Local Fowl Research Articles

Exploring Hausa Cuisine for Diabetes Management: Towards a Culinary Solution

This paper explores the rich tradition of Hausa cuisine and its potential role in managing diabetes, focusing on traditional medicinal foods used by the Hausa people. Drawing from the abundant natural resources surrounding them, the Hausa people have long relied on a holistic approach to health, incorporating various trees, plants, roots, and herbs into their diet. Traditional remedies often blur the line between food and medicine, reflecting the Hausa belief that dietary choices play a crucial role in overall health. Through an extensive examination of traditional Hausa foods and their therapeutic effects on diabetes, this paper provides insights into potential culinary solutions for managing the condition. From fresh moringa leaves to baobab fruits, from hibiscus to fish and local fowls, the paper explores a wide range of traditional remedies used by the Hausa people to alleviate symptoms of diabetes. Furthermore, the paper discusses the harmful types of foods that diabetics should avoid and highlights non-harmful foods beneficial for diabetes management. By shedding light on the intricate relationship between Hausa cuisine and diabetes management, this paper contributes to our understanding of traditional medicinal practices and offers avenues for further research and exploration.

Fungi Associated with the Crop of a Local Fowl: A Public Health Problem

This study was aimed at Isolating fungi associated with crop of a local fowl. But series of Research have been conducted on fungal contaminants associated with Broiler Liter , But we Have less reported on fungal contaminants of poultry . The goals of this study were to (1) Describe the nature and Features of litter fungal contaminants and (2) report the frequency of fungi species present.10 new and 20 old samples were collected from 10 farms.In addition, Air samples were also collected, and after various procedures, 14 different fungal genera were detected in new litter. With respect to old litter, 18 species of fungi were detected, with Fusarium the most frequently isolated (41.2%), followed by A. section Flavi. (27.3%), Oudeemansiela sp (9.9%), and Yeast (16.9%).A significant positive correlation was found between litter fungal Biomass and total fungal contamination. Different Morphology and quantification of species have important implications in the evaluation of potential adverse health risks to exposed Farm workers and animals. Indescriminate spreading of poultry litter in fields is a potential environmental health concern, since (Rhizopus spp and mucor spp) were isolated.

Optimization of Impacts of Eggs from Different Birds, Oven Temperature and Oven Rack Speed on the Physicochemical Properties of Cupcakes

Consumers’ demand for healthy snacks necessitates the need to study the impacts of eggs from different birds, oven temperature and oven rack speed on the physicochemical properties of cupcakes. A developed rotary oven with varied oven temperature (130°C, 150°C and 170°C), oven rack speed (0, 10 rpm and 20 rpm) and egg-type (Exotic chicken eggs, Turkey eggs and Local fowl eggs) were interacted using Face Centered Composite Design of Response Surface Methodology (FCCD-RSM). The physicochemical properties (baking time, product mass, product height and proximate composition) of the cupcakes produced were determined using standard procedures. The physicochemical properties were modelled using polynomial regression models and accuracy were determined using coefficient of determination (R2). The optimizer of FCCD-RSM was used to optimize protein content of the cupcakes. The baking time ranged from 28.50 min to 52.50 min, product height (3.82 to 4.20 mm) and product mass (36 to 36.67 g). The moisture content, crude protein, crude fat, crude fibre, ash and carbohydrate content of the cupcakes ranges from 16.92 to 18.09%, 7.69 to 12.67%, 1.49% to 1.87%, 1.41% to 1.66%, 2.01% to 4.09% and 62.77 to 69.28%, respectively. The regression models were significant for product height, product mass, moisture content and crude protein content with R2 ranging from 0.81 - 0.95. Optimum protein content (12.77%) was obtained in cupcakes produced with Turkey egg at 170ºC oven temperature and 10 rpm oven rack speed. This study provided useful information about some underutilized birds eggs that can be explored to produce healthier cupcakes.Keywords— Birds Eggs, Cupcakes, Optimization, Oven temperature, Physicochemical properties

Flow Cytometric Evaluation of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell Immune Response in SPF Chickens Induced by Fowlpox Vaccine.

Fowlpox (FP) is a viral disease that is widely distributed throughout the world. The disease has an economic impact on the poultry industry, and its prevalence has even been reported in vaccinated flocks. The present study used flow cytometry to evaluate the CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell immune response of chicks induced by FP vaccine. 120 specific pathogen-free (SPF) 21-day-old chicks were randomly divided into three groups of 40. One group was used as negative control with PBS inoculation, the other two groups were inoculated with the local fowlpox vaccine produced by Razi Institute and commercial FP vaccines, and they were kept for five weeks. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were isolated using Ficoll-Hypaque density gradients and the percentages of CD3+, CD3+, CD4+, and CD3+CD8+ T lymphocytes were analyzed with flow cytometry. Seven days post-immunization, a maximum (90-100%) swelling formation ("take") on the vaccination site was observed. The ratios of CD4+ to CD8+ T-lymphocytes in both vaccinated groups were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than the control group inoculated with PBS. The percentages of CD3+, CD3+CD4+, and CD3+CD8+ T-lymphocytes were increased in chickens vaccinated with commercial and local FP vaccines. There were no significant differences between the groups receiving commercial and local fowl pox vaccines. The present study showed that protective immunity could be associated with increased cellular immune responses, which has been interpreted as enhancing T-cell proliferation and increasing CD4+ to CD8+ ratios through vaccination with the FP vaccine. This study further suggests that the induction of enhanced immune responses is due mainly to the Th1-type response.

The frequency and influence of spur gene on six metric traits in Nigeria Local Chicken

A study was collected in two local government arears of Oyo state,Nigerian, an adult, free-ranging indigenous chiken on the incidence and possible influence of the spur gene (sl) on the body weight and five other matric traits: Body length (BL), wing length (WL), shank length (SL), shank thickness (ST) and breast girth (BG) which are indicative of the body size and growth 486 (37.15%) of the 1039 sampled local fowls were sparrowed and the gene frequency was estimated to 0.61. the calculated gene and genotype frequencues were significantly different (p&lt;0.05) from the expected values for a recessive gene where complete dominance is operating while sex analysis revealed high significant (P&lt;0.01) incidene of the spur in males (70.3%). There was no significant (P&gt;0.05) genotype effect on any of the metric traits under consideration. It is demonstrated in this study that the incidence of spur gene (sl) seems to be sex-influenced, higher than expected but had no effect on the six metric traits considered.

SHORT COMMUNICATION Performance of local fowls fed plantain peels meal

Experiment was carried out to determine performance of day old local fowls, fed supplemented plantain peels meal (PPM). The birds were arranged in completely randomized design having six birds per replicate and two treatments comprising one test diet and one control diet. At starter phase, all the parameters (body weight, body weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio) measured were not significant (p&gt;0.05). The birds on the test diet had average initial weight, 42.00g while that of the control had average weight, 43.75g and at 5 weeks of age average weights of 133.30g and 134.54g (p&gt;0.05) ,respectively. At the finisher phase, all the parameters measured were not significant (p&gt;0.5). The prices per kg of feed for the test and control diets were N93.05 and N95.05, respectively. Therefore, PPM inclusion fed at early stage of life of the birds enhanced performance at a lower cost.

Livestock production as an integral of home garden in Nigeria

Globally, hunger and poverty are major challenges with number of household malnourished increasing daily. Conscious integration of the home gardens strategy into peri-urban and urban development can help to achieve food security. In this regard, a total of 412 questionnaires were administered to home garden owners around the National Horticultural Research Institute (NIHORT) in Ibadan (Southwest Nigeria), Mbato (Southeast Nigeria), Bagauda (Northwest Nigeria) and Dadinkowa (Northeast Nigeria). In all, 366 (88.8%) questionnaires were found suitable for analysis. The data collected was analyzed using descriptive statistical analytical tools. Majority of people involved in the practice of home gardening were male (78%) and young &lt;50 years (53%), implying that they were capable of handling more tedious activities than the female and the elderly respectively. Land and house ownership were found to be the most important factor in home gardening. Goat (77.1%), sheep (58.7%) and local fowl (49.7%) were the dominant livestock in the areas investigated.Most of the livestock were fed with household waste and crop residues which ought to have caused great problem through microbial build up, while the animal wastes were usually incorporated into the soil to serve as soil amendments. Some of the livestock owners were also mindful of zoonosis.

Gastrointestinal Helminths of Local and Exotic Domestic Fowls in Ijebu-Ode, Ogun State, Nigeria

Gastrointestinal Helminths of Local and Exotic Domestic Fowls in Ijebu-Ode, Ogun State, Nigeria

Macro and Micro anatomical study of Harderian Gland of Duck and Fowl

In the present investigation, 6 numbers of each apparently healthy adult Pati duck and local fowl of Assam were utilized for detailed gross, histomorphological, histochemical and ultrastructural studies. The Harderian gland in the Patiducks and Fowl were located in the medioventral region of the orbital cavity attached along with the eye ball. The gland was not having any grossly demercablelobulation but still there was dorsally slightly narrow part whereas the ventral part was somewhat more wider. In duck, from the capsule, thin connective tissue septa penetrated into the gland and divided parenchyma it into lobes and lobules which were unequal and polygonal in shape. Each lobule contained a central lumen. From the capsule and septa thin streaks of interstitial connective tissue penetrated between the acini and tubules. The columnar epithelial cells lining the acini showed considerable variation in height depending on their functional state. The nerve fibers were also extending from the capsule inside the parenchyma along with the other connective tissue fibers. Harderian gland of Fowl was also covered with a thin connective tissue capsule and consisted of coarse collagen, fine reticular and elastic fibers, blood vessels, and nerve fibers, which were penetrating the parenchyma very frequently by forming septa and trabeculae. The glands were to be of multilobulartubulo-alveolar type and emptied into a wide lumen which was lined by columnar epithelial cells. The histochemical sections were found positive for PAS Alcian blue. The reaction for acid phosphates and alkaline phosphatase were also moderate to intense in the harderian gland. The scanning electron microphotograph of harderian gland showed the acini, secretory granules and connective tissue fibers in the duck and fowl. The secretions of the gland were accommodated inside the acini and looks like a woollen ball.

Morphology of femur, tibiotarsus and fibula of local hill fowl of Uttarakhand.

This study was conducted on femur, tibiotarsus and fibula from six adult local hill fowl of Uttarakhand. The femur of the local hill fowl was a long cylindrical bone consisted of a shaft and two extremities. The shaft was curved and twisted in appearance. The proximal extremity had spherical head separated from shaft by neck. The trochanter minor was indistinct. The distal extremity hadposteriorly medial and lateral condyles and anteriorly trochlea. The tibiotarsus was the longest bone among the leg bones. The shaft was anteriorly curved in its proximal half and posteriorly curved in its distal half. The fibular crest was well developed and on posterior-lateral aspect of it’smid-shaft very small nutrient foramen was observed. The cnemial crest was originates from cranial border of transverse ridge and extended ventro-medially. The distal extremity showed large medial and small lateral condyles separated by the deep intercondylerfossa. The fibula was a reduced long bone with distinct head and rudimentary shaft. The shaft of fibula extended up to the distal one third of the shaft of tibiotarsus.

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Phenotypic characterization of native chicken populations reared underfamily-based free-range scavenging system in Odisha, India

The genetic architecture of 10 rural poultry populations in two distant tribal districts of Mayurbhanj and Kalahandi of Odisha state in India were studied for 15 quantitative and 11 qualitative characteristics through a field survey. Analysis of dispersion was conducted to test the simultaneous significance of mean differences in above characteristics and was found to be highly significant (p is less than 0.01). Cluster-I (Khairi and Kabri), cluster-II (Hansli, Gujuri, Dumasil, Dhabla, Kalua and Khadia), cluster-III (Jhinjiria), and cluster-IV included Chitri populations. The maximum D2 value was found between Hansli and Kabri (513.825) followed by Gujuri and Kabri (410.312) while minimum D2 value was observed between Khairi and Kabri (1.50). The average inter cluster distance was high between cluster-I and cluster-II (17.218) and also between cluster-II and IV (17.207). The genetic variation can be confirmed using biochemical and DNA markers which will help to obtain phenotypically pure local fowl genetic resources for future selection and breeding.

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There is paucity of data on local fowls&rsquo; production in Southern Nigeria. The population and identity of the farmers involved in raising the fowl is lacking. Studies were carried out in the areas that covered Anambra, Oyo and Imo States to ascertain the population, production and improvement of the local fowl.&nbsp; In six hundred households in Anambra State the population of local birds was 4,971. These consisted of 911 (Chicks), 1073 (Growers), 1278 (Cocks) and 1709 (Hens), respectively. Imo State in 6 local government areas (LGAs), 300 households had 2032 local birds comprising 394 (Cocks), 614 (Hens), 478 (Growers) and 546 (Chicks) while in Oyo North LGA feeding trials were conducted to determine nutrient requirements of the fowl. Shank lengths and egg quality showed variations (P&lt;0.05) in different localities. A standard energy and protein levels of 2,700 kcalME/kg of feed and 22% crude protein (CP) at chick phase and 3,000 kcalME/kg of feed and 17% CP at grower phase, respectively, were established for the fowl. Also feed additives such as antibiotics, prebiotics and probiotics used as growths promoters were assessed. Antibiotics did not show any positive pattern of growth promotion while the prebiotics and probiotics enhanced performance of local fowl. Plantain peels meal fed at early phase of life moderately enhanced performance of the fowl. To bridge the animal protein deficit in the nutrition of rural populace, local fowl can be used but after improvement of the fowl to commercial birds. &nbsp; Key words: Local fowl, South Nigeria ecotype, population, production and performance.

Agro Based Linkages between Soil Erosion and Income Generating Activities of Rural Women in Anambra State, Nigeria

This study considered the agro-based linkages between soil erosion and income generating activitives of rural women in Anambra State. The specific objectives were to: determine the agro-based income generating activities of rural women in Anambra State; ascertain if there were differences in the income generating activities in sheet and gully erosion areas, establish if the IGAs are affected by erosion and determine the extent to which they are affected in sheet and gulley erosion areas. The study was carried out in Anambra State. Interview Schedule and Focus Group Discussion(FGD) were used to collect data. The state was stratified into six strata according to erosion types. Stratified and purposive sampling methods were used to determine a sample of 600 respondents for the Interview Schedule while one FGD was carried out in each of the six strata. The result showed that the average age of respondents was 34years, 75.8% were married with an average of 4 children, 20% had no formal education and 76% of them were christians .Most of the women are involved in crop farming (87.85%), palmoil processing (61.75%), cassava processing (87.95), keeping of local fowl (75.4%), sale of vegetables (62.9%), and goat rearing (54.85%). The most affected IGAs in sheet and gully erosion areas are goat rearing (62.3% and 33.7%),( 50.7% and 50.3%), crop farming (44.6% and 59.9%). The study showed that the agrobased IGAs of the women are affected by erosion and since land is their main factor of production, it is likely to affect their food security.

Variations in Micronutrients Content and Lipid Profile of Some Avian Eggs

Ten eggs each from avian species: duck, local fowl, exotic fowl, pigeon and guinea fowl were analyzed for protein, phospholipids, cholesterol, vitamins and some mineral elements using standard methods. Total lipids were high in duck (2.9±0.07mg/g) and local fowl eggs (2.0±0.04mg/g) and low in others while cholesterol was only high in local fowl (3.40±0.01mg/g). Phospholipids in exotic and pigeon eggs yielded values of 8.4±0.65mg/g and 7.5±0.55mg/g, respectively. Whereas Fe and Ca content in guinea fowl were 5.04± 0.45mg/g and 4.68±0.006mg/g, the vitamins, thiamine and riboflavin were almost twice these amounts. Mineral micronutrients were of significant amounts. The results of these analyses are discussed in line with the sources of essential nutrients obtained from avian species to ameliorate the acute shortage of animal protein and micronutrients in the diet of Nigerians.

Energy and protein requirements for growth of the local domestic fowl(&lt;i&gt;Gallus domestic&lt;/i&gt;).

Energy and protein requirements of thirty-six local fowls at 2 weeks old were determined in chick and grower phases. Two levels of energy and three levels of protein tested in each phase. Six dietary treatments were employed and each treatment had three replicates of two birds each. In the chick starter phase, energy and protein combinations included: diet 1, 2,700kcal ME / Kg and 18% CP; diet 2, 2700kcal ME / Kg and 20% CP; diet 3, 2,700kcal ME / Kg and 22% CP; diet 4, 3,000kcal ME / Kg and 18% CP; diet 5, 3,000kcal ME /Kg and 20% CP and diet 6 (control), 3,000kcal ME /Kg and 22% CP. The energy and protein level combinations in the grower phase included the following; diet 1, 2,700kcal ME/ Kg and 13% CP; diet 2, 2,700kcal ME/ Kg and 15% CP; diet 3, 2,700kcal ME / Kg and 17% CP; diet 4, 3,000kcal ME/ Kg and 13% CP; diet 5, 3,000kcal ME/ Kg and 15% CP and diet 6 (control), 3,000kcal ME/ Kg and 17% CP. The experiment lasted 7 weeks for the chick starter phase and 7 to 20 weeks for the grower phase. The chicks were randomly distributed to the diets in a completely randomized design. In all the parameters measured in both phases, the control diet promoted growth of the birds better than others. For the control diet at the chick starter phase, the average feed intake (API) (g/day) was 20.20 while the efficiency of feed utilization (EFU), metabolisable energy intake (kcal/kg/day), average body weight (g/bird/wk) and average body weight gain (g/bird/day) were 0.22, 75.60, 124.40, and 4.48 respectively. The corresponding values for the grower phase were 48.80, 0.11, 91.27, 769.70 and 5.41 in that order. The values for API and average body weight per bird were not significantly different (P&gt; 0.05) at the chick starter phase but differences were significant (P&lt; 0.05) &laquo;it the grower phase. The diet 3 in the grower phase improved growth with the highest EFU, 0.12, and was better utilized by the birds than in the chick starter phase where it was least utilized. High energy, high protein diet enhanced growth while low energy, high protein diet did not support maximum growth especially in the chick starter phase. The control diet produced birds with the heaviest carcass and best body conformation. &nbsp;Keywords: Energy, requirement, protein, local fowl, growth, phase. &nbsp

Small-Scale Family Poultry Production As A Substantial Source Of Animal Protein In Selected Local Government Areas In Rivers State

A survey was conducted through structured questionnaires to find out consumers’ preference for local chicken, its production and consumption in khana, Gokana, Tai and Eleme Local Government Areas (LGAs) making up the Ogoni kingdom in Rivers State, Nigeria. The data collected were analyzed using frequency counts, percentages and ranking. The result showed that the 3 most available and preferred species of poultry were local chicken (47.5%), layer birds (21.9%) and broilers (17.5%). Most of the respondents agreed that although productivity of local fowl had fallen compared to the last 5 years, chicken meat was still popular, more available for sales and a relatively cheap source of meat and eggs for rural dwellers. The major reason given for reduced productivity was rural-urban drift in search of education and paid jobs. It is therefore believed that a sensitization campaign aimed at encouraging small and medium scale local chicken production organized by government agencies and/or nongovernmental organizations will be a sure way of increasing animal protein supply, generate employment opportunities for youths and women, increase income, alleviate poverty, reducerural-urban drift and enhance rural livelihood in Ogoni area

Mitochondrial DNA D-loop and 12S Regions Analysis of the LongCrowing Local Breed Denizli Fowl from Turkey

Aim of this study is to analyze the genetic structure of long-crowing Denizli chicken, a Turkish local fowl, using nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrial DNA 12S and D-loop regions. DNA isolation was carried out using feather samples of cocks of this local breed. D-loop and 12S regions were amplified using polymerase chain reaction technique and ca 1230 bp and 950 pb PCR products were obtained respectively. Native genotype Denizli fowl’s D-loop and 12S regions were sequenced and sequencing data were analyzed and compared with the related published data. Nucleotide content of the 12S region showed a 32% A, 19% T, 19% G and 30% C, whilst AT and GC ratios were found as 59.88% and 40.12% respectively for D-loop region. D-loop sequence data analysis clearly identified the Denizli fowl within the clade of long-crowing cocks. The results give the first informative data about the mitochondrial DNA D-loop and 12S regions of this local breed from Turkey.

Dietary Energy and Crude Protein Requirement for Chicks of Nigeria Local Fowl and Crossbreeds

2 Abstract: Unsexed chicks of the Nigeria local fowl were mated inter se and the birds mated with males of improved eggs strain (local x medium) or from broiler strain (local x large) were raised on 240g/kg or 200g/kg dietary crude protein and 3000kcal/kg of metabolizable energy from day old to 12 weeks of age on deep litter to determine their performance on different dietary energy and crude protein rations. Whereas the pure local birds grew significantly (P<0.05) slower than the crossbreeds and were not affected in growth rate by dietary regime, the crossbreeds showed improved benefit from the higher dietary crude protein with age to the extent of their growth potentials. Initial rearing of the birds had the most favourable effect with the local birds crossed with broiler type on 240g/kg followed by 200g/kg crude protein transferred at 8 weeks of age of the birds, while the local birds crossed with egg type males are intermediate. The performance of the birds was worse regardless of the initial dietary crude protein and the age of transfer. It is concluded that the Nigerian Local fowl performs slower than their crossbreeds and are unaffected in growth rate by dietar y manipulations.