Local Peanut Research Articles

Pengaruh Pemberian Gelombang Bunyi Jenis Murottal Terhadap Pertumbuhan Batang Dan Daun Pada Pembibitan Kacang Tanah (Arachis Hypogea)

This study aims to determine the effect of murottal type sound waves on stem height, number of leaves and number of stalks on peanut plant growth. Using local peanut seeds with the addition of organic fertilizer, urea fertilizer and without the addition of other nutrients. The peanut seeds were treated with 4000 Hz murottal sound with different exposure times and without murottal sound exposure. Peanut seedlings were observed using a camera to obtain images and using measuring instruments to determine the growth of stems and leaves. The results showed that the difference in the effect of giving sound and without sounding could give a change in the average increase of 6 - 9 cm in stem height, the number of leaves experienced an average increase of 4 leaves while the change in the number of stalks experienced an increase of 1 stalk.

PENGARUH BERBAGAI JENIS DAN TAKARAN PUPUK HIJAU TERHADAP PRODUKSI TANAMAN KACANG TANAH (Arachis hypogaea L.) LOKAL MUNA

This study aims to determine the effect of various types and doses of green manure on the production of local Muna peanut plants and to determine the treatment that gives the best response to the production of local Muna peanut plants. This research was carried out at the Field Laboratory of Experimental Gardens II, Faculty of Agriculture, Halu Oleo University, Kendari. Taking place from October 2021 to February 2022. This study used a two-factor Randomized Block Design (RDB), the first types of green manure kirinyu (H1), Colopogonium (H2) and gamal (H3). The second factor was the fertilizer dose consisting of 0 t ha-1 (T0), 7,5 t ha-1 (T1), 15 t ha-1 (T2) and 22,5 t ha-1 (T3), so there are 12 treatment combinations and repeated 3 times. The research data were analyzed using analysis of variance and further tested using the honest real difference test. The results showed that the interaction of various types and doses of green manure had a very significant effect on the number of filled pods, weight of filled pods, the percentage of filled pods and pod production, but gave an insignificant interaction effect on the number of productive branches. The combination of types and doses of kirinyu green manure 22,5 t ha-1 (H3T3) gave the best response to increasing the production of local peanut plants in Muna.

RESPONSE OF PEANUT TO WEED CONTROL MANAGEMENT AND NANO-ZINC FOLIAR APPLICATION IN GROWTH, YIELD, AND QUALITY TRAITS

A field experiment on a local peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivar transpired in the spring season of 2021 at the Al-Hussainiya region, Holy Kerbala, Iraq (Latitude: 32.6160; Longitude: 44.0249). The completed study aimed to determine peanut response to weed control, foliar application of nano-zinc, and their interaction in growth, yield, and quality traits. The experiment laid out in a split-plot design with two factors (weed control and nano-zinc foliar application) had three replications. The nano-zinc concentrations (0, 50, and 100 mg L-1) occupied the main plots, with the weed control treatments kept in sub-plots. Weed control included the control (T0 – no weed control), manual hoeing (T1), and weed control with pre-emergence (pre-em) herbicides, i.e., Trifluralin (T2) and Pendimethalin (T3), and post-emergence (post-em) herbicides, viz., Oxyfluorfen (T4) and Clethodim (T5). The results showed that post-em herbicide Oxyfluorfen gave superior enhancement on the vegetative dry weight, pods per plant, seeds per plant, total pod yield, protein, and zinc in the seeds with increased values of 52.0%, 265.1%, 254.5%, 211.9%, 13.2%, and 25.5%, respectively, compared with the control treatment. Nano-zinc (100 mg L-1) foliar application led to a significant increase in the above traits with increased rates of 2.5%, 21.2%, 40.6%, 7.4%, 8.2%, and 89.2%, respectively, compared with the control. The interaction between both factors showed significant superiority compared with no weeding and separate application of weed control combined with chemical herbicides and nano-zinc application. The interaction between the post-em weed management (Oxyfluorfen) and nano-zinc (100 mg L-1) application showed highly superior compared with other treatments in the studied traits.

