Local Land Research Articles

Tracking and modeling the movement of Queensland fruit flies, Bactrocera tryoni, using harmonic radar in papaya fields

Determining movement parameters for pest insects such as tephritid fruit flies is critical to developing models which can be used to increase the effectiveness of surveillance and control strategies. In this study, harmonic radar was used to track wild-caught male Queensland fruit flies (Qflies), Bactrocera tryoni, in papaya fields. Experiment 1 continuously tracked single flies which were prodded to induce movement. Qfly movements from this experiment showed greater mean squared displacement than predicted by both a simple random walk (RW) or a correlated random walk (CRW) model, suggesting that movement parameters derived from the entire data set do not adequately describe the movement of individual Qfly at all spatial scales or for all behavioral states. This conclusion is supported by both fractal and hidden Markov model (HMM) analysis. Lower fractal dimensions (straighter movement paths) were observed at larger spatial scales (> 2.5 m) suggesting that Qflies have qualitatively distinct movement at different scales. Further, a two-state HMM fit the observed movement data better than the CRW or RW models. Experiment 2 identified individual landing locations, twice a day, for groups of released Qflies, demonstrating that flies could be tracked over longer periods of time.

Penilaian Tingkat Kekeritisan Lahan Pertambangan dan Beberapa Pengguanaan Lahan Lainnya di Kalimantan Selatan

Critical land is land that is no longer productive from an agricultural perspective, because management and use do not consider land management requirements and soil conservation principles. This research aims to assess the level of criticality of land based on the level of erosion that occurs at various coal mining land locations in several districts in South Kalimantan. This research is non-experimental research using exploratory descriptive methods. The data collected is secondary data obtained through official publications from the Environmental Service and related agencies from several environmental documents of coal mining companies that have received approval from the authorized Agency. The secondary data used is the data needed to calculate the amount of erosion which is used as a basis for evaluating land criticality. These data include: soil texture, permeability, bulk density, rainfall, slope and slope length, management factors, land cover vegetation factors and soil organic C. Erosion estimation uses the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) method. The results of erosion calculations using USLE show that in open mine land in Banjar Regency it is 233.9 tons ha-1 year-1, while in Tanah Laut Regency is 173.1 tons ha-1 year-1 and in Kotabaru Regency is 275.1 tons ha-1 year-1. The level of criticality of land in the mining area is at a critical and very critical level compared to natural land and cultivated land due to differences in erosion values ​​and also the thickness of the soil solum studied.

Human-induced warming accelerates local evapotranspiration and precipitation recycling over the Tibetan Plateau

The Tibetan Plateau faces changing precipitation and environmental conditions affecting alpine ecosystems and downstream freshwater sustainability. While aerosol influence has been highlighted, how human-induced greenhouse warming impacts the plateau’s moisture recycling remains unclear. Here we show that the Tibetan Plateau’s recent precipitation changes result from enhanced precipitation recycling and moisture convergence that offset the decline in monsoon- and westerly-associated moisture transport based on 40-year Lagrangian simulations and water budget analyses. Local evapotranspiration is observed to increase faster in percentage than precipitation, a trend expected to continue in future warming scenarios according to climate projections. Greenhouse gas emission causes widespread wetting while weakening the southerly monsoons across the Himalayas, heightening the sensitivity of precipitation to evapotranspiration and thereby local land surface changes. This trend exacerbates vulnerability in the water cycle of high mountain Asia, calling for proactive management to address potential risks and ensure future water and food security in Asia.

Patterns in tree squirrel co-occurrence vary with responses to local land cover in US cities

Patterns in tree squirrel co-occurrence vary with responses to local land cover in US cities

Spatiotemporal variability of pesticides concentration in honeybees (Apis mellifera) and their honey from western Mexico. Risk assessment for honey consumption

