Localized Mobility Management Research Articles

Design and Performance Analysis for Edge Intelligence‐Based F‐PMIPv6 Mobility Support for Smart Manufacturing

In this paper, we propose a new mobility management network, i‐FP, to be used in the smart factory that continues to develop in the Fourth Industrial Revolution. i‐FP was created to solve the current local mobility management problem of legacy frameworks. MN (mobile node) refers to a mobile device in a manufacturing environment that includes workers, production facilities, and AGV. To allow mobile nodes (MNs) to move from one domain to another, i‐FP uses three network entities: LFA (Local Factory Anchor), FAG (Factory Access Gateway), and MN, as an extended concept of PMIPv6. Among the three network entities in i‐FP, LFA and FAG can act as edge intelligence devices to reduce the handover latency of the MNs. i‐FP also uses IP header‐swapping mechanisms to prevent traffic overhead and enhance network throughput. We evaluate new framework i‐FP, PMIPv6, and HMIPv6, which are legacy protocols of local mobility management, in various ways and evaluate three schemes. We confirm that i‐FP works better than do the other network methods used in the smart factory.

A Seamless Mobility Management Protocol in 5G Locator Identificator Split Dense Small Cells

Network densification with Small Cells (SCs) has emerged as a key technique to increase the 5G network capacity. However, in a densified network, fast mobile nodes will experience frequent handovers with a high signaling load, handover latency, and packet loss, due to the short cell radius. Indeed, Distributed Mobility Management (DMM) protocols aim to solve the shortcomings of centralized mobility management solutions such as poor scalability and non-optimal routing. However, when the cell residence time is short, DMM protocols might suffer from increased costs and limited performance. This paper proposes a localized mobility management protocol in 5G dense SCs, based on the locator identifier separation protocol, local mobility anchoring, and fast handovers concepts. The proposed scheme divides a local domain into several location service areas, each controlled by a local anchor. We provide the analytical models of several handover metrics, namely the average total signaling cost, the data delivery cost, the handover latency, and the packet loss. Numerical and simulation results show significant cost savings, up to 30 percent in signaling overhead, up to 53 percent of packet loss, and up to 90 percent of processing load reduction at the core of the network compared to the existing lisp mobile node protocol.

SINR-based conversion and prediction approach for handover performance evaluation of video communication in Proxy Mobile IPv6

Proxy Mobile IPv6 is an operational cluster of network-based localized mobility management protocol. This protocol has numerous advantages but still suffers from long latency and degradation in performance during the handover of video transmissions. In order to minimize the latency and improve performance during handover, this paper proposes a Signal to Interference and Noise Ratio (SINR)-based conversion and prediction approach. The approach sets up a prior connection based on the mobility prediction, reduces the time to acquire information, eliminates on-the-fly packet loss, and executes horizontal and vertical handover using SINR conversion. The motivation of this paper is to simulate, analyze and evaluate the video performance over Proxy Mobile IPv6 protocol. Simulations were conducted on packet and frame metrics which are latency, cumulative jitter, packet loss, frame loss and video quality measurements that analyzes and evaluates the network performances at the mobile host and during the handover.

On Intelligent Hierarchical F-PMIPv6 based Mobility Support for Industrial Mobile Networks

In this paper, we propose a new mobility management network scheme which is called i2FP (Industrial Intelligent Fast Proxy IPv6) to solve the existing problem and improve the signaling efficiency for industrial networks such as smart factory networking. To enable MN (Mobile Node) to move other network in one domain, i2FP employs three network entities which are SFA (Smart Factory Anchor), FAG (Factory Access Gateway) and MN from PMIPv6 (Proxy Mobile IPv6) with extension concept. In i2FP, The three network entities can reduce the handover delay time of MNs. Also, i2FP uses an IP header swapping mechanism to avoid the traffic overhead and improve the throughput of network. To evaluate the performance of i2FP, we measure new framework of i2FP, HMIPv6(Hierarchical Mobile IPv6) and PMIPv6 which are legacy protocols of local mobility management. Therefore, we show the i2FP has good performance than other network schemes in terms of the total cost.