PENGARUH DOSIS PUPUK BOKASI KOTORAN SAPI TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN DAN HASIL TANAMAN KACANG TANAH (Arachis hypogaea L.) LOKAL MUNA PADA LAHAN MARGINAL

The aim of this research was to study the effect of cow manure bokashi fertilizer on the growth and yield of local Muna peanuts on marginal land. The research was conducted in the Experimental Garden Field II, Faculty of Agriculture, Halu Oleo University, Kendari, from April to June 2021. The study used a randomized block design (RBD) consisting of controls without applying bokashi fertilizer, 5 t ha-1 bokashi fertilizer, 10 t ha-1 bokashi fertilizer, bokashi fertilizer 15 t ha-1, bokashi fertilizer 20 t ha-1. Each treatment was repeated 3 times so that there were 15 experimental units. The variables observed were plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, leaf area, number of pods, pod weight, seed weight, number of nodules and production. The results showed that the application of cow dung bokashi fertilizer doses on the growth and yield of muna local peanut plants on marginal land had a significant effect on the growth and yield variables of peanut plants. The best treatment was obtained at a dose of 20 t ha-1 bokashi fertilizer compared to other treatments and controls.

Identification of plant leaf diseases by deep learning based on channel attention and channel pruning.

Plant diseases cause significant economic losses and food security in agriculture each year, with the critical path to reducing losses being accurate identification and timely diagnosis of plant diseases. Currently, deep neural networks have been extensively applied in plant disease identification, but such approaches still suffer from low identification accuracy and numerous parameters. Hence, this paper proposes a model combining channel attention and channel pruning called CACPNET, suitable for disease identification of common species. The channel attention mechanism adopts a local cross-channel strategy without dimensionality reduction, which is inserted into a ResNet-18-based model that combines global average pooling with global max pooling to effectively improve the features' extracting ability of plant leaf diseases. Based on the model's optimum feature extraction condition, unimportant channels are removed to reduce the model's parameters and complexity via the L1-norm channel weight and local compression ratio. The accuracy of CACPNET on the public dataset PlantVillage reaches 99.7% and achieves 97.7% on the local peanut leaf disease dataset. Compared with the base ResNet-18 model, the floating point operations (FLOPs) decreased by 30.35%, the parameters by 57.97%, the model size by 57.85%, and the GPU RAM requirements by 8.3%. Additionally, CACPNET outperforms current models considering inference time and throughput, reaching 22.8 ms/frame and 75.5 frames/s, respectively. The results outline that CACPNET is appealing for deployment on edge devices to improve the efficiency of precision agriculture in plant disease detection.

Overexpression of 42 kDa chitinase genes from Trichoderma asperellum SH16 in peanut (Arachis hypogaea)

ABSTRACT In tropical and subtropical areas, peanuts are a very important legume crop that is widely cultivated for food and cooking oil. They are, however, extremely susceptible to a wide range of phytopathogens, particularly soil-borne fungi, which result in low yields and poor seed quality. This study aimed to express three Trichoderma asperellum SH16 42 kDa chitinase-encoding genes in peanut to improve their resistance to some soil-borne fungi. Chi42 is a synthetic, intronless, wild-type gene, whereas syncodChi42-1 and syncodChi42-2 are peanut codon-optimized synthetic genes. These genes were introduced into a local peanut strain through Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Analysis of the transgenic peanut lines showed that chitinase-specific activities from the syncodChi42-1 and syncodChi42-2 genes were approximately 1.2 and 1.4 times higher than those of the wild-type gene, respectively. The engineered peanut plants also exhibited antifungal activity against the soil-borne pathogenic fungus Sclerotium rolfsii. The transgenic peanut lines transformed with the two synthetic genes have stronger antifungal activities than those transformed with the wild-type version, suggesting that they could be used as novel peanut lines to combat phytopathogenic fungi.