The study conducted in the state of Colima, western Mexico, aimed to assess the 1) occurrence, 2) temporal variability, 3) spatial variability, and 4) potential risk for honeybees and human consumption of pesticide-contaminated honey. For that purpose, 48 pesticides were determined in bees and their honey during both dry and wet seasons. The research considered two variables: land use categorization (irrigated agriculture, rainfed agriculture, grassland, and forest area) and location (coastal, valley, and mountain). Bee and honey samples were collected, pre-treated using solid-phase extraction (SPE), and analyzed using LC-MS/MS and GC–MS techniques. Occurrence: of the total number of pesticides, 17 were detected in the bee samples and 12 in the honey samples. The pesticides with the highest concentrations in the bee samples were glufosinate ammonium, picloram, and permethrin, while in the honey samples, picloram, permethrin, and atrazine were the most prevalent. Temporal variability: analyses revealed significant differences between dry and wet seasons for glufosinate ammonium and DEET in bee samples and only for glufosinate ammonium in honey samples. Spatial variability: analyses showed a trend in the number of detected pesticides, with irrigated agriculture areas having the highest detection and grassland areas having the least. The human potential risk assessment of contaminated honey consumption indicated no risk. The bee's potential risk for consumption of pesticides contaminated honey revealed chronic effects due to permethrin in a general scenario, and carbofuran, diazinon and permethrin in the worst scenario, and potential risk of acute effects by permethrin. The findings of this study contribute to understanding the contamination levels of pesticides in bees and their honey, emphasizing the importance of monitoring and mitigating the adverse effects of pesticide exposure on bee populations and environmental health.

An Assessment of the Impact of Corporate-Driven Foreign Land Investments on Selected Human Rights in Mozambique

Abstract This article focuses on the impact of land investments in Mozambique. It examines the effects these land investments are having on local people’ access to food and sustenance, culture, land and water, and political engagement in some Mozambican provinces and areas. The next section critically evaluates whether human rights related to the aspects are being violated, as well as Mozambique’s legal obligations under both local and international law. The main goals are to alert the academic community to the negative impacts that land grab and investments have on local populations in Mozambique and to explain how these activities can be effectively stopped by using the normative framework now in place on human rights. It argues that foreign companies and investors in Mozambique are causing significant negative impacts on local communities, including livelihood, food, culture, land, and political participation. These issues are already protected by human rights law, and effective protection by the state could help combat land grabbing. Mozambique’s judiciary, civil society, and human rights institutions should work together to prevent local communities from being harmed.

Examining long-term fuel and land use patterns at Ziyaret Tepe, Türkiye using an integrated analysis of seeds, wood charcoal, and dung spherulites

This study presents the results of a combined dendrological, macrobotanical, and dung spherulite analysis of flotation samples collected from Bronze Age, Late Assyrian, and post-Assyrian contexts at the site of Ziyaret Tepe, located on the southern bank of the Tigris River in southeastern Anatolia. The results of this study show shifting fuel resource exploitation between pre-urbanized phases of the site (ca. 3000–1600 BCE), the urbanized Late Assyrian occupation (882–611 BCE), and the ruralized post-Assyrian (ca. 611 BCE–1500 CE) re-occupations of the site. During the Late Assyrian period, Ziyaret Tepe is thought to have been the location of the city of Tušhan, an important provincial capital of the Neo-Assyrian empire. Evidence for local deforestation near the Tigris River and expanding reliance on dung fuel use during this period indicate overexploitation of fuel resources as larger populations and extractive imperial economic policies placed heavier pressure on local land use. Qualitative dendrological data provides evidence for the intensification of fuelwood harvesting during this period, while textual evidence documented an expansive program of timbering to the north of the site intended to fuel imperial construction projects in the Assyrian heartland. Following the abandonment of Tušhan and the collapse of the Neo-Assyrian empire, local fuel resource exploitation during subsequent occupations of the site shifted towards the direct management of wood fuel resources and increasing reliance on rural pastoralism.

Land Finance, Local Government Debt and Economic Green Transformation

As economic development continues to advance globally, countries are increasingly focused on the green transformation of their economies. This paper employs a data envelopment analysis (DEA) model and entropy weighting methodology to construct and assess an indicator system for economic green transformation, taking into account environmental pollution. The analysis is based on panel data from 215 prefecture-level cities in China between 2015 and 2019. The two-way fixed effects model and moderating effect model are employed to investigate the influence of land finance on economic green transformation and to ascertain the moderating effect mechanism of local government debt. The study’s conclusions are as follows: (1) Land finance impedes the transition to a green economy. (2) Local government debt is a major factor that restricts the influence of land finance on the transition to a green economy; as local government debt levels rise, land finance’s role in impeding the transition to a green economy rises, and a positive moderating effect occurs. (3) Depending on the urban geographic location, the size of the economy and other factors, the impact of local government debt and land finance on the economic green transition varies. This empirical study demonstrates that the more local government debt there is in an eastern region or city with a bigger economic output scale, the more of an inhibitory influence land finance has on the economic transition to a green economy. In light of this, the paper suggests that the land finance policy be updated at the appropriate time, that the land market be regulated, that the government’s reliance on land finance be gradually decreased, that the nature and amount of public debt be actively optimised, that the industrial infrastructure be enhanced to facilitate the transition towards a more environmentally sustainable economy, and that other suggestions be made.

CLIMATE CHANGE INDIGENOUS COPING STRATEGIES AMONG CASSAVA FARMERS IN AKWA IBOM STATE, NIGERIA

This study assessed the climate change indigenous coping strategies among cassava farmers in Akwa Ibom State. Specifically, the study described the socio-economic characteristics of cassava farmers; examined the awareness of climate change coping strategies; assessed cassava farmers' sources of information on climate change; identified the climate change coping strategies adopted by cassava farmers; and examined the factors influencing the adoption of indigenous coping strategies in the study area. Multistage sampling technique was used to select 180 respondents for the study. Descriptive statistics and logit regression were used to analyze data. The result showed that the mean age of the respondents was 43 years, 53.3% were female and the majority of the respondents were married (63.9%), and most of the farmers had secondary education (56.7%). The mean farm income was N13,200.76. The major sources of information were friends and fellow farmers (x̅ = 3.0), radio (x̅ = 2.9) mobile phones (x̅ = 2.9), while the use of leaflets (x̅ = 2.3) internet (x̅ = 2.3) and social media (x̅ = 2.2) were least utilized. The farmers took mulching (98.8%), organic manuring (97.2%) and mixed cropping (96.6%) as their major coping strategy to climate change, while terracing/ land location (27.8%), planting of trees (22.8%) and construction of dams (15.0%) were least utilized. Therefore, the study recommended that there should be an incorporation of indigenous knowledge of farm management into climate change policies which can lead to the development of effective adaptation/coping strategies that are cost-effective, participatory and sustainable.

Exploring the Factors Controlling the Annual Range of Amazon Precipitation

Abstract The annual range (AR) of precipitation in the Amazon River basin has increased steadily since 1979. This increase may have resulted from natural variability and/or anthropogenic forcing, such as local land-use changes and global warming, which has yet to be explored. In this study, climate model experiments using the Community Earth System Model, version 2 (CESM2), were conducted to examine the relative contributions of sea surface temperatures (SSTs) variability and anthropogenic forcings to the AR changes in the Amazon rainfall. With CESM2, we design several factorial simulations, instead of actual model projection. We found that the North Atlantic SSTs fluctuation dominantly decreases the precipitation AR trend over the Amazon by −85%. In contrast, other factors, including deforestation and carbon dioxide, contributed to the trend changes, ranging from 25% to 35%. The dynamic component, specifically the tendency of vertical motion, made negative contributions, along with the vertical profiles of moist static energy (MSE) tendency. Seasonal-dependent changes in atmospheric stability could be associated with variations in precipitation. It is concluded that surface ocean warming associated with the North Atlantic natural variability and global warming is the key factor in the increased precipitation AR over the Amazon from 1979 to 2014. The continuous local land-use changes may potentially influence the precipitation AR in the future. Significance Statement The annual range (AR) in precipitation, the difference between wet- and dry-season precipitation, has increased from 1979 to 2014 in the Amazon. This increase may have resulted from global warming, deforestation, and sea surface temperature variability in North Atlantic and Pacific. To explore the role of each of these factors in altering the Amazon precipitation AR, five experiments were designed in the climate model (CESM). Among these experiment results, the effect of North Atlantic SSTs was the strongest. In the future, deforestation, global warming, and different ocean temperature states in the North Atlantic and Pacific may become increasingly influential on the changes in precipitation. Further investigation is needed to ascertain how the AR of precipitation in the Amazon will change.

