Local Employment Policy Research Articles

지역 내 편의점 출점의 효과: 2010-2015 경제총조사 자료를 이용한 분석*

지역 내 편의점 출점의 효과: 2010-2015 경제총조사 자료를 이용한 분석*

A Study on Local Employment Policy by Job Change and Labor Movement in the Labor Market : Focusing on the Daejeon and Chungcheong areas

A Study on Local Employment Policy by Job Change and Labor Movement in the Labor Market : Focusing on the Daejeon and Chungcheong areas

What can the Albanian government do to effectively combat youth unemployment?

Youth unemployment in Albania continues to be critical, despite improvements during the last years. According to INSTAT (INSTAT, 2021) youth unemployment in December 2020 was 21.7%, 0.3 % higher than a years ago. Young graduates are the ones who suffer the highest levels of unemployment. The same report, while analyzing the unemployment rate by educational level, showed that about 14.4% of young people with secondary education and 12.3% of young people with higher education, are unemployed. The more progress advances, the more its contradictions are identified. Economic growth produces wealth, but it fails to secure jobs to everyone. By far, free market economy enhances a variety of unlimited opportunities, but it leads to hardships and inequalities, as well. The un-finished debate on “globalization” and its impact on markets, seems to hide the changes that have occurred on social relations sphere, which affect the people’s social welfare. The generation of 21st Century is challenged by a new social conflict. Whilst in the yesterday’s era, the conflict was between those below and above the threshold of income, in the present society, the conflict is “from outside to inside”, in other words, the conflict between inclusion and exclusion. In the today society, especially after Covid, youth unemployment appears a global challenge. Access to jobs can bolster self-esteem and produce benefits for societies beyond incomes. Programs that support employment for at-risk populations, including youth, can consider the ways in which jobs affect peoples’ attitudes, values, and behaviors and contribute to improved relations between groups. Arguably, in countries with high youth unemployment, like Albania, targeted training programs as well as empowerment of entrepreneurship through financial incentives, have the potential to be designed to strengthen self-esteem, which can lead to greater community involvement and reduced inequality and exclusion. The paper “ What can the Albanian government do to effectively combat youth unemployment” advances the argument of effectiveness of employment policies, which must support initiatives that originate from young people themselves. The best entrepreneurship practices from Shkodra and Vlora, two important regions of Albania are elaborated in depth to provide necessary evidence, thanks to a research, supported by OSCE mission in Albania, Extra Budgetary project “Promoting regional intermunicipal co-operation and dialogue for self-employment of women and youth”. The paper is composed of four sections in addition to introduction and conclusions. Section 1 explores in depth features of local employment policies and their impact on socio and economic performance of Shkodra and Vlora. Section 2 describes the methodology of the assessment. Section 3 analyses in depth best practices, while section 4 emphasizes key findings, which provides inputs to comparative analysis, as a basis for the identification of conclusions. Of value is the view point of entrepreneurs from Shkodra and Vlora counties, man and women, who in extremely difficult conditions work hard and producer values for themselves and the entire communities, proving that it is possible to build a future anywhere in Albania, no matter of circumstances.

El rol del ámbito local en la adopción del mainstreaming de género en políticas de empleo

Employment policies have been extensively studied from a gender perspective. Yet studies in local arenas have been scarce. The study suggests a framework to check the adoption of a gender mainstreaming focus in local employment policies and highlights outcomes regarding the relationship between gender issues and local government policy implementation. Using both quantitative (survey) - qualitative (case study) research techniques, data gathered from 198 Spanish middle size towns have been analyzed.This research underlines the shortfalls of local employment policies and the limitations of the local authorities’ role. It also demonstrates that local governments use to take after the policy-making of higher level public administrations such as regional or central governments. As it is shown, within the framework of a multilevel policy, local governments do not use to play a particular role, therefore breaking down any potential advantage gained from proximity to users. Conclusions of the study might contribute to a better design of these policies in the current post-crisis scenario.

日本における地域雇用政策の進化と現状( 地域の生活基盤と社会政策-社会政策学会第120回大会共通論題)

日本における地域雇用政策の進化と現状( 地域の生活基盤と社会政策-社会政策学会第120回大会共通論題)

The domestic basis of the scientific career: gender inequalities in ecology in France and Norway

Gender-related inequalities in scientific careers are widespread, evidenced by the attrition of women along the different stages of the promotion ladder. We studied the interwoven personal and professional trajectories of researchers in ecology and compared these trajectories between France and Norway. Given their differing welfare state policies and work/family regimes, we expected contrasts in the depth and modalities of the gender gap. We focused on the career consequences of time-use inequalities in the workplace and in the private sphere (domestic tasks and parental care). We find a more frequent assignment of women to less-valued tasks at work (e.g. teaching) and pronounced gender differences in the involvement in domestic and parental tasks, especially in France. Age at promotion and probability to be promoted differed between gender in both countries and more so in France, women being less promoted and promoted later than men. This gender gap was particularly discriminating women with children, when they were either single or with a partner who also was a researcher. These differences are mainly due to a lower scientific productivity of women when they get children. These analyses raise a number of questions on welfare policies and on the definition of academic standards of peer judgment within local employment policies in universities.

Local Employment Policy as Fight Against Poverty:

Local Employment Policy as Fight Against Poverty:

The Impact of Metagovernance on Local Governance Networks. Lessons from Danish Employment Policy

This article analyses the impact of metagovernance on the functioning of local governance networks. It does so by comparing the functioning of four local governance networks in the field of local employment policy in Denmark. Between 2007 and 2009, two of these networks were linked to jobcentres in which the municipality and a state agency shared responsibility for employment policy, while the other two were linked to jobcentres in which the municipality had full responsibility. We explore two types of metagovernance that the local governance networks were subject to: general, hands-off metagovernance consisting of the assignment of full responsibility to the municipality alone, or of shared responsibility to the municipality and the state jointly; and tailored and fine-tuned metagovernance directed towards only one or a few networks and their corresponding jobcentre(s). Our findings suggest that, as network governance becomes a mature phenomenon, the importance of metagovernance increases, particularly for strategic reasons. More specifically, we find that the functioning of local governance networks is only marginally affected by acts of general, hands-off metagovernance, such as the different organisational set-ups ascribed to the jobcentres. More influential are the hands-on network management tools, such as direct consultancy. Hands-on metagovernance instruments, however, are more costly for the metagovernor. Whichever tool is applied, the local actors' responsiveness to metagovernance is significant for the outcome.

Network governance of active employment policy: the Danish experience

The recent reform of the Danish governance system in the field of active employment policy has been subject to fierce criticism, as many commentators fear that it is the beginning of the end of the Danish Model of active stakeholder involvement. Drawing on both quantitative and qualitative data, this study aims to analyse the impact of the governance reform by assessing the initial experiences with the Local Employment Councils (LECs). The analysis shows that the LECs are relatively well-functioning and contribute to an effective and democratic governance of local employment policy. Furthermore, the tight metagovernance of the LECs does not seem to straight-jacket the LECs as there is a considerable scope for local policy making which makes it worthwhile for the social partners to participate in the local networks.

Local Employment Policies in the Context of the Economic Crisis - Influences of the European Community Structural Instruments

For several European states, including Romania, the European integration process has overlapped with the effects of the economic and financial crisis. The consequences of such a situation are apparently contradictory. On one hand, the crisis lowers the European integration process in view of achieving the performance imposed by the Single Market, the economic and administrative convergence etc. On the other hand, the possibility of accessing the European structural funds becomes a welcome financial resource for diminishing or stopping the effects of the crisis. The second alternative establishes new balances or imbalances at the local community level, with effect on the employment policies. The European structural instruments – Structural Funds, Cohesion Fund, EC initiatives – are associated with the effects induced in view to achieve the EU objectives such as: economic, social and territorial cohesion, economic growth, competitiveness, employment, sustainable development etc. The current paper aims to emphasize in a theoretic and empiric manner, the influences of these structural instruments on the employment policies at local level. At the same time, those influences will be correlated statistically with the effects of the financial crisis, obtaining a more comprehensive image concerning the consequences of the mix of national and EC policies for the economic integration and fight against the effects of the financial crisis for some EU states. The authors propose a model of local development based on the theory of the general balance, integrating the resources provided by the structural instruments and emphasizing their compensatory effects related to the financial crisis. The proposed model is empirically exemplified for some development regions in Romania, suggestive for general conclusions, of comparative nature, at European and international level.

Unemployment Duration in Germany: Individual and Regional Determinants of Local Job Finding, Migration and Subsidized Employment

Arntz M. and Wilke R. A. Unemployment duration in Germany: individual and regional determinants of local job finding, migration and subsidized employment, Regional Studies. Recent labour market reforms in Germany aim, among other things, at reducing unemployment by restricting passive unemployment measures, emphasizing local labour market policies and restructuring public employment services. This paper uses extensive individual administrative and regional aggregate data to explore the extent to which these factors are likely to contribute to the shortening of unemployment duration. For this purpose, a semi-parametric duration model with three competing exit states is estimated. The results suggest that changes in the unemployment compensation system rather than local employment policies and administrative restructuring efforts may shorten unemployment duration. In addition, determinants of the length of unemployment vary across exit states. Arntz M. et Wilke R. A. La durée du chômage en Allemagne: déterminants individuels et régionaux de l'accès aux emplois locaux, des migrations de main d'œuvre et des emplois subventionnés, Regional Studies. Les récentes réformes du marché du travail en Allemagne visent, entre autres choses, à réduire le chômage en limitant les mesures passives de traitement du chômage, en mettant l'accent sur les politiques axées sur le marché local du travail, et en restructurant les services publics de placement. Cet article utilise un nombre considérable de données agrégées individuelles, administratives et régionales afin d'examiner dans quelle mesure ces facteurs sont susceptibles de contribuer au raccourcissement de la durée du chômage. A cet effet, nous estimons un modèle de durée semi-paramétrique comportant trois états de sortie en concurrence. Nos résultats suggèrent que ce sont les changements dans le système d'indemnisation du chômage plutôt que les politiques locales de l'emploi et les efforts de restructuration administrative qui peuvent raccourcir la durée du chômage. En outre, les déterminants de la durée du chômage varient selon les états de sortie. Risque concurrentiel Politique du marché du travail Données individuelles et régionales Arntz M. und Wilke R. A. Dauer der Arbeitslosigkeit in Deutschland: Individuelle und regionale Determinanten der lokalen Arbeitssuche, Migration und subventionierten Beschäftigung, Regional Studies. Die jüngsten Arbeitsmarktreformen in Deutschland zielen unter anderem darauf ab, die Arbeitslosigkeit durch Einschränkung passiver Arbeitslosigkeitsmaßnahmen, Betonung lokaler Arbeitsmarktpolitiken und Umstrukturierung öffentlicher Beschäftigungsdienste zu senken. In diesem Beitrag untersuchen wir mit Hilfe umfangreicher Prozessdaten auf individueller und regional aggregierter Ebene, in welchem Umfang diese Faktoren voraussichtlich zu einer Verkürzung der Dauer der Arbeitslosigkeit beitragen werden. Zu diesem Zweck stellen wir eine Schätzung anhand eines semiparametrischen Verweildauermodells mit drei konkurrierenden Endzuständen auf. Unsere Ergebnisse lassen darauf schließen, dass eine Verkürzung der Dauer der Arbeitslosigkeit statt durch lokale Beschäftigungspolitiken und Maßnahmen zur Umstrukturierung der Verwaltung eher durch Änderungen im System der Zuwendungen für Arbeitslose erreicht werden könnte. Darüber hinaus fallen die Determinanten für die Dauer der Arbeitslosigkeit je nach Endzustand unterschiedlich aus. Konkurrierende Risiken Arbeitsmarktpolitik Individuelle und Regionaldaten Arntz M. y Wilke R. A. Duración del desempleo en Alemania: determinantes individuales y regionales de la búsqueda de empleo local, migración y trabajo subvencionado, Regional Studies. Con las recientes reformas del mercado laboral en Alemania se pretende entre otras cosas reducir el paro limitando las medidas pasivas del desempleo, dando prioridad a las políticas del mercado laboral a nivel local y reestructurando los servicios del empleo público. En este artículo, utilizamos extensos datos agregados de carácter administrativo individual y regional para analizar hasta qué punto es probable que estos factores contribuyan a reducir la duración del desempleo. Para esta finalidad, calculamos un modelo de duración semiparamétrico con tres estados competitivos de salida. Nuestros resultados indican que se podría reducir la duración del desempleo si se introdujeran cambios en el sistema de compensación de desempleo, en vez de cambiar las políticas de empleo locales y reestructurar la administración. Además, los determinantes de la duración del desempleo varían en los diferentes estados de salida. Riesgo competitivo Política del mercado laboral Datos individuales y regