Local Feedback Loop Research Articles

Testosterone upregulates progesterone production in mouse testicular interstitial macrophages, whose niche likely provides properties of progesterone production to tissue-resident macrophages

The niche of the macrophages (Mø) residence concept is now accepted; Mø colonize tissue/organ-specific microenvironments (niches) that shape Mø to perform tissue/organ-specific functions. Recently, we developed a simple propagation method for tissue-resident Mø by mixed culture with the respective tissue/organ-residing cells acting as the niche and demonstrated that testicular interstitial Mø propagated by mixed culture with testicular interstitial cells showing properties of Leydig cells in culture (we termed them “testicular Mø niche cells”) produce progesterone (P4) de novo. Based on previous evidence of testosterone production downregulation in Leydig cells by P4 and androgen receptor expression in testicular Mø, we proposed a local feedback loop of testosterone production between Leydig cells and testicular interstitial Mø. To verify this hypothesis, we further examined P4 de novo production in propagated testicular interstitial Mø treated with testosterone using ELISA and found that exogenous testosterone upregulates P4 production in testicular interstitial Mø. Thus, testosterone production, which is controlled by the local feedback loop, likely becomes more reliable. Moreover, we examined whether tissue-resident Mø other than testicular interstitial Mø can be transformed into P4-producing cells by mixed culture with testicular Mø niche cells: using RT-PCR and ELISA we found that splenic Mø newly acquired P4 production properties by mixed-culturing with testicular Mø niche cells for 7 days. This likely indicates the substantiative in vitro evidence on the niche concept and possibly opens the door to using P4-secreting Mø as a transplantation tool for clinical application due to the migratory property of Mø into inflammatory sites.

Modulation of fibroblast growth factor-23 expression and transepithelial calcium absorption in Caco-2 monolayer by calcium-sensing receptor and calcineurin under calcium hyperabsorptive state

Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-23 and calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) have previously been postulated to be parts of a negative feedback regulation of the intestinal calcium absorption to prevent excessive calcium uptake and its toxicity. However, the underlying mechanism of this feedback regulation remained elusive, especially whether it required transcription of FGF-23. Herein, we induced calcium hyperabsorptive state (CHS) by exposing intestinal epithelium-like Caco-2 monolayer to 30 mM CaCl2 and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3] after which FGF-23 mRNA levels and transepithelial calcium flux were determined. We found that CHS upregulated FGF-23 transcription, which was reverted by CaSR inhibitors (Calhex-231 and NPS2143) but without effect on CaSR transcription. Although 10 nM 1,25(OH)2D3 was capable of enhancing transepithelial calcium flux, the higher-than-normal calcium inundation as in CHS led to a decrease in calcium flux, consistent with an increase in FGF-23 protein expression. Administration of inhibitors (≤10 μM CN585 and cyclosporin A) of calcineurin, a mediator of CaSR action to control transcription and production of its target proteins, was found to partially prevent FGF-23 protein production and the negative effect of CHS on calcium transport, while having no effect on FGF-23 mRNA expression. Direct exposure to FGF-23, but not FGF-23 + PD173074 (FGFR1/3 inhibitor), also completely abolished the 1,25(OH)2D3-enhanced calcium transport in Caco-2 monolayer. Nevertheless, CHS and CaSR inhibitors had no effect on the mRNA levels of calcineurin (PPP3CB) or its targets (i.e., NFATc1–4). In conclusion, exposure to CHS induced by high apical calcium and 1,25(OH)2D3 triggered a negative feedback mechanism to prevent further calcium uptake. CaSR and its downstream mediator, calcineurin, possibly contributed to the regulatory process, in part by enhancing FGF-23 production to inhibit calcium transport. Our study, therefore, corroborated the physiological significance of CaSR-autocrine FGF-23 axis as a local feedback loop for prevention of excessive calcium uptake.

Suppression of Packet Losses and Disturbances in Networked Control Systems Based on Equivalent-Input-Disturbance Approach.

