in C than in T1 (p &lt; 0.05) and tended to be higher than T2 (p &gt; 0.05). Egg length, egg shape index, fertility rate and pre-weaning survival rate tended to decrease with the increased RLP inclusion rate; however, these differences were not significant (p &gt; 0.05). Squab weight at weaning was lower in C than in T2 group, (310.35, 312.08, 337.98 g for C, T1, and T2, respectively) (p &lt; 0.05). Peroxide value of fresh meat tended to decrease in T2 compared to T1 or C groups (0.6, 0.49, 0.37 meq/kg for C, T1 and T2, respectively) (p &gt; 0.05). Malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration in fresh meat (0.16, 0.16, 0.09 mg MDA/kg) and blood (1.66, 0.83, 0.61 mg MDA/L) for C, T1 and T2, respectively, was lower in T2 compared to C group (p &lt; 0.05). In conclusion, adding RLP to feed negatively affected the reproductive performance despite expected improvement of the productive performance and oxidative status in pigeons.

Assessment of Egg Quality of the Nigerian Local Pigeon (Columba Livia Domestica) in Gombe, Nigeria

The research was conducted to assess the egg quality of the Nigerian indigenous pigeons in three agro- ecological zone of Gombe state, namely; Gombe Central, South and North. 90 fresh eggs were randomly collected from these zones comprising of 30 eggs per zone to assess the external and internal egg quality of the domestic pigeon. Data were collected on egg weight, Egg length Egg width, Egg shell weight, Shell thickness and the Internal egg characteristics were albumen height, yolk height, albumen weight, yolk weight and Haugh unit. Results indicated that egg weight value were 14.052 ± 0.173, 14.385 ± 0.229 and 13.758 ± 0.99g in Gombe Central, South and Gombe North. The mean average of egg weight in the study area was 14.273 ± 0.1045g. However, egg weight was significantly (P&lt;0.05) affected by location. Gombe South seems to have a heavier egg weight compared to Central and Gombe North. Albumen height value was 5.6100 ± 0.0044, 5.6933 ± 0.032, and 5.4333 ± 0.063mm in Gombe Central, South and Gombe North. The mean average of the albumen height in the study area was 5.6401 ± 0.03082mm. There was a significant difference (P&lt;0.001) in albumen height across location. Yolk height value were 12.880 ± 0.12048, 13.206 ± 0.0475, 12.753 ± 0.12127g in Gombe Central, South and North, respectively. Overall yolk height was 13.0696 ± 0.06187mm, which was highly significant at (P&lt;0.001) for location. Haugh unit values were 93.897 ± 0.02318, 94.120 ± 0.2493 and 93.158 ± 0.3237 in Gombe Central, South and North, respectively. However, there was a significant difference (P &lt;0.01) in Haugh unit for location effect. Most correlation values were significant at 1%. However, a few were correlated at 5%. Egg weight is correlated with egg length (0.499; P&lt;0.01), shell weight (0.28; P&lt;0.01) and Haugh unit (-0.278; P&lt;0.05). Albumen height was correlated with yolk length (0.23; P&lt;0.05) and Haugh unit (0.0928; P&lt;0.01). Conclusively, the high egg qualities are indication of good reproductive performance in the pigeons. Since most correlated responses were positive, selection for a particular egg characteristic could lead to positive responses in others and such correlated responses could be used to hasten selection processes to improve the pigeons.

Histomorphological study of small intestine during one day age in local pigeon Columba livia

Histomorphological study of small intestine during one day age in local pigeon Columba livia

A cytopathological study of the role of liver impression as a diagnostic tool in pigeons

The aim of the current study is to investigate any pathological changes which affect local pigeon liver by using liver impression and providing data base for the results of cytological and morphological features of hepatic impressions of local pigeon also to Study the relation between cellular contents and bacterial profiles at those impressions for that purpose about 20 birds of local pigeon were used in current study. the result showed presence of including heterophil 21.53% monocyte 1.52%, eosinophil 1.04%, basophil 0.01%, macrophage 4.01%. RBC 31.9% and vacuolated hepatocyte 4.94%. We also recorded presence of undifferentiated cells0.19% bacterial infection and parasite infestation of blood protozoa represented by presence of plasmodium parasite inside red blood cell in 4 samples out of 20 samples, G+ Staphylococcus and streptococcus and G- Bacteria coccobacilli as a bacterial. Bacteria including Staphylococci, Streptococci and Coccobacilli were noticed with in different densities between sections, the protozoal parasite as Plasmodium infestation were also detected in 20% of samples We concluded that, the hepatic impression give a diagnostic tool to aim in final diagnosis for inflammatory diseases in pigeons, in addition this impression give a primary idea about bacteria and parasitic infection that can be present in infected pigeons

