The historic city limits of Vienna surround four Jewish cemeteries that have survived the caprices of time and human agency in varying states of disrepair since the early modern period, with individual gravestones dating back to the High Middle Ages. These cemeteries encompass not only some of the oldest preserved grave sites in Vienna and, more broadly, Central Europe, but also hold the collected memories of Vienna’s historically significant Jewish populations and testify to their profound diversity over the centuries.It is therefore not surprising these cemeteries became the focus of intense interest for a diverse range of actors during the Holocaust, as well as the locus of a startling array of activities, initiatives, and crimes. The proposed paper will systematically outline the various fates of Vienna’s Jewish cemeteries under National Socialism as a result of the often competing interests of the many actors involved, focusing on the following aspects:The “Aryanization” and destruction of Jewish cemeteries by a variety of government authorities for the purposes of rededicating and reusing the land.The use of Jewish cemeteries by government authorities, at least in the interim, for the continued burial of the remaining Jewish population, including forced laborers and those defined as Jews by the Nuremberg Laws, as well as urns from concentration camps.Expropriation and preservation of Jewish gravestones and human remains by universities and museums for the purposes of racist scientific research and by the remaining Jewish population to salvage artifacts of Jewish cultural heritage.The use of Jewish cemeteries by the remaining Jewish population as places for solace and refuge to escape deportation and as places of community and survival, where Hachsharah training, agriculture, and recreational activities took place.The portrayal of Jewish cemeteries in memoirs and literature as both literal and metaphorical sites of Jewish history and culture and as a way to grapple with the fate of the Jewish people during the Holocaust.By focusing on Vienna as a specific case study in the broad history of Europe’s Jewish cemeteries during the Holocaust, this paper will offer a context-specific typology showcasing the remarkable diversity of fates endured by these urban sites under National Socialism and the equally astonishing array of actors involved. Drawing on many years of research that went into the author’s comprehensive monograph on the history of Vienna’s Jewish cemeteries, this typology will offer new insights into the complexity of Nazi anti-Jewish cultural policies within the territory of the “Third Reich” and the microhistory of local Jewish community strategies for personal survival and cultural preservation during the Holocaust. This research will in turn offer a solid and detailed basis for comparative studies of Jewish cemeteries elsewhere in Europe.