This article presents a method of suppressing packet losses and exogenous disturbances for a networked control system (NCS) subject to network-introduced delays. The NCS has two feedback loops: 1) a local one and 2) a main one. The local feedback loop contains a state observer, an equivalent-input-disturbance (EID) estimator, and state feedback. It is used to ensure prompt disturbance suppression. The controller in the main feedback loop contains an internal model to track a reference input. The system is divided into two subsystems for the design of controllers. The state-observer gain is designed for one subsystem using the concept of perfect regulation to ensure disturbance estimation performance. The state-feedback gains of the other subsystem are designed based on a stability condition in the form of a linear matrix inequality (LMI). A tracking specification is embedded in the LMI-based stability condition to ensure satisfactory tracking performance. A case study on a two-finger robot hand control system and a comparison with a Smith-EID and H∞ controller approach validate the effectiveness and superiority of the presented method.

Two antagonistic response regulators control Pseudomonas aeruginosa polarization during mechanotaxis

The opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa adapts to solid surfaces to enhance virulence and infect its host. Type IV pili (T4P), long and thin filaments that power surface‐specific twitching motility, allow single cells to sense surfaces and control their direction of movement. T4P distribution is polarized to the sensing pole by the chemotaxis‐like Chp system via a local positive feedback loop. However, how the initial spatially resolved mechanical signal is translated into T4P polarity is incompletely understood. Here, we demonstrate that the two Chp response regulators PilG and PilH enable dynamic cell polarization by antagonistically regulating T4P extension. By precisely quantifying the localization of fluorescent protein fusions, we show that phosphorylation of PilG by the histidine kinase ChpA controls PilG polarization. Although PilH is not strictly required for twitching reversals, it becomes activated upon phosphorylation and breaks the local positive feedback mechanism established by PilG, allowing forward‐twitching cells to reverse. Chp thus uses a main output response regulator, PilG, to resolve mechanical signals in space and employs a second regulator, PilH, to break and respond when the signal changes. By identifying the molecular functions of two response regulators that dynamically control cell polarization, our work provides a rationale for the diversity of architectures often found in non‐canonical chemotaxis systems.

Local roots, global vines: Human rights museums in western Japan as expressions of identity

AbstractRecently human rights movements among Japan's Buraku people have become increasingly globalized, situating the Buraku struggle among those of other caste‐based minorities around the world. Scholars have theorized that this globalization manifests in a global–local feedback loop in which decisions made by global and local actors inform one another. In this study, I utilize field research and qualitative content analysis of brochures at three Buraku human rights museums in western Japan to investigate this global reorientation. I show that two museums correspond to global–local feedback loop theory and I further identify how local nuances affect the disparate strategies the museums employ to engage with this new globalized Buraku identity. The third museum, however, serves as a counterexample by electing to keep its exhibits locally focused, reflecting its community‐driven mission. I argue that these museums function as interlocutors of Buraku identity at both the local and global levels.

A 36 μW 2.8–3.4 dB Noise Figure Impedance Boosted and Noise Attenuated LNA for NB-IoT

This paper describes an ultra-low-power low-noise amplifier (LNA) targeting the 617-652 MHz narrowband-IoT (NB-IoT) frequency band. The design breaks the trade-off in practice between the input matching, minimum required DC current, and minimum NF by using a step-down transformer with an equivalent turns ratio of less than 1, resulting in input impedance boosting and noise attenuation of the main transistor. A local feedback loop is also employed to use the LNA current source transconductance to further attenuate the main transistor noise without additional power cost. The LNA power consumption scales efficiently with the required overall transconductance without being limited to the input matching condition, in practice, while enabling a sub-3dB minimum NF, making it a suitable option for a wide range of applications. A comparison between the proposed, conventional, and state-of-the-art low-power LNA structures is presented with both analytical and simulation models, while measurement results of a prototype designed in a 65 nm technology show a sub-3dB minimum noise figure (NF), −8.8 dBm IIP3, 15 dB gain, and a state-of-the-art FoM of 39.74 dB while consuming only 36 <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu \text{W}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> from a 0.55 V supply.