Incentive adjustments and land leasing behavior shifts: A quasi-natural experiment of off-office audits

Incentive adjustments to promote the rational utilization of natural resources by local governments, China has proposed a new policy called Off-Office Audit of Natural Resource Assets (OANRA) targeting local leaders. However, how this policy affects incentives for land use behavior remains understudied. Treating the policy pilot as a quasi-natural experiment, based on the staggered DID method and micro-level land leasing data, we investigate how OANRA changes local government land leasing behavior. The study finds that after the implementation of OANRA, the scale of local land leasing significantly decreased, with a further acceleration nearing the end of the term. This may be attributed to OANRA alleviating fiscal and political incentives that drive land leasing impulses. More directly, the regulatory effect of OANRA reduces non-compliant land leasing by local officials. Interestingly, OANRA also unexpectedly induces officials to become lazy, deterring some compliant land leasing. Our findings provide insights into understanding incentives for land use behavior and better incentivizing local officials to properly utilize and protect land resources.

Home range and habitat selection of wolves recolonising central European human‐dominated landscapes

Decades of persecution has resulted in the long‐term absence of grey wolves Canis lupus from most European countries. However, recent changes in both legislation and public attitudes toward wolves has eased the pressure, allowing wolves to rapidly re‐establish territories in their previous central European habitats over the last 20 years. Unfortunately, these habitats are now heavily altered by humans. Understanding the spatial ecology of wolves in such highly modified environments is crucial, given the high potential for conflict and the need to reconcile their return with multiple human concerns. We equipped 20 wolves, originating from seven packs in six central European regions, with GPS collars, allowing us to calculate monthly average home range sizes for 14 of the animals of 213.3 km2 using autocorrelated kernel density estimation. We then used ESA WorldCover data to assess the mosaic of available habitats used within each home range. Our data confirmed a general seasonal pattern for breeding individuals, with smaller apparent home ranges during the reproduction phase, and no specific pattern for non‐breeders. Predictably, our wolves showed a general preference for remote areas, and especially forests, though some wolves within military training areas also showed a broader preference for grassland, possibly influenced by local land use and high availability of prey. Our results provide a comprehensive insight into the ecology of wolves during their re‐colonisation of central Europe. Though wolves are spreading relatively quickly across central European landscapes, their permanent reoccupation remains uncertain due to conflicts with the human population. To secure the restoration of European wolf populations, further robust biological data, including data on spatial ecology, will be needed to clearly identify any management implications.

A mathematical formulation and a tabu search heuristic for the joint vessel-UAV routing problem

Motivated by offshore inspection practices, we investigate a joint vessel-unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) routing problem where vessels and UAVs work coordinately to perform inspection tasks. The problem is an extension of the mothership-drone routing problem by further considering multiple vessels and realistic constraints such as temporal-spatial coordination, service time, and inspection cycle. The goal is to minimize overall operational costs, including fixed vessel cost, and vessel and UAV routing costs. Decision-making involves task assignment, vessel route determination, and UAV take-off and landing locations. We formulate the problem as a mixed-integer second-order cone program. Addressing its NP-hard nature, we develop an enhanced tabu search algorithm (TS-RC), which incorporates two innovative mechanisms to reduce the computational burden. The first is to determine UAV take-off/landing points based on a new constructive procedure. The second is assessing neighborhood solutions using an approximate procedure. Results on a real-world case demonstrate a 10.29% reduction in operational costs compared to a classic vessel routing model. Moreover, numerical experiments on random instances with up to four vessels and 39 tasks demonstrate the performance of the proposed TS-RC method.

HELICOPTER PROCEDURE DESIGN FOR AIR TRAFFIC MOVEMENT IMPROVEMENT: A CASE OF KERTAJATI INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT

A review of Aeronautical Information Publication Indonesia Volume II indicates a critical infrastructure deficiency at Kertajati International Airport. The absence of a designated helipad presents a significant obstacle for air traffic controllers. This research proposed helicopter procedures designed for instrument flight rules to improve air traffic movement at Kertajati International Airport. A qualitative approach using interviews and document analysis was employed. The research identified a critical omission: the absence of designated helicopter take-off and landing locations. This lack of a framework hinders safe and efficient traffic management. The proposed procedure addresses this challenge by providing a structured approach for managing mixed rotary-wing and fixed-wing traffic, potentially reducing human error and delays, and fostering informed decision-making by air traffic controllers.