PAAS: PMIPv6 Access Authentication Scheme Based on Identity-Based Signature in VANETs

Due to the advantages of low handover latency and signaling costs, Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6), as a localized mobility management protocol for next generation mobile network, can be well combined with vehicular ad-hoc networks. However, the lack of security considerations limits the rapid growth of PMIPv6. Unfortunately, few proposals are in the literature to address such issue. Motivated by this, a novel authentication scheme based on identity-based signature for PMIPv6 is proposed. Mutual authentication between mobile node and mobile access gateway is achieved for both intra-domain and inter-domain scenarios with the help of identity-based signature and service-level agreement. The authentication signaling can be finely integrated into the mobility management procedure of PMIPv6, which equips our scheme with high authentication efficiency. The formal security proof under SVO logic and the performance analysis are presented to demonstrate the robustness and efficiency of our proposed scheme.

Localized Mobility Management for 5G Ultra Dense Network

It is commonly agreed that the ultra dense network (UDN) will be a key technology to face extremely dense traffic and high-speed data rate in the fifth-generation (5G) network. However, due to its new characteristics such as high dense small cells, fast and flexible deployment of small cell access points, and flexible backhaul connectivity, how to enable mobility support is becoming a great challenge. In this paper, based on newly proposed network architectures for UDN, we present two efficient localized mobility management schemes considering small cell deployments and backhaul topology. The first one centralizes mobility management control from small cell access points into a local access server (LAS) closing to radio access network. Another one allows individual small cell access points to handle mobility events, but still requires the LAS to act as mobility anchor. According to the performance evaluation results of the proposed schemes by using numerical analysis and simulation, respectively, including average handover signaling cost, average packet delivery cost, average handover latency, and average signaling load to the core network, the localized mobility management with centralized control scheme has the best performance, and the other one has less handover signaling cost, but higher handover latency than the third-generation partnership project (3GPP) scheme.

Weighted Graph Based Clustering and Local Mobility Management for Dense Small Cell Network with X2 Interface

Along with the surge in mobile data, dense small cell network has become an effective method to improve system capacity and spectrum efficiency. However, because more small cells are deployed, the interference among dense small cells exacerbates. It also makes frequent handover for mobile users (UEs), which brings a great deal of signaling overhead to the core network. In order to solve the problems of interference and frequent handover, a novel clustering scheme for dense small cell network is proposed in this paper. The scheme is based on the weighted graph. First, we present a dense small cell clustering model based on X2 interface to minimize core network signaling overhead. To improve the usability of the model, we model the system as an undirected weighted graph. Then we propose the maximum benefit merging algorithm to reduce the complexity. This method enables adjacent small cells to cooperate and form virtual cellular cluster according to handover statistics information. Then we select cluster head (CH) according to certain rule in each cluster. Cluster head acts as the mobility anchor, managing the handovers between cluster members. This can reduce core network signaling overhead and the interference among small cells effectively. Compared with the 3GPP handover algorithm, the proposed clustering model in this paper can reduce the signaling overhead more than 70%. The simulation results show that the proposed clustering model can effectively cluster the dense small cell.

Dense small cell clustering based on undirected weighted graph for local mobility management

The concept of dense small cell has been recently emerged as a promising architecture that can significantly improve spectrum efficiency and system capacity. However, it brings frequent handover for user equipment (UE). Furthermore, this will bring a great deal of signaling overhead to the core network. Virtual technology has been received widespread attention for solving this problem. Its essence is to form virtual cells by clustering various terminals properly. The local mobility management proposed recently is based on the virtual technology. Therefore, the formation process of virtual cells is the basis for the research in local mobility management. So clustering scheme for dense small cell network has been studied in this paper, and a maximum benefit merging algorithm based on undirected weighted graph has been proposed. There are X2 interfaces between the cluster head and each of cluster members within the same cluster. The cluster heads manage the handover among cluster members acting as the local anchors. The proposed clustering scheme is useful for local mobility management. The simulation results show that the proposed clustering algorithm can decrease the signaling overhead more than 70% and 20% compared with the non-clustering algorithm and other clustering algorithms respectively.

Secure Pre-authentication Schemes for Fast Handoff in Proxy Mobile IPv6

In mobile communication, there are various types of handoff for the support of all forms of mobility. Proxy mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) enables local network-based mobility management of a mobile node without any effect of mobility-related signaling. Recently, PMIPv6 has been considered for supporting mobility management in LTE/SAE-based mobile networks. To support seamless mobility in heterogeneous mobile networks, the overall cost of handoffs needs to be minimized and the procedure should be guaranteed to be secure. However, the reduction of the authentication cost has not been fully investigated to provide seamless connectivity when mobile users perform a handoff between the PMIPv6 domains. This paper proposes secure pre-authentication schemes, completing an authentication procedure before performing a handoff, for a fast handoff in PMIPv6. Analytic models have been used for measuring the authentication latency and for the overhead cost analysis. In addition to providing fast authentication, the proposed pre-authentication schemes can prevent threats such as replay attacks and key exposure.

An Access Authentication Scheme Based on Hierarchical IBS for Proxy Mobile IPV6 Network

AbstractProxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) enables local network-based mobility management for mobile node without being involved with any mobility-related signalling. However, the lack of access authentication makes PMIPv6 more vulnerable. The literature authentication schemes suffer from low efficiency and suitability. This paper presents a novel efficient authentication scheme for PMIPv6 based on a 2-level identity-based signature scheme. A mutual access authentication protocol is then achieved to eliminate the interactions between the home network and the access network for improving authentication efficiency and reducing communication cost. Moreover, the security and performance analysis demonstrate that the proposed scheme is robust and is able to provide better solution than existing ones.

PMIPv6 Assistive Cross-Layer Design to reduce handover latency in VANET Mobility for Next Generation Wireless Networks

VANET Networks are one of the main next generation wireless networks which are envisaged to be an integration of homogeneous and heterogeneous wireless networks. The inter-networking of these wireless networks with the Internet will provide ubiquitous access to roaming network users. However, a seamless handover mechanism with negligible handover delay is required to maintain active connections during roaming across these networks. Several solutions, mainly involving host-based localized mobility management schemes, have been widely proposed to reduce handover delay among homogeneous and heterogeneous wireless networks. However, the handover delay remains high and unacceptable for delay-sensitive services such as real-time and multimedia services. Moreover, these services will be very common in next generation wireless networks. Unfortunately, these widely proposed host-based localized mobility management schemes involve the vehicle in mobility-related signalling hence effectively increasing the handover delay. Furthermore, these schemes do not properly address the advanced handover scenarios envisaged in future wireless networks. This paper, therefore, proposes a VANET mobility management framework utilizing cross-layer design, the IEEE 802.21 future standard, and the recently emerged network-based localized mobility management protocol, Proxy Mobile IPv6, to further reduce handover delay.

Cryptanalysis and Improvement of "A Secure Password Authentication Mechanism for Seamless Handover in Proxy Mobile IPv6 Networks".

Proxy Mobile IPv6 is a network-based localized mobility management protocol that supports mobility without mobile nodes’ participation in mobility signaling. The details of user authentication procedure are not specified in this standard, hence, many authentication schemes have been proposed for this standard. In 2013, Chuang et al., proposed an authentication method for PMIPv6, called SPAM. However, Chuang et al.’s Scheme protects the network against some security attacks, but it is still vulnerable to impersonation and password guessing attacks. In addition, we discuss other security drawbacks such as lack of revocation procedure in case of loss or stolen device, and anonymity issues of the Chuang et al.’s scheme. We further propose an enhanced authentication method to mitigate the security issues of SPAM method and evaluate our scheme using BAN logic.