Control Programs of the Aviation Gas Turbine Engine in the Modes of Acceleration, Gas Reset, Start-up. Optimization and Estimation of the Quality of Control Programs

The article is devoted to the formation of requirements for the accuracy of regulation of an aviation gas turbine engine, one of which is the maintenance of engine thrust at a given operating mode, regardless of the engine condition, within the gas temperature margin. Its value should not be significantly affected by turning on or off additional power and air consumers, as well as various regulatory influences on the part of the automatic control system (turning on or turning off the bypass in the compressor and blowing the housings, partial restriction of the supply of cooled air, changing the position of the guiding devices). Fulfilling the requirements for the accuracy of regulation is important for ensuring the reliability and safety of the operation of the power plant and the convenience of controlling the aircraft. In order to reduce operating costs, it is necessary that during operation, a minimum number of additional settings of the ACS in the acceleration mode, gas reset and start-up mode are required. The control program is implemented in the form of a automatic control system (ACS), which is a closed circuit of the main feedback. There is also a flexible local feedback loop in the circuit, which is designed to stabilize the ACS, which contributes to the fact that the ACS is quite stable. The presence of feedback in the ACS indicates that the system may be unstable, so the analysis of the ACS should include an assessment of its stability and, if necessary, the selection of measures and means for its stabilization. Changing the input signal at the first moment of time leads to a corresponding increase in deviation, since the links in front of the object and the object itself have inertia and therefore the rotation frequency cannot change instantly. The change in deviation, being an amplified amplifier, thyristor converter and generator, taking into account their inertia, leads to a gradual change in the control value, the voltage on the anchor, which smoothly changes the frequency of rotation of the shaft so that the tracking error, that is, the deviation, is directed to zero. Voltage feedback stabilizes the ACS and increases its speed. This is how tracking is done. The implementation of wireless technologies in the ACS of the gas station has been studied, which will allow to reduce the mass and dimensions of the nodes due to the reduction of the number of connectors and cables, increase the reliability and accuracy of the adjustment of the ACS, reduce maintenance costs and increase fire safety.

Digital governance in rural Chengdu, China: Its potential for social-ecological resilience

In this study, we echo the call from the UN to interpret Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in their regional context—in this case, the linpan (wooded lot) landscape of the Chengdu Plain, in Sichuan, China, where the shocks and stresses of recent, rapid administrative-economic urbanization are testing the resilience of some of the world's most sustainably productive and long- and densely-settled agrarian environments. In recent years, fine-grained information and communications technology (ICT) governance tools in Chengdu, such as “grid management”, present opportunities to sustain and scale up the collection of data necessary to validate and refine indicators of landscape resilience, and use them to regulate development, in accordance with SDG goal 11 to enhance legislation, governance, and capacity via information gathering and sharing. ICT-based governance in combination with traditional place-based knowledge can play a critical role in ensuring the resilience of urban-rural co-development. To realize this potential, however, ICT-enabled governance needs to incorporate greater transparency and more local feedback loops and enable greater participation from older farmers and women, to inform household and community-level land-use choices and initiatives. It also needs to link regulatory functions with marketing and pricing functions so that farmers may benefit from the sustainable practices they are encouraged to adopt.

A Pre-Charge Tracking Technique in the 40 MHz High-Speed Switching 48-to-5 V GaN-Based DC–DC Buck Converter for Reducing Large Self-Commutation Loss and Achieving a High Efficiency of 95.4%

For automobile applications, a high-speed switching 48-to-5 V dc&#x2013;dc buck converter is implemented in the 0.5-<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu \text{m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> CMOS and 0.5-<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu \text{m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> gallium nitride (GaN)-on-Si processes. This proposed converter includes a pre-charge tracking technique, a temperature-dependent controlled gate driver, and an adaptive relaxation gate drive control technique. The measurement results of this article show that the efficiency can be increased by about 10.3&#x0025; and can ensure the driving current capacity of enhance GaN (E-GaN). The built-in local negative feedback loop improves the reliability and reduces <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$R_{\mathrm{\scriptscriptstyle ON}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> by 21&#x0025; to reach the peak efficiency as high as 95.4&#x0025;.

A Programmable Ontology Encompassing the Functional Logic of the Drosophila Brain.

The Drosophila brain has only a fraction of the number of neurons of higher organisms such as mice and humans. Yet the sheer complexity of its neural circuits recently revealed by large connectomics datasets suggests that computationally modeling the function of fruit fly brain circuits at this scale poses significant challenges. To address these challenges, we present here a programmable ontology that expands the scope of the current Drosophila brain anatomy ontologies to encompass the functional logic of the fly brain. The programmable ontology provides a language not only for modeling circuit motifs but also for programmatically exploring their functional logic. To achieve this goal, we tightly integrated the programmable ontology with the workflow of the interactive FlyBrainLab computing platform. As part of the programmable ontology, we developed NeuroNLP++, a web application that supports free-form English queries for constructing functional brain circuits fully anchored on the available connectome/synaptome datasets, and the published worldwide literature. In addition, we present a methodology for including a model of the space of odorants into the programmable ontology, and for modeling olfactory sensory circuits of the antenna of the fruit fly brain that detect odorant sources. Furthermore, we describe a methodology for modeling the functional logic of the antennal lobe circuit consisting of a massive number of local feedback loops, a characteristic feature observed across Drosophila brain regions. Finally, using a circuit library, we demonstrate the power of our methodology for interactively exploring the functional logic of the massive number of feedback loops in the antennal lobe.

A Novel Differential to Single-Ended Converter for Ultra-Low-Voltage Inverter-Based OTAs

For the design of inverter-based OTAs with differential input and single-ended output, the differential to single-ended (D2S) converter is a key building block. In fact, the performance of the D2S strongly affects the overall common-mode rejection ratio (CMRR) and input common-mode range (ICMR) of the whole OTA. In recent literature, inverter-based OTAs rely on a D2S topology based on an inverter driving another inverter with the input and output tight together which behaves as a “diode” connected device to implement a voltage gain approximately equal to –1. However, since this approach is based on the matching of the inverters, the performance of this D2S results sensitive to PVT variations if the bias point of the inverters is not properly stabilized. In this paper we present a novel topology of inverter-based D2S converter, exploiting an auxiliary, standard-cell-based, error amplifier and a local feedback loop. The proposed D2S, compared to the conventional one, exhibits higher CMRR, improved ICMR and better robustness with respect to PVT variations.We present also an ULV, standard-cell-based OTA, which exploits the proposed D2S converter and shows excellent performance figures of merit with low area footprint.

Composing Technique, Performing Technique

Technique as the entanglement of composition and performance as an epistemic object (Knorr Cetina) emergent from contingent materiality. Two pieces by Scott McLaughlin—respectively for Zubin Kanga (piano) and Mira Benjamin (violin)—are discussed as case studies of strategies for entwining the specific embodied techniques of instrumental performance with the material agency (Pickering) of the instrument as a 'material indeterminacy' in which knowledge inheres through practice (Spatz). This exposition situates the artistic research as a novel conceptualisation of 'technique' that treats composition and performance not as separate domains but as an Ingoldian 'meshwork' where virtual structures in the performance technique are amplified through processes of listening and through compositional structures into open-ended local feedback loops.

Cooperative control of electrical bicycles

Electric bicycles provide an electric supportive power in addition to the physiological pedalling power of the driver. Electric bicycles thus allow for activities like group rides with people having different degrees of physical fitness. In a group ride, however, each driver would need to adapt the level of electromotive support power (i.e. the assistance level) to the desired level of physiological power output. To overcome this disadvantage, a novel control strategy to automatically adjust the assistance level of the electric bicycle is presented. By this, a uniform velocity can be achieved for all electrical bicycles, while every cyclist applies the amount of power they are most comfortable with. A distributed control approach over a network of electric bicycles is proposed. A reference velocity is calculated by a consensus algorithm. The reference velocity is then used in a local inner feedback loop to adjust the output torque of the support motor. For the velocity feedback loop an H∞-controller is designed. The control algorithms are tested with respect to stability and performance in simulation and experiments. Moreover, local and global stability are established by formal methods.

Effector-mediated ERM activation locally inhibits RhoA activity to shape the apical cell domain.