Detection of Fungi Contaminated some Nuts and Its Ability for Aflatoxin B1 Production

This study was conducted in February and March 2021 to collect data on the incidence of aflatoxinB1 (AFB1) and the ability of fungi isolated from nuts (almond, pistachio, hazelnut, cashew, imported and local peanut) to produce AFB1 in Ramadi city, Iraq. The mycological investigation revealed the isolation of fourteen fungal species from eight genera, Aspergillus flavus was the most common and widely distributed fungus. TLC analysis was used to assess Aspergillus flavus’ ability to produce aflatoxinB1. The majority of A.flavus isolates In the culture media(YES) were toxigenic and capable of producing aflatoxinB1. The ability to produce aflatoxin B1 ranged from 30 - 40, 25 – 60, 15 – 50, 20 – 20, 40 – 70, 65 – 150 ppb in almond, pistachio, hazelnut, cashew, imported and local peanut respectively. The ELISA approach was used to estimate the natural occurrence of AflatoxinB1 in nuts samples. Contaminated samples with aflatoxinB1 were 40,20, 40, 40, 80 and 80 % of tested samples for almond, pistachio, hazelnut, cashew, imported and local peanut, Concentrations of aflatoxin B1 were ranged between 9 – 16, 17 – 45, 20 – 26, 10 – 12, 180 – 190, 150 – 225 ppb respectively. The results show that most samples have a high contamination of AlatoxinB1 that is higher than health standards for consumption (20ppb). Mycotoxigenic A. flavus isolates are high contaminants for food and should be removed to reduce the risk of nut toxin contamination.

Improvements within the peanut production chain to minimize aflatoxins contamination: An Ethiopian case study

Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) are a worldwide crop appreciated by consumers and known to have several health benefits (e.g. decreasing risk of cardiovascular diseases, lowering LDL cholesterol). Nonetheless, during the production chain, peanuts can be contaminated by mycotoxigenic fungi, especially Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus, responsible for contamination of this commodity with aflatoxins (AFs). Chronic exposure to these mycotoxins is known to have carcinogenic, teratogenic and immunosuppressive effects, while acute exposure can be fatal. Peanut-based products are considered the “new-gold” in Lower Middle-Income Countries (LMICs) as they are used to produce therapeutic food to fight malnutrition in children in the form of high energy bars (e.g. Plumpy’Nut®). The present study has been focused on an examination of the existing Ethiopian peanut supply chain to identify components that require improvements during pre-harvest, harvesting and post-harvest where practical and affordable intervention practices can be implemented. The lack of Good Agricultural Practices (GAPs), the use of traditional and rudimentary methods for drying and shelling peanuts, as well as inadequate storage locations are some of the main factors associated with the high contamination of Ethiopian peanuts with AFs. While control of AFs is complex, in-depth examination of existing practices has facilitated an overview of the potential for efficient and low-cost strategies to reduce and minimize these toxin risks in the Ethiopian peanut production chain. This includes the use of Drycard™ as a tool to check moisture content, the creation of homemade solar dryer and wooden nutcrackers, and the use of either the Purdue Improved Crop Storage (PICS) bags or novel bags with slow-release food-grade preservatives. The implementation of some of these approaches should ensure a safer home-grown peanut supply chain that would contribute to the growth of the economy of the country by reducing the high costs of importing such raw materials and supporting the use of local smallholder farmers peanuts. This would have significant economic benefits in the local peanut production chain.

Genetic Improvement of Local Red Peanut With Using Nuclear Technique (Multigamma Irradiation) for Obtaining Superior Variety

The main problem examined in this study concerns the breeding of local red peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) to use standard multigamma irradiation methods to obtain superior variety that can be adapted to drought conditions, pests-diseases, extreme climate, and high production. The research objective was to develop local red peanut variety to use multigamma irradiation and careful selection for obtaining superior variety that can be adapted to drought conditions, pests-diseases, extreme climate, and high production. Research methods include multigamma irradiation, observation, sampling, carefully selection, comparative, and interpretation. The results of the study are as follows: The development of local red peanut variety through breeding to use multigamma irradiation and careful selection resulted in superior variety that could adapt to drought conditions, pests-diseases, extreme climate, and increased production significantly. The range of production of selected superior variety resulting from multigamma irradiation was (3.68-4.10) t ha-1 with an average production of 3.92 t ha-1. The percentage increase in the production of selected superior variety was 49.23% with an average water content of dry seeds of 11.3%.

Genetic diversity of the Algerian peanut population analyzed using morphological markers and seed storage proteins

Background. The peanut is one of the most important oil crops suitable for cultivation in the tropical areas of the world. Despite its agronomic importance, few studies have been carried out to assess the morphogenetic diversity of Arachis hypogaea L., especially in East African countries. The major interest of this morphologic study lies in the potential of this species to provide useful genes for the improvement of cultivated peanuts. To date, no study has been performed in Algeria to characterize local peanut varieties.Materials and methods. Thirty peanut accessions were collected from four principal areas of peanut production in Algeria. Genetic characterization using 15 agronomic characters and 25 morphological descriptors showed a high level of diversity among accessions. Principal Component Analysis and the Hierarchical Ascendant Classification were made to clarify the genetic relationship between peanut accessions.Results and discussion. Results showed that leaflet size (length and width), seed shape and size, oil content, and branching pattern were the principal characters to discriminate the screened A. hypogaea accessions. In addition to that, the weights of 10 pods and 100 seeds were the most variable traits and presented a CV of 42.53% and 40.12%, respectively. On the other hand, total storage proteins extracted were separated using SDS-PAGE and revealed thirty bands that were used to generate a matrix and make a cluster analysis using the UPGMA method, exhibiting different storage proteins compositions. Moreover , the phenotypic diversity observed agrees with the storage protein profile diversity, while the accessions grouped in similar clusters belong to the two subspecies of A. hypogaea. The results of the current study show that morphological traits and seed storage proteins can be useful for exploring the diversity among A. hypogaea accessions.

Penularan Penyakit Layu Bakteri dan Hasil Kacang Tanah Lokal dengan Penambahan Dosis Bertingkat Pupuk K

Bacterial wilt R. solanacearum is one of the main diseases of peanuts that can reduce crop production. The use of local varieties and plant management can control bacterial wilt disease. Local varieties are one source of germplasm diversity for plant breeding activities. Management such as fertilization is expected to control pests and plant diseases. The aim of the study was to determine the performance of bacterial wilt disease and its effect on the yield of three local peanut varieties in West Nusa Tenggara with the addition of various doses of K fertilizer. The study was conducted at the Narmada Visitor Plot, on 17 January - 29 April 2017. The experiment used a split plot factorial design. The main plots were three varieties of local NTB peanuts, namely local peanuts North Lombok (KLU) (V1), local Bima (V2), and local Pelat (V3). Subplots are four levels of potassium (K) fertilizer dose, namely 0 kg KCl/ha (P1), 20 kg KCl/ha (P2), 40 kg KCl/ha (P3), and 60 kg KCl/ha (P4). Each treatment was repeated five block. The results showed that each local peanut varieties with doses of KCl fertilizer showed bacterial wilt resistance. The lowest transmission of bacterial wilt was in KLU local peanuts with a dose of 0 kg KCl/ha, 20 kg KCl/ha, and 40 kg KCl /ha, Bima at a dose of 40 kg KCl/ha and Pelat at a dose of 60 kg KCl/ha. The application of KCl fertilizer at a dose of 0 kg/ha to 60 kg/ha did not affect the yield and varieties of local peanuts had different weights of 100 seeds in response to the application of K fertilizer, local peanuts KLU and Pelat had the highest weights of 100 seeds at the KCl dose. 40 kg/ha while Bima at a dose of KCl 60 kg/ha.

Development of Boyolali local peanut and composite corn planting patterns on rainfed rice fields

The location of the experiment was in the agro-ecosystem rainfed ricefield, Nogosari, Boyolali from June 2017 to September 2017. The research consisted of a survey of technology components commonly applied at the farmer level as well as demonstration plots of technology components in accordance with the integrated crop management of palawija (composite corn and local peanuts). Farmers’ understanding of the cultivation technology of peanuts and corn were very high. The yield of ubinan of Boyolali local peanut monoculture was still higher in farmer dosage (7.5 tons / ha) compared to the recommendation from Center for Agricultural Technology Studies (CATS) of Central Java. The yield of local peanut intercropping composite corn was higher (6.1 ton / ha) compared to the recommendation of CATS (5.0 ton / ha). The yield of monoculture corn cropping is 3.6 tones / ha at recommended dosage treatment and Provit A variety is 4 tons / ha. Meanwhile, the yield of corn in intercropping was experiencing crop failure. Thus, the intercropping pattern of peanuts and composite corn can be accepted by farmers and can develop in this area if assisted by dissemination in the form of demonstration plots in rainfed agro-ecosystems ricefield.

