Local Iron Sand Research Articles

Magnetic Sulfonated Chitosan composite beads for Mercury removal from Aqueous solutions

Magnetic sulfonated chitosan composite beads had been prepared and applied for mercury removal from aqueous solutions. Preparation of magnetic sulfonated chitosan composite beads was initially performed by the sulfonation of chitosan and continued with the addition of iron oxide particles prepared from local iron sand to form composite beads. The magnetic sulfonated chitosan beads were characterized by FTIR and XRD analysis. FTIR spectra confirmed the formation of magnetic sulfonated chitosan beads. The patterns of XRD exhibited the decrease of chitosan crystallinity after modification. The result of adsorption experiments showed that the addition of sulfonation and iron oxide particles can improve the adsorption capacity of chitosan.

Refining Process and Identifying Content of Local Iron Sand

We reported simple processing of local iron sand in order to increase the purity of magnetic phase. The refining process of iron sand is carried out in two stages, namely the iron sand extract using a permanent magnet and the purification process. The purification process was carried out by co-precipitation method in varying of the dissolving temperatures and volume of HCl. The iron salt solution formed is then precipitated using NH4OH solution and then sintered at 100 °C and 1000 °C, respectively. All samples are characterized by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) to identify the elemental content and the crystal structure. From the XRF measurements, it was found that the Fe content before purification process was 32.68 %, increasing to 33.12 % after purification process with HCL volume of 75 ml and sintered at 100 °C. From XRD measurement, it was found that the crystal structure of iron sand before purification process was dominated by magnesioferrite (33.2 %), and magnetite (20.2 %). After purification process at 1000 °C, the magnesioferrite phase increased to 80.2 % and 50.2 % for HCl volume of 50 ml and 75 ml, respectively, while the magnetite phase increase to become 34.5 % for 100 ml of HCl.

Influence of EDTA on thermal properties of magnetic chitosan as an adsorbent of methylene blue

Magnetic chitosan has been functionalized with EDTA in order to improve its adsorption capacity for the removal of methylene blue from water. The adsorbent was prepared using chitosan, PEGDE as a crosslinking agent, iron oxide prepared from local iron sand, and EDTA. The addition of EDTA on the adsorbent preparation was performed with different contents of EDTA. Adsorption experiments showed the EDTA addition improved the adsorption capacity of the adsorbent. The optimal content of EDTA in the adsorbent was 0.005 g. DSC and TGA analysis showed that the decomposition temperature of the adsorbent increased by increasing the EDTA content in the adsorbent.

The performance of sodium ion battery with NaFePO4 cathode prepared from local iron sand

The performance of Sodium-Ion Battery, SIB, with NaFePO4 cathode prepared from local iron sand was investigated. The NaFePO4 was prepared through electrochemical sodiation to FePO4 layer on aluminium substrate. NaFePO4 prepared from local iron sand (from NTB, Indonesia) is named as NFP_A. The result is compared to the performance of SIB with NaFePO4 cathode prepared from a commercial FePO4, which is named as NFP_B. The SIB was fabricated in a split cell test type and a pouch type. Battery performance was measured by Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) analysis, Galvanostatic Charge-Discharge (GCD) testing, and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) measurements. CV analysis found that sodium intercalation and de-intercalation curve in NFP_A is similar to the CV curve of NFP_B. The reduction peak presents at -2.98 V and -2.99 V for NFP_A and NFP_B, respectively. Those peaks represent Na+ intercalation into FePO4 layer. The oxidation peaks, that represent deintercalation from NaFePO4 appears at 3.31 and 3.96 V. Split cell SIB with NFP_A as cathode provides 100 cycles under 1 C and 3 C current drawn. Meanwhile, the pouch type only provides 50 cycles before the capacity loss under 1 C current drawn. Each type has 100 % Coulombic efficiency indicates that all of the charged-ion can be completely discharged.

Analyses of magnetic properties and crystal size on Fe3O4 nanoparticle from local iron sand using PEG as soft template

Nano-sized Fe3O4 has been considered prominent in material science research due to its potential applications in multi-layered aspects. One of the simple and inexpensive methods of nanosized Fe3O4 synthesis is co-precipitation. However, this method has not provided a uniform size. Therefore, this study carried out a few modifications by using PEG-200 and PEG-1000 as a soft template with a volume ratio of 1:1, 1:3, and 1:5. The Fe precursors used in this study are iron sand from the Brantas River, Kediri-East Java, Indonesia. The XRD results showed that the use of PEG in the synthesis of Fe3O4 did not affect the Fe3O4 phase, and this study obtained a crystal size with a range of 6-12 nm. Based on morphological observations using SEM, the use of soft templates in Fe3O4 synthesis can reduce agglomeration rather than without using a PEG template. All Fe3O4 powder samples showed ferrimagnetic behavior with a saturation magnetization of 39.5-70 emu/g.