Activated ezrin-radixin-moesin (ERM) proteins link the plasma membrane to the actin cytoskeleton to generate apical structures, including microvilli. Among many kinases implicated in ERM activation are the homologues LOK and SLK. CRISPR/Cas9 was used to knock out all ERM proteins or LOK/SLK in human cells. LOK/SLK knockout eliminates all ERM-activating phosphorylation. The apical domains of cells lacking LOK/SLK or ERMs are strikingly similar and selectively altered, with loss of microvilli and with junctional actin replaced by ectopic myosin-II-containing apical contractile structures. Constitutively active ezrin can reverse the phenotypes of either ERM or LOK/SLK knockouts, indicating that a central function of LOK/SLK is to activate ERMs. Both knockout lines have elevated active RhoA with concomitant enhanced myosin light chain phosphorylation, revealing that active ERMs are negative regulators of RhoA. As RhoA-GTP activates LOK/SLK to activate ERM proteins, the ability of active ERMs to negatively regulate RhoA-GTP represents a novel local feedback loop necessary for the proper apical morphology of epithelial cells.

A Novel Method for Single Molecule Visualization of Active Protein Synthesis in Cardiac Myocytes Reveals SERCA2a mRNA Translation is Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Ca2+ Load Dependent

Protein abundance in cardiomyocytes is controlled at both transcription and translation levels. While changes in transcription in cardiac proteins such as the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPAse (SERCA2a) in response to both physiological and pathological stimuli have been extensively studied, dynamic modulation of translation and the underlying mechanisms have received little attention. We have developed MR-PLISH (mRNA-rRNA Proximity Ligated in Situ Hybridization), a new imaging method for visualization of translation of endogenous specific mRNA transcripts in cardiomyocytes. This method is based on combined use of RNA in situ hybridization and the proximity ligation assay (PLA) technology and allows us to detect single mRNAs interacting with 18S ribosomal RNA (Rn18s). Using this approach, as well as RNAscope® for single molecule detection of mRNA, we examined the effects of depleting intra-SR Ca2+ with thapsigargin (TG) on transcription and translation of the mRNA for SERCA2a (Atp2a2) in cardiomyocytes. Under baseline conditions both total and 18s rRNA-hybridized Atp2a2 displayed a cell-wide distribution. Treatment with thapsigargin caused no significant changes in abundance or distribution of total Atp2a2 mRNA; however, it resulted in a significant increase in 18s rRNA-hybridized Atp2a2, consistent with an increased rate of active protein synthesis. These results suggest that intra-SR Ca2+ modulates localized translation of SERCA2a mRNA in cardiomyocytes. Thus, SERCA2A translation maybe subject to regulation via a local feedback loop to compensate for reduction in intra-SR Ca2+ levels.

4-Channel, 100 Gbps Inductorless Optical Receiver Analog Front-End in CMOS for Optical Interconnect

In this paper, a 4-channel, 100 Gbps inductorless optical receiver analog front-end fabricated in a 55 nm bulk-CMOS technology is presented. Active feedback technique is widely adopted to improve the performance of the optical receiver without the area-occupied inductors. To alleviate the voltage headroom stress of the local feedback loop in traditional regulated cascode transimpedance amplifier, the common gate amplifier is inserted before the traditional common source feedback stage. And the cross-couple active feedback stage provides a negative signal path to extend the bandwidth of the local feedback loop. Multi-stage limiting amplifier with active negative and positive feedback stages are employed to extend bandwidth and acquire high gain simultaneously. The optical receiver was realized as 4-element arrays occupying the area of $800\,\,\mu \text{m}\,\,\times 1800\,\,\mu \text{m}$ , whereas the core area of each channel is just $275\,\,\mu \text{m}\,\,\times 650\,\,\mu \text{m}$ . The measured 3-dB bandwidth reaches 22.8 GHz, sufficient for 25-Gbps operation. For an input voltage of 2.5 mV $_{\text {p-p}}$ , the optical receiver achieves a BER $= 10^{-12}$ at 25-Gbps PRBS7, and 310 mV differential output voltage is delivered. From the supply voltage of 1.2 V, the test chip consumes the power of 226 mW and exhibits the power efficiency of 2.3 mW/Gb/s, when 25-Gbps PRBS31 is supplied.

Current Feedback Instrumentation Amplifier With Built-In Differential Electrode Offset Cancellation Loop for ECG/EEG Sensing Frontend

This work describes a compact and low-power current feedback instrumentation amplifier (CFIA) that can effectively eliminate differential electrode offset (DEO), amplifier input offset, and light motion artifacts. The proposed approach is using a local feedback loop in the first stage of the CFIA which can eliminate dc and low frequency offset whereas by-passes useful components such as EEG and ECG signals. As a result, the DEO and amplifier input offset can be eliminated in the first stage of the CFIA while still amplifying the desired signal components. This enables offset cancellation operation with low bias current that leads to higher energy efficiency compared to existing CFIA offset cancellation schemes. The proposed CFIA is implemented using CMOS 0.18-μm technology, that can eliminate up to 250-mV DEO with a supply voltage of 1.8 V. Measurement results show common mode rejection ratio (CMRR) 120 dB (without DEO) and 95 dB (with DEO of 250 mV) at 10 Hz, input noise 3.8 μVrms, power consumption 12.7 μW, and NEF 39 with core area of 73.6 × 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-3</sup> mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> . Furthermore, the actual EEG and ECG waveforms are obtained using the proposed CFIA under an actual clinical setting.

A Robust Local Positive Feedback Based Performance Enhancement Strategy for Non-Recycling Folded Cascode OTA

In this study, a local positive feedback technique is proposed to enhance the performance of the folded cascode (FC) operational transconductance amplifier (OTA) when working in its saturation region. The enhanced FC-OTA has a higher gain bandwidth (GBW), higher DC gain and higher slew rate (SR) over its conventional counterparts and popular recycling FC-OTAs. The proposed enhanced FC-OTA is implemented by reusing the current generated by the input transistors through the proposed local positive feedback loop to provide additional transconductance and negative resistance. It is then fabricated with SMIC 180nm process. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed FC-OTA performance enhancement strategy, extensive mathematical analysis, small-/large-signal stability analysis, simulation and experimentation are thoroughly investigated in this study. Simulation and experimental results agree well with the theoretical analysis and the expected performances, which corroborates the control design.

Two MYB Proteins in a Self-Organizing Activator-Inhibitor System Produce Spotted Pigmentation Patterns.

Many organisms exhibit visually striking spotted orstriped pigmentation patterns. Developmental models predict that such spatial patterns can form when a local autocatalytic feedback loop and a long-range inhibitory feedback loop interact. At its simplest, this self-organizing network only requires one self-activating activator that also activates a repressor, which inhibits the activator and diffuses to neighboring cells. However, the molecular activators and inhibitors fully fitting this versatile modelremain elusive in pigmentation systems. Here, wecharacterize an R2R3-MYB activator and an R3-MYB repressor in monkeyflowers (Mimulus). Through experimental perturbation and mathematical modeling, we demonstrate that the properties of these two proteins correspond to an activator-inhibitor pair in a two-component, reaction-diffusion system, explaining the formation of dispersed anthocyanin spots in monkeyflower petals. Notably, disrupting this pattern impacts pollinator visitation. Thus, subtle changes in simple activator-inhibitor systems are likely essential contributors to the evolution of the remarkable diversity of pigmentation patterns in flowers.

An Energy-Efficient Three-Stage Amplifier Achieving a High Unity-Gain Bandwidth for Large Capacitive Loads Without Using a Compensation Zero

This letter presents a high-gain energy-efficient three-stage amplifier, which employs buffering-based pole relocation and dual-path structure. The proposed design does not rely on the introduction of compensation zero and preserves the unity-gain bandwidth (GBW) of the local feedback loop (LFL). Compared to the topologies using active-zero insertion, the 3rd pole is formed with a much smaller capacitance (parasitic capacitance), enabling it to be placed at a significantly higher frequency while consuming lower power. Moreover, the parasitic pole at the main path is bypassed by using an auxiliary path. Thus, the 3rd pole can be pushed to a higher frequency more easily than the topologies using an active zero. As a result, the GBW of the LFL in the proposed work is less limited. The proposed design improves the state-of-the-art FOM <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><i>L</i></sub> by 36%, LC-FOM <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><i>S</i></sub> by 26%, and LC-FOM <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><i>L</i></sub> by 218%, while preserving robustness of the performance.