Effects of terms and norms of biostimulator application on local peanut yield and seed quality

In this article, the analysis of the field experiments conducted in the Tashkent province, which was aimed at improving the technology of high-quality production, and economic efficiency of peanuts in the conditions of the typical gray soil and climate, was given. In the field experiments, the effect of Microzym-2 biostimulator on growth, development, yield elements, yield and seed quality of local peanut varieties “Salomat” (standard) and “Mumtoz” was studied. Accordingly, before sowing of peanut seeds, the biostimulator Microzym-2 was applied at a rate of 30 l/t, as result the yield of legumes was 1.4 t/ha higher in “Salomat” (standard) and 1.1 t/ha higher in the class “Mumtoz” than in the control variant (11.7 t/ha). When peanut varieties were supplemented with mineral fertilizers N150P150K100 kg/ha, and treated with Microzym-2 biostimulator before the sowing and during the flowering periods, 29.3 q/ha of “Salomat” variety and 33.2 q/ha of “Mumtoz” harvest were obtained. It was found that Microzym-2 biostimulator in sowing peanuts was cost-effective.

Studying the influence of sowing dates on the growth, development, yield and quality indicators of peanut varieties in the irrigated condition of tashkent region

The peanut or groundnut (Arachishypogaea) is a species in the legume family (Fabaceae). There are different varieties like Virgina group, Spanish group, Runner group, Valencia group, Tennessee red and Tennessee white. Peanut consists of 30 essential nutrients andphytonutrients. Peanuts are a good source of vitamins and metals. Peanut hulls consist of crude fiber, cellulose, water, crude protein, ash and fat. This study was conducted in the experiment fields at the Plant Science Department of the Faculty of Agrobiology at Tashkent State Agrarian University in 2009–2011. The experiment was performed in a split-plot design with 3 repetitions. The goals of this study were to determine the appropriate planting date for peanut under the ecological conditions of Tashkent and to investigate the effect of different planting dates on some agronomic traits, yield, and yield components of 4 local peanut varieties: Tashkent-112, Kibray-4, Salomat and Mumtoz. It was determined that the planting date had a statistically significant effect on pod yield, days to maturity, days to 50% flowering date, number of pods per plant, plant height, shelling percentages, pod yield per plant, and 1000 seed weight. The results showed that the suitable planting date was 5 May and the Mumtoz and local varieties were promising for Tashkent region conditions.

Phenotypic Characterization and the Resistance of Local Peanuts from West Nusa Tenggara to Bacterial Wilt Disease [Ralstonia solanacearum

<p class="IsiAbstrak">West Nusa Tenggara Barat has local peanuts that can be used as a source of germplasm, i.e. Bima, Pelat, and Lombok Utara. The productivity of peanut is greatly influenced by the attack of pests/diseases, like bacterial wilt disease. Bacterial wilt is one of the major diseases that can reduce peanut production up to 60% and one of the control mechanisms that can be used is local varieties that are resistant to bacterial wilt disease. This research aimed to evaluate the resistance of local peanut from West Nusa Tenggara to bacterial wilt disease (<em>Ralstonia solanacearum</em>) and to characterize the phenotype of the peanuts. The field research was conducted in the Genetic Resources Field Collection located in Narmada Experimental Field, on January until April 2016. The research method used was randomized complete block design (RCBD) single factorial with 9 replications, thus totally 27 plots were used. Three varieties of peanuts were evaluated, i.e two local varieties (Pelat Sumbawa and Lokal KLU) and Kelinci variety as control. The results showed that the pods and seeds were the main traits that distinguish Lokal KLU and Pelat varieties. The Lokal KLU had medium size pods with a weight of 100 seeds of 48.96 g, while Pelat and Kelinci had very large pod sizes with a weight of 100 seeds of 42.45 and 32.92 g, respectively, thus they were a potential high yielding plants. Lokal KLU had resistance to bacterial wilt compared to Kelinci that was medium resistant and Pelat that was susceptible to bacterial wilt disease.</p>