Nanostructure and Optical Properties of Fe3O4: Effect of Calcination Temperature and Dwelling Time

In this work, we reported the nanostructure and optical properties of the Fe3O4 nanoparticles. The Fe3O4 have been synthesized from local iron sand Halmahera Utara by using the coprecipitation method at a temperature of 80°C and NaOH concentration of 3M. The nanoparticles were calcined at 150°C and 250°C for 4 hours consecutively, while the calcination dwelling time was 2 hours and 4 hours at a temperature of 250°C. The results show that a formation of Fe3O4 nanoparticles with a spinel crystal structure. The lattice parameter of nanoparticles decreases with an increase of calcination temperature and dwelling time due to higher thermal energy driving the atom to move closer to each other. Hence, the crystallite size of the nanoparticles increases due to the expansion process to the grain of the nanoparticles. The optical gap energy of the nanoparticles decreases due to the formation of a larger particle. It also confirms that the existence of Fe3+-O and Fe2+-O bonds in the nanoparticles which are characteristic functional group bond of Fe3O4 in the tetrahedral and octahedral sublattice. This result can prove that a higher calcination temperature and longer dwelling time can improve the nanostructure and optical properties of Fe3O4.

Preparation of magnetic chitosan using local iron sand for mercury removal

Preparation of magnetic chitosan for mercury removal from polluted water had been conducted. Magnetic particles (Fe3O4) were isolated from local iron sand to provide magnetic properties of chitosan. Glutaraldehyde was used as crosslinking agent of chitosan. The obtained magnetic chitosan was characterized by using FTIR, TGA, DSC, XRD, and SEM. Adsorption experiments were conducted with various contact time, pH and initial concentration of mercury. The results showed glutaraldehyde and Fe3O4 decreased crystallinity of chitosan. Low crystallinity of polymer is favorable for adsorption due to the high accessibility of adsorbate to reach active sites of adsorbent. FTIR and SEM confirmed the formation of magnetic chitosan. Based on correlation coefficient (R2) values, the adsorption mercury by magnetic chitosan fitted with Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models.

Magneto-Thermal Effect in Mn0.25Fe2.75O4-PEG Nanoparticles and Their Potential as Hyperthermia Therapy

Mn0.25Fe2.75O4-PEG nanoparticles based on local iron sand were synthesized using the coprecipitation method. The characterization of sample was conducted using the X-ray Diffraction (XRD) instrument, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), Small Angle X-Ray Scattering (SAXS), and Magneto-thermal each has a purpose to find out the formed phase structure, the adsorption pattern of sample functional group, nanoparticle distribution, and thermal effect of the sample. The results of characterization using XRD showing that the formed sample phase was in the form of the magnetite spinel structure. Through Rietica analysis and calculation using Debye-Scherrer, the sizes of nanoparticle samples were 7.9, 6.4, and 5.3 nm respectively with the addition of PEG concentration of 1000, 2000, and 4000. The adsorption of nanoparticle functional group was confirmed well with the appearance of Fe-O and Mn-O bound adsorption, at the wavenumbers of 430 cm-1 and 482 cm-1 respectively which were the representations of Mn0.25Fe2.75O4 material. Furthermore, the SAXS data analysis using the two lognormal method showed that the primary size of the particle sample was around 3 nm. Meanwhile, the secondary sizes of the sample were 8.5, 7.1, and 5.9 nm with the addition of PEG concentration of 1000, 2000, and 4000. Interestingly, Mn0.25Fe2.75O4-PEG nanoparticles of 1000, 2000, and 4000 characterized using the Magneto thermal instrument have the value of 1.079, 1.082, and 1.105 W/g respectively and was able to improve the temperature of 37 °C up to 38°C. These characteristics showed that the Mn0.25Fe2.75O4-PEG nanoparticles have potentials to become a unique material which can function as the material for hyperthermia therapy.

Synthesis and characterization of high purity Fe3O4 and α - Fe2O3 from local iron sand

The synthesis and characterization of high purity of Fe3O4 and α-Fe2O3 from iron sand has been carried out. Iron sand samples retrieved from Banten, Indonesia. The iron sand powder was milled for 10 hours at room temperature by using high energy milling (HEM) and then was separated according to its type using magnetic separator. The iron sand powders are dissolved in acid chloride solution so that is formed a solution of iron chloride, and this solution is sprinkled with sodium hydroxide to obtain fine powders. The fine powders which formed were washed again with de-ionized water and sintered in the electric chamber furnace at 750 °C in the air at atmosphere pressure for 5 hours. The elemental analysis results using neutron activation analysis (NAA) is obtained that the fine powders contain the dominant of iron (Fe). The refinement results of X-ray diffraction pattern shows that the fine powders have a single phase of Fe3O4, and then after sintering changed to α-Fe2O3 single phase. The microstructure analysis showed that the particle of Fe3O4 and α-Fe2O3 shaped respectively like spherical and polygonal with the similarly particle sizes and homogeneously on the surface of the samples. We concluded that this study has successfully performed the process of purifying iron sand to obtain fine powders of Fe3O4 and α-Fe2O3 with high purity. The first section in your paper