Seasonal distributions of Ti-containing NPs in the main tributaries of the Tamsuei River Basin in northern Taiwan

ABSTRACT This study aimed to characterize seasonal variations in Ti-containing nanoparticles in the Tamsuei River Basin, situated in northern Taiwan, using sp-ICPMS. The highest particulate mass concentrations were present in the Dahan River, 0.80 − 1.64 ng/mL and 5.65 − 9.94 ng/mL in the dry and wet seasons, respectively, whereas the lowest concentrations were observed in the Xindian River, 0.05 − 0.31 ng/mL and 0.34 − 1.92 ng/mL in the dry and wet seasons, respectively. The highest particulate number concentrations were found in the Keelung River, 170 × 103 − 231 × 103 part./mL in the dry season and 1,372 × 103 − 4,110 × 103 part./mL in the wet season, while the lowest ones presented in the Xindian River. Notably, both particulate mass and number concentrations were significantly elevated during the wet season compared with the dry season, exhibiting a general increase from upstream to downstream. Moreover, a higher proportion of Ti in particulate form was observed in all samples during the wet season. The most frequent sizes for particles present in the samples of the Dahan River were larger during the dry season, 60 − 72 nm, in contrast to the wet season, 38 − 52 nm. These findings suggest that local geology and land use patterns may contribute to variations in Ti-containing nanoparticle concentration distributions among different rivers, particularly during the wet season.

Mapping Topsoil Carbon Storage Dynamics of Croplands Based on Temporal Mosaicking Images of Landsat and Machine Learning Approach

Understanding changes of soil organic carbon (SOC) in top layers of croplands and their driving factors is a vital prerequisite in decision-making for maintaining sustainable agriculture. However, high-precision estimation of SOC of croplands at regional scale is still an issue to be solved. Based on soil samples, synthetic image of bare soil and geographical data, this paper predicted SOC density of croplands using Random Forest model in the Black Soil Region of Jilin Province, China in 2005 and 2020, and analyzed its influencing factors. Results showed that random forest model that integrates bare soil composite images improve the accuracy and robustness of SOC density prediction. From 2005 to 2020, the total SOC storage in croplands decreased from 89.96 to 82.79 Tg C with an annual decrease of 0.48 Tg C yr−1. The mean value of SOC density of croplands decreased from 3.42 to 3.32 kg/m2, and high values are distributed in middle parts. Changes of SOC represented significant heterogeneity spatially. 62.14% of croplands with SOC density greater than 4.0 kg/m2 decreased significantly, and 38.60% of croplands with SOC density between 2.5 and 3.0 kg/m2 significantly increased. Climatic factors made great contributions to SOC density, however, their relative importance (RI) to SOC density decreased from 44.65% to 37.26% during the study period. Synthetic images of bare soil constituted 23.54% and 26.29% of RI in the SOC density prediction, respectively, and the contribution of each band was quite different. The RIs of topographic and vegetation factors were low but increased significantly from 2005 to 2020. This study can aid local land managers and governmental agencies in assessing carbon sequestration potential and carbon credits, thus contributing to the protection and sustainable use of black soils.

Current and emerging feral cat management practices in Australia

Context Feral cats are responsible for the decline and extinction of species globally. Predation by feral cats is identified in Australian legislation as a key threatening process. However, clear guidance to local land managers on feral cat management techniques and their impacts, limitations and potential costs can be difficult to find. Aims In this study, feral cat management experts from around Australia identified available management techniques and their average environmental, social, and economic impact for different ecoregions and land-use types. Methods We convened a 1-day structured elicitation workshop with 19 experts and five facilitators. Experts identified the techniques used for feral cat management; the effectiveness, impact, and cost of each method; and the key knowledge gaps associated with feral cat management. Facilitators aided in the design and format of the workshop, led the discussion at each stage and collated the results. Key results Experts identified the following 10 techniques currently used in Australia: aerial baiting; ground baiting; leghold trapping; cage trapping; shooting; tracking with detector dogs; tracking by Indigenous Rangers; habitat modification; resource modification; and exclusion fencing. In general, experts highlighted that permits, legislation and scale of application constrained many of these techniques. Aerial baiting was considered the most effective technique for reducing feral cat populations in natural and production systems. Cage trapping, shooting, or tracking with detector dogs were considered more effective in residential areas. For all techniques, efficacy estimates varied according to the following three broad vegetation structural regions: (1) deserts and xeric shrublands; (2) forests and woodlands; and (3) grasslands, savannas and shrublands. Techniques considered to have the lowest social tolerance and highest impact to non-target native species included aerial baiting, ground baiting and leghold trapping. Techniques considered to have high social tolerance and low impact on non-target species included tracking by Rangers, tracking with detector dogs, and habitat and resource modification. Conclusions Estimates of management action efficacy differ among land-use types and at least three vegetation structural regions. However, social licence, logistic and legislative constraints are the key drivers of the availability of methods for these areas. Implications Feral cat management programs should consider how program strategy can be prioritised on the basis of technique availability, region of use and expected impact.

Assessing Vulnerability and Prioritization of Cultural Assets for Climate Change Planning in Collier County, Southwest Florida

Cultural resources are often overlooked in climate change and resiliency planning, despite them being integral to community identity and the restoration of a sense of normalcy after significant weather events. This vulnerability assessment demonstrates how cultural resources can be included in planning efforts, and how they can be prioritized based on specific criteria. To complete this assessment, a working group with local land managers and cultural resource professionals was formed, and members employed a sophisticated Geo Tool, ACUNE (Adaptation of Coastal Urban and Natural Ecosystems) for climate adaptation, to predict how cultural resources throughout Collier County, Florida, would be impacted in two specific climate scenarios. The working group selected ten significant sites in the county and used ACUNE to prioritize action at these sites, using a matrix of hazard exposure, sensitivity, adaptive capacity, and the environmental, social, and economic consequences of the loss of these sites. Based on the results of our case study vulnerability assessment of cultural resources in Collier County, the next decade (2020 to 2030) has the potential to increase the number of sites at risk of storm flooding from 267 to 318, alerting managers that immediate action is needed for the sites of greatest value. The analysis of 10 case study sites is presented to demonstrate an approach for land managers and other cultural resource professionals to prioritize action at their own sites.

Development-Induced Displacements and Livelihood Options — A Case of the Chingwizi Community in Mwenezi Rural District

Using primary data of 100 households and literature review, this study examined the socio-economic opportunities or lack of them as well as vulnerabilities encountered by the Chingwizi Community in Mwenezi Rural District in Masvingo Province. The study argues that the Chingwizi people are rational, resourceful and strategic actors. It further contents that the relocated households were plunged into deeper socio-economic problems as the climatic and infrastructural conditions in the new area are harsher than where they were coming from. Primary data was collected from key informants through interviews, informal conversations and observation. Key informants included government officials from the ministries of local government, agriculture and land resettlement, community leadership (both traditional and elected), development workers from non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and the resettled farmers of Chingwizi in general. Literature review involved discussing empirical findings by other scholars on development-induced displacements (DIDs) in other parts of the world and Zimbabwe in particular. Findings from the study indicate that the state failed to fulfill its promises to the relocated households and that the principles of free, prior and informed consent (FPIC), fair and comprehensive compensation (FCC) as well as inclusive socio-economic development and profit-sharing (ISDP) were ignored by the state in the process of relocating households from Chivi and Masvingo rural areas. In light of the foregoing the study recommends the need to engage those communities affected by development projects so that sustainable options are arrived at.

The Constitutional Court and Forest Tenure Conflicts in Indonesia

With regard to access to land and forest resources, forestry legislation maintains an imbalance between the state, corporations, and local communities. Since the colonial era, forestry regulation has facilitated restrictions on the ability of local communities to benefit from land and forest resources, while also concentrating power in the hands of the state. To uphold state ownership, forestry law criminalizes customary practices, putting local communities at risk. In this sense, conflicts between local communities, corporations, and government agencies arise because of structural issues in the legal framework of laws and regulations that undermine the land rights of local communities. The establishment of the Constitutional Court in Indonesia in 2003 has enabled local communities and NGOs to challenge the Forestry Law. They use the Constitutional Court to support the resolution of forestry tenure conflicts. This article examines the extent to which the Constitutional Court can contribute to the resolution of forest tenure conflicts through judicial review of forest laws. This article discusses twelve Constitutional Court decisions regarding judicial review of the Forestry Law and the Law on Forest Destruction Prevention and Eradication. We found that the Constitutional Court has made a positive contribution to addressing the deficiency of forest legislation regarding local and customary land rights. The implementation of Constitutional Court’s ruling is not, however, a matter of self-implementation. The ruling of the Constitutional Court will only have significance if it is continuously promoted by various stakeholders in support of forest tenure reform to facilitate the resolution of forest tenure conflicts.