Peanut Sucrose for Modifications Medium on Growing of Candida Albicans and Tinea Versicolor

The potency of local peanut can be utilized as fungi growth medium to substitute Potato Dextrose Agar media (PDA). Peanuts are widely found in East Java and there are 7 varieties, namely Takar-1, Takar-2, Tuban, Jerapah, Talam-1, Hypoma-2, and Bima. This study aimed to make modified media from nuts for growth of Candida albicans, and Tinea versicolor. The type of this research was exploratory design. Peanut Sucrose Agar (PSA) medium was made from 8 local peanut varieties, sucrose, agar, chloramphenicol. As a gold standard media used PDA and Sabaroud Dextrose Agar (SDA). The mediums were planted with Candida albicans, and Tinea versicolor, to analyze colony diameter, morphological features and storability PSA media. The largest diameter of Candida albicans colonies and the highest number of Tinea versicolor colonies were obtained in PSA from Talam-1 variety when compared with PDA and SDA media. There was no difference in morphological of Candida albicans features and Tinea versicolor on PSA, PDA and SDA media. Storability of PSA, PDA and SDA media for 1 month at 4°C does not cause macroscopic media changes. Local peanut varieties Talam-1 was the best variety as the base material for the manufacture of PSA media for the growth of Candida albicans and Tinea versicolor.

An Opportunity And Policy to Improve Performance of Peanut Agribusiness in South Sulawesi

Peanut agribusiness in South Sulawesi does not develop optimally. During harvest season the peanut production of this province is sufficient to meet local demand and is sold for inter-island trade. During off-season local demand for peanut is fulfilled through inter-island trade and import. The traders usually buy fresh pods and dried pods from the farmers and traders’ profits are earned through processing them into dried beans. Retailers in urban areas sell fresh pods and dried beans. The main consumers of dried beans are local peanut processors. Credit access for the farmers may improve quantity and quality of peanut production. Roads improvement in peanut producing centers may accelerate peanut transportation and reduce its transportation cost. Illegal retribution should be removed. The traders need credit access for their business scale improvement. Partnership between the farmers and the peanut processing companies will enhance peanut agribusiness in South Sulawesi Province.

The Use of Bokashi to Enhance Agricultural Productivity of Marginal Soils in Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia.

The yield of agriculture crops tends to be decreasing in many parts of world including in Indonesian farmers’ land. One of the causes of the decreased yields is the reduction of organic matter in the soil. Peanut is one of the important crops in southeast Sulawesi and is usually intercropped with maize. However, the yield of peanut and maize crops were low as they were grown in marginal lands that have low nutrient contents, low CEC, high acidity, and low organic matter. The objectives of this paper were to summarize the results of our studies on the use of bio fertilizer bokashi plus fertilizer to improve peanut yields grown in marginal soil in southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. The study also examined the agronomical performance of several local peanut varieties which had high adaptability to the local conditions and marginal lands. The results of this study demonstrated that application of mulch and bokashi increased maize and peanut production, seed dry weight and 100-seed weight. This practice has potentials to be applied in other agricultural lands of southeast Sulawesi region with similar soil and climatic condition to increase peanut yield, and promote the sustainable agriculture production of the region.

The influence of the activation conditions on the textural characteristics of the activated carbons obtained from local peanut shells

The influence of the activation conditions on the textural characteristics of the activated carbons obtained from local peanut shells

Peanut farming in the rural interior of Guyana

AbstractFarmers of Aranaputa Valley village in the rural interior of Guyana rely on peanut as their primary cash crop. The focus of this study was to document current peanut farming practices in this community. Household surveys and informal interviews were conducted in 2012 to evaluate the 2011 farming season. Farmers relied on distant markets or the community development council for agricultural inputs. More than half of farmers were selling their peanut crop to truck drivers who pass through their community, while 35% sold their peanut crop to the local peanut butter cottage industry. Interviewees indicated the desire for new peanut varieties to produce in their farming systems, suggesting the potential for adoption of new varieties recently evaluated in the region. These results suggest a need for additional agricultural research in the region and development projects that can assist in closing the gap of market accessibility; both for inputs and farm sales.