Preliminary Study: Local Iron Sand Characterization of Titanomagnetite Type

In this study, we have characterized the natural iron sand type of titanomagnetite taken from the coast of West Lampung. Prior to characterization, the natural iron sand type of titanomagnetite was milling with high energy milling (HEM) for 10 h. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) were used to characterize surface morphology and analysis of constituent elements of iron sands respectively. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used for phase analysis and crystal structure. The morphology of the surface of the natural iron sand type of titanomagnetite had a variety of shapes and sizes of particles and contrasting colors. This is consistent with the result of characterization using energy dispersive spectroscopy where the element of iron sand consists of Fe (66.57 %), Mg (1.37 %), Si (0.57 %), Al (1.66 %), Ti (8.03 %), La (1.17 %) and O (20.64 %). These constituent elements did not stand on their own but bond to each other forming certain phases. Analysis by X-ray diffraction is generated that the phases formed on the iron sand of types titanomagnetite, consist of ilmenite (FeTiO3), hematite (α-Fe2O3) and titanomagnetite (Fe3-x(MT,Ti)xO4) phases with the content respective of 9.63 %, 19.09 % and 71.28 %, where MT = metal transition.

High purity Fe3O4 from Local Iron Sand Extraction

Indonesia has a long coastline and is rich with iron sand. The iron sand is generally rich in various elements such as iron and titanium. One of the products processing of the iron sand mineral is iron (II) (III) oxide (magnetite Fe3O4). The stages of purification process to extracting magnetite phase and discarding the other phases has been performed. Magnetite phase analysis of ironsand extraction retrieved from Indonesia have been investigated. The result of analysis element of iron sand shows that it consists of majority Fe around 65 wt%. However, there are still 17 impurities such as Ti, Al, Ce, Co, Cr, Eu, La, Mg, Mn, Na, Sc, Sm, Th, V, Yb, and Zn. After extraction process, Fe element content increases up to 94%. The iron sand powder after milling for 10 hours and separating using a magnetic separator, the iron sand powders are dissolved in acid chloride solution to form a solution of iron chloride, and this solution is sprinkled with sodium hydroxide to obtain fine powders of Fe3O4. The fine powders which formed were washed with de-mineralization water. The X-ray diffraction pattern shows that the fine powders have a single phase of Fe3O4. The analysis result shows that the sample has the chemical formula: Fe3O4 with a cubic crystal system, space group: Fd-3m and lattice parameters: a = b = c = 8.3681 (1) Å, α = β = γ = 90°. The microstructure analysis shows that the particle of Fe3O4 homogeneously shaped like spherical. The magnetic properties using vibrating sample magnetometer shows that Fe3O4 obtained have ferromagnetic behavior with soft magnetic characteristics. We concluded that this purification of iron sand had been successfully performed to obtain fine powders of Fe3O4 with high purity.

Optical Properties of Fe3O4 Magnetic Fluid from Iron Sand

Nowadays, a high sensitive sensor for the magnetic field has become an essential tool that vastly desired in several fields, especially in biomedical application. Therefore, the development of preparing material for the magnetic sensor becomes crucial to be conducted. In this experimnet, we propose the use of Fe3O4 magnetic fluid prepared from a local iron sand in Indonesia as a material for a magnetic sensor. In this work, optical activities of the Fe3O4 magnetic fluid as the effect of magneto-optics were performed under varying external magnetic field. The polarization direction change of the laser was detected as a function of the external magnetic field with the exponential function. Moreover, the intensity collected by a photodetector exhibited a linear correlation with the external magnetic field. These phenomena become strong evidence that the prepared Fe3O4 magnetic fluid opens potential to be applicated further as sensors, especially as a high sensitive optics-based sensor for the magnetic field.

Nanoscale Clustering and Magnetic Properties of Mn x Fe3−x O4 Particles Prepared from Natural Magnetite

A series of Mn x Fe3−x O4 (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) nanoparticles was successfully synthesized via a simple coprecipitation method. The starting material was a natural magnetite purified from local iron sand. Crystallite nanoparticles were produced by drying without using a high calcination temperature. Rietveld analysis of the X-ray diffractometry (XRD) data for all samples demonstrated that the Mn ions partially substituted the Fe ions in the spinel cubic structure of the Fe3O4 to form Mn x Fe3−x O4 phases. We applied two lognormal spherical and single mass fractal models to the analysis of the small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) data and revealed that the primary Mn x Fe3−x O4 particles ranged in size from 1.5 to 3.8 nm and formed three-dimensional clusters as secondary structures. The samples displayed superparamagnetic behavior, having the saturation magnetization which was most likely influenced by the competing contribution from Mn, the sizes of the primary particles, and their clusters. Further analysis revealed that the zero-field-cooled and field-cooled curves of the Mn x Fe3−x O4 nanoclusters exhibited a superparamagnetic phenomenon with the lowest magnetic blocking temperature approximately 145 K.