Infectivity and pathobiology of H7N1 and H5N8 high pathogenicity avian influenza viruses for pigeons (Columba livia var. domestica)

ABSTRACT Avian influenza (AI) is one of the most important viral diseases in poultry, wildlife and humans. Available data indicate that pigeons play a minimum role in the epidemiology of AI. However, a degree of variation exists in the susceptibility of pigeons to highly pathogenic AI viruses (HPAIVs), especially since the emergence of the goose/Guangdong H5 lineage. Here, the pathogenesis of H5N8 HPAIV in comparison with a H7N1 HPAIV and the role of pigeons in the epidemiology of these viruses were evaluated. Local and urban pigeons (Columba livia var. domestica) were intranasally inoculated with 105 ELD50 of A/goose/Spain/IA17CR02699/2017 (H5N8) or A/Chicken/Italy/5093/1999 (H7N1) and monitored during 14 days. Several pigeons inoculated with H5N8 or H7N1 seroconverted. However, clinical signs, mortality, microscopic lesions and viral antigen were only detected in a local pigeon inoculated with H5N8 HPAIV. This pigeon presented prostration and neurological signs that correlated with the presence of large areas of necrosis and widespread AIV antigen in the central nervous system, indicating that the fatal outcome was associated with neurological dysfunction. Viral RNA in swabs was detected in some pigeons inoculated with H7N1 and H5N8, but it was inconsistent, short-term and at low titres. The present study demonstrates that the majority of pigeons were resistant to H5N8 and H7N1 HPAIVs, despite several pigeons developing asymptomatic infections. The limited viral shedding indicates a minimum role of pigeons as amplifiers of HPAIVs, regardless of the viral lineage, and suggests that this species may represent a low risk for environmental contamination. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS H7N1 and H5N8 HPAIVs can produce subclinical infections in pigeons. The mortality caused by H5N8 HPAIV in one pigeon was associated with neurological dysfunction. Pigeons represent a low risk for environmental contamination by HPAIVs.

CROP-LIVESTOCK INTERACTION IN RURAL HOUSEHOLD OF BANGLADESH

This study examined the crop livestock interaction in agrarian zone of Bangladesh. Quantitative data were collected with a questionnaire from a sample of randomly selected 458 respondents through personal interview. Two categories of respondent participated, such as old conservational agriculture research or farmer group and new conservational agriculture research or farmer group. Simple and direct questions with different scales were used to obtain necessary information. Data were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. The result showed that 54.15% of the farmers were range between 31 and 35 years of age, and their educational level was mainly in primary level (31.66%) in all categories. The farmer’s family usually consist of more than six family members (42.58%). In rural household farmers used both own and lease land for crops production. Crops grown within the study area includes rice, wheat, jute, pulses, oilseeds, maize, vegetables etc. Livestock reared by respondent included cattle, buffaloes, sheep and goat, while their wives and children rear local chicken, duck and pigeon. Among annual household income crop provides 59.88% whereas livestock provides 13.23%. Extension services in the study areas of agricultural production should be provided in order to increase their level of production and greater crop-livestock interaction.

Molecular identification of Ascaridia columbae in the Local Healthy Pigeon (Columba livia domestica, Gmelin, 1780) in Karbala Province

The current study was conducted to investigate dissemination of gastrointestinal Ascariasis in local pigeons (Columba livia domestica) living in Kerbala province. Forty domestic pigeons with different ages were purchased from different markets. Each bird was examined for intestinal parasites. Out of 40 birds examined, the prevalence of gastrointestinal Ascariasis in examined birds were ( 12.5% ), Ascaris sp. was detected in 100% of intestinal contents using macroscopic and microscopic examination assays, molecular diagnosis from bird belly, with the emphasis on primer designed specificity it used in our study.

Morphological and histochemical study of adrenal gland in local domestic pigeons (Columba livia domestica) in Basrah province

Morphological and histochemical study of adrenal gland in local domestic pigeons (Columba livia domestica) in Basrah province

KADAR LEMAK DAN PROTEIN DAGING BURUNG MERPATI LOKAL (Columba livia) YANG DIPELIHARA SECARA INTENSIF DAN DIPOTONG PADA UMUR BERBEDA

The research was aim at study and give information of crude protein and fat of local pigeon meat ( Columba livia ) that was slaughtered at different age and intensive care system. The research used completely randomized design, with five treatments and four replications. If any significant effects found. Further analysis was conducted using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT). Treatments set out for this research was selection of local pigeon at the different ages : M3 (3 weeks), M4 (4 weeks), M5 (5 weeks), M6 (6 weeks), M7 (>4 months) there were 4 pigeons for each sample. Variables observed were crude protein and fat of meats. Result of this research is the local pigeon that slaughtered in different age is significantly (P<0,01) to protein level of the meats of local pigeons in intensive care system. Keywords: local pigeon, intensive care system, crude protein , fat

Pan de Muerto

Pan de Muerto Maria Nieto (bio) Melodic coos reached Gloria’s bed carried on the tail of a damp breeze. Pajarito Travieso Hermoso Mi Amor was awake and eager for a pre-dawn flight. The wayward homing pigeon that captured Gloria’s heart nearly three years ago was too much bird to bear a single name; Gloria decided on several to express how much she loved her mischievous, beautiful feathered friend. Today the pigeon’s coos captured more than Gloria’s heart, they captured her dream, transporting her back in time to a college campus demonstration spearheaded by a fraternity. The brothers of Upsilon Upsilon Upsilon were demanding mass extermination of the local pigeon population, yelling “Death to flying rats. Kill the pigeons now.” They were convinced pigeon poop was to blame for a recent outbreak of flu-like symptoms on fraternity row. Gloria’s student organization, Animal Lovers Unite, believed the pigeons were being scapegoated to steer attention away from a rash of recent violent pigeon murders, possibly perpetrated by the brothers themselves. Her group held strong against the hateful rhetoric, holding signs that read, A pigeon’s coo says I love you, Fertilize the natural way, pigeon poop is here to stay, and Equal rights for all our avian friends. Just when it looked like the demonstration was going to get physical, Gloria was pulled out of her dream by a loud shrill. It was Pajarito Travieso Hermoso Mi Amor. He had grown impatient and left his cage to walk on Gloria’s head. “Ay, Pajarito. Okay, okay, I’m up.” Gloria reached over to open her window and the bird immediately took to the sky. ________ No timekeeper was needed. When Felix Galván started to knead his first mound of dough the short arm of the clock clicked into place; it was 4 a.m. Felix [End Page 191] dug the palms of his large muscular hands into the mass and stretched it across a floured tabletop. He then tucked the dough into a round before leveling it again. He repeated the process to create a smooth, elastic texture off the backs of life – hordes of single-celled yeast. The microorganisms fed off the flour’s starch and gave in return their waste, carbon dioxide gas forcing the dough to rise. After loading the last tray of Mexican sweet bread into the display case it was 7:00am and time for Felix to open for business. Conchas whose shapes and sugary coats rivaled the rarest, colored seashells, flakey orejas that looked like the ears of Goliath, and empanadas de manzana that would win the envy of Johnny Appleseed, filled the panadería with a smell of golden caramel awash with the sentimentality of a home you never wanted to leave. The early morning aroma used to lure a steady flow of people, but over the last couple of years business was slow for Pan Del Corazón, Felix’s 24th Street shop where each baked good reflected the store-front’s name, Bread from the Heart. People like Socorro Prieta, Rudy Garcia, and countless others no longer came; they no longer lived in the neighborhood Felix had called home his whole life. The Mission District of San Francisco was changing. New residents now occupied many of the Victorian flats and ornate Queen Anne buildings dotting the historic landscape; their palates demanded the avant-garde in flavor - donuts infused with lavender and hibiscus oils and iced with lemon chiffon, ice cream boasting large chunks of imported dark chocolate and flavored with orange cardamom, and bite-sized green tea cupcakes layered with mint frosting. Price was no factor for the newcomers. In fact, the higher the cost, the more people clamored for the chance to eat what they could easily afford and damn well thought they deserved. For all the customers Felix had lost over the years, he still had a few loyal patrons like Gloria Muñoz. Nearly every morning she made her way to the panadería to share space and time with Felix over a cup of coffee and pan. Felix was sure she’d be arriving soon because today was special, it was...

Toxicologic Pathology of Carbaryl in Pigeons in Basrah/ Iraq

The present research project was done on toxicologica pathology of carbaryl in local pigeons, in four group: untreated control, low dose (12.5mg/kg), intermediate dose (25 mg/kg) and high dose(50 mg/kg). The study showed varying degree of histopathological changes in liver, kidney, heart, pancreas,intestine and lung. Those histopathological changes varied from centrilopullarvacuolation of hepatocyte in liver, dilated/ vacuolated proximal convoluted tubules in kidney with glomerular with high cellularity, lung showed area inflammatory cells, pancreas with congested blood vessels and interstesial fibrosis, heart with vacuolation of myocardial cells, odema and actopicadpose tissue, intestine showed increase number of mucus gland and thickendmuscularisexterna. In conclusion it appeared that carbaryl can induced various toxicologic pathologic lesion in various visceral organ as above. The changes were

Most Beautiful Pigeons of Bangladesh

Pigeons are not aristocratic bird but its body shape, colorful feathers, ornamentation, care, mode of breeding; availability and cost seem to be aristocratic. From the very beginning of human welfare there existed a good relation between pigeon and human. At the dawn of human civilization pigeons are used as letter sending. Later on its tumbling is another great point for its peculiar life. These birds are more social, lovely and sophisticated and found most of the houses in rural and urban areas. Observed seven very nice pigeons are- western crowned pigeon, fantail, jacobin, frillback, pouter, trumpeter and swallow. Their breeding is not normal as local pigeon except fantail. Though the western crowned pigeon is wild but in captivity its breeding and maintenance is not bad. Though these pigeons are produced fewer squab but only 1-2 pair in a year is shown great economic value. Mentioned pigeons are chosen by peoples only on ornamental feathers except the enlarge crop of the pouter. Observed some pigeons are reared in aristocratic family of the famous people or for research affairs so that it can be easily considered as aristocratic ones. Jacobin pigeon was the best to queen Victoria. In America, trumpeter is one of the most popular breed to all. Moreover, emperor Akbar reared fantail and pouter pigeons with other pigeons and naturalist Charles Darwin established a pigeon farm in his yard for explain his book ‘variation of plants and animals under domestication’. From the history the frillback is called Darwin pigeon. Pablo Picasso and Gypsy Rose Lee like fantail pigeon and Johnny Otis is famous for swallow pigeon collection. Out of seven breeds only crown pigeon and frillback evolved by natural selection and others from artificial selection by judicious breeding. Except fantails other six pigeons need to foster pigeons for its squab rising.

Golubarska leksika Ugljara kod Prištine

This paper deals with pigeon fancier's lexicology and terminology used in Ugljare village which is situated on the right bank of Prištevka River, in the area between Kosovo Polje and Priština. Terminology and lexics of pigeon fanciers were recorded after the Kosovo and Metohija occupation in 1999. Research materials were mainly collected from local pigeon fanciers. Certain amount of the answers was collected with the use of questionnaires specifically made for this research. We have also conducted lexical, semantical and pronunciation analyses of the recorded materials. A dictionary of registered names has also been made. Materials were classified within nine semantical groups. Dictionary contains one hundred and thirty units.

Detection of the main bacterial causative agents associated with pneumonia cases of pigeons in Al-Diwaniya province

In this study, infected lung samples of pigeons at Al-Diwaniya province were tested for the presence of some aerobic bacteria. The identification of bacteria were proved by swabs culturing and biochemical tests. A total of 100 pigeons were examined at post-mortem, and 100 samples with pneumonia were collected. All lungs were collected from different local pigeon’s market showing respiratory disorders. Blood agar supplemented with 7% sheep blood was used for isolation of the agents.Two methods were used for culturing the samples collecting from lung which include direct and indirect methods. In both methods bacterial colonies were identified on blood agar and MacConkey agar after that differential media was used for bacterial purification; various biochemical tests were used to study the properties of each bacterium. The aim of this work was to isolate and identify the aerobic bacteria associated with cases showing typical signs of respiratory infections.Bacteriological result showed (107) bacterial isolates which include Escherchia coli represent high percentage (29.9%) and ,Staphylococcus spp.(14.%) were considered the most predominant bacteria in comparison to other isolated bacteria which include Streptococcus pneumonia, K. pneumonia, E. aerogenense and P. vulgaris. This study showed that E. coli is the most prevalent bacterial infection among pigeon population in Al-Diwaniya province.