Security and Privacy Criteria to Evaluate Authentication Mechanisms in Proxy Mobile IPv6

Mobility management protocols support mobility for roaming mobile nodes in order to provide seamless connectivity. Proxy Mobile IPv6 is a network-based localized mobility management protocol that is more suitable for resource constrained devices among different mobility management schemes. In this protocol, all mobility signaling procedures are completed by network entity not mobile node. According to the Proxy Mobile IPv6 architecture, an authentication procedure has a key role to protect the network against different security threats; however, the details of authentication procedure is not specified in this standard. In this paper, different security features are explored to evaluate the authentication protocols in Proxy Mobile IPv6. The existing authentication approaches can be analyzed based on these criteria to find security issues.

Handover Efficiency Improvement in Proxy Mobile IPv6(PMIPv6) Networks

The Internet Engineering Task Force proposed a Network based Local Mobility Management (NETLMM) scheme called Proxy Mobile IPv6(PMIPv6) to provide efficient mobility support for the IPv6 enabled nodes, without the involvement of the nodes themselves. Here the burden of maintaining the mobility is transferred from Mobile Nodes(MNs) to the networking architecture. But frequently moving MNs suffered from considerable latency and packet loss during handovers even within the PMIPv6 domain. The number of signalling messages required for handover was also high. A communication state dependent chaining scheme is used in this paper to meet these inherent drawbacks of PMIPv6 domain and is called the Chaining Based PMIPv6(CB-PMIPv6). Here the Mobility Access Gateways(MAGs) are chained to support movements within the PMIPv6 domain. Packet loss is mitigated by using a buffering scheme and handover latency is reduced with the help of a triggering scheme.

Performance analysis of DNS-assisted global mobility management scheme in cost-optimized proxy mobile IPv6 Networks

Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) is designed to provide a network-based localized mobility management protocol, but it does not handle the global mobility of hosts. In this paper, we propose a location management scheme based on Domain Name System (DNS) for PMIPv6. In this proposed scheme, DNS as a location manager provides PMIPv6 for global mobility. In addition, a paging extension scheme is introduced to PMIPv6 in order to support large numbers of mobile terminals and enhance network scalability. To evaluate the proposed location management scheme, we establish an analytical model, also formulate the location update and the paging cost, and analyse the influence of the different factors on the total signalling cost. The performance results show how the total signal cost changes under various parameters.

MI3M: A framework for media independent multicast mobility management

The evergrowing explosion in data generation and consumption is of paramount relevance for network operators. Operators strongly rely on techniques which enable efficient and scalable high-bandwidth data distribution, while coping with stricter user expectations in increasingly demanding scenarios, such as mobility in heterogeneous accesses. Primarily designed for efficient transport, IP multicast will be crucial for the successful deployment of video services such as Personal Broadcasting, but faces several technical limitations in such mobile scenarios.This work proposes a novel architecture enabling media-independent multicast mobility management of both multi-interface sources and receivers, while assuring efficient multicast data transport. The architecture provides localized mobility management through PMIPv6 protocol, and is supported by IEEE 802.21 for handover optimization. A full implementation was deployed in a physical testbed, enabling its evaluation in two main scenarios: receiver and source mobility. Its evaluation from the network and video consumer perspective shows that our scheme results in minimal handover impact in mobile multicast environments, for both consumers and producers.

Performance Analysis of A Novel Inter-Networking Architecture for Cost-Effective Mobility Management Support

Mobile traffic is increasing a masse because of the propagation of the Internet and the development of wireless mobile technology. Accordingly, the Network Local Mobility Management (NETLMM) working group [1] of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) has standardized Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) [2] as a protocol for accomplishing the transmissibility of mobile terminals. PMIPv6 is a network-led IP-based mobility management protocol, which can control terminal mobility without depending on the type of access system or the capability of the terminal. By combining PMIPv6 and the mobility of Session Initiation Protocol (SIP), we can establish terminal mobility and session mobility through a more effective route. The mobility function can be improved and the overlap of function reduced as compared to that in the case of independent operation. PMIPv6 is appropriate for a non-real-time service using TCP, and SIP is appropriate for a real-time service using RTP/UDP. Thus, in the case of a terminal using both services, an effective mobility management is possible only by using PMIPv6 together with SIP. In order to manage mobility in this manner, researches on PMIPv6-SIP are in progress. In line with this trend, this paper suggests a new PMIPv6-SIP architecture where when a mobile terminal conducts a handover, a network-led handover while maintaining the session without the addition of a special function or middleware is possible along with effective performance evaluation through mathematical modeling by comparing the delay and the packet loss that occur during the handover to the Pure-SIP.

English

The wireless and mobile communication systems have enormous growth in recent years because many people use mobile devices for acquiring different services like browsing, multimedia applications and file sharing etc. Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6) is probably the most extensively known IP mobility support protocol when compared to the Mobile IPv4. But in the Mobile IPv6, there are some serious problems such as, handover latency, high overhead, packet loss problem. In this survey to analyze different extensions of the Mobile IPv6 for improving the performance. As a result, the various extensions of Mobile IPv6 such as hierarchical Mobile IPv6 (HMIPv6) and fast handover for Mobile IPv6 (FMIPv6) has primarily focus on the performance improvement in MIPv6. The requirement for modification in the mobile nodes may arise the complexity. On the other hand, the host-based mobility management protocols like MIPv6, HMIPv6, and FMIPv6 and a network based localized mobility management protocol like Proxy Mobile IPv6 does not necessitate any alteration on the mobile node while a proxy mobility agent in the network attains mobility-related signaling on behalf of the MN. Particularly, in this survey examine the different host based and network based mobility management protocols to show how to reduce the handover latency and reduce the overhead.

Design and analysis of secure host-based mobility protocol for wireless heterogeneous networks

Mobility protocols allow hosts to change their location or network interface while maintaining ongoing sessions. While such protocols can facilitate vertical mobility in a cost-efficient and access agnostic manner, they are not sufficient to address all security issues when used in scenarios requiring local mobility management. In this paper, we propose a new scheme that makes Host Identity Protocol (HIP) able to serve as an efficient and secure mobility protocol for wireless heterogeneous networks while preserving all the advantages of the base HIP functions as well. Our proposal, called Heterogeneous Mobility HIP (HMHIP), is based on hierarchical topology of rendezvous Servers (RVSs), signaling delegation, and inter-RVS communication to enable secure and efficient network mobility support in the HIP layer. Formal security analysis using the AVISPA tool and performance evaluation of this method are provided; they confirm the safety and efficiency of the proposed solution. HMHIP reduces handover latency and packet overhead during handovers by achieving registration locally.

Cross-layer Localized Mobility Management Based on SIP and HMIPv6 in Next Generation Networks

Next Generation Networks (NGNs) are aiming to integrate different access technologies for the accessibility of heterogeneous platform under the control of IP protocol. In such a complex environment, the availability of high data rates, high bandwidth, security, and end-to-end QoS are major challenges. In this paper cross-layer localized mobility management based on Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) and Hierarchical MIPv6 (HMIPv6) is proposed to support the providence of the end-to- end QoS; network and session mobility; reduce latency; and proper bandwidth management. The proposed scheme handles the mobility locally to minimize latency. Further, QoS manager is used for proper management of bandwidth. Performance analysis and numerical results demonstrate the efficiency and feasibility of proposed scheme for real time communication in terms of latency, packet loss, and traffic load. Index Terms—Next generation networks, hierarchical mobile IPv6, session initiation protocol, End-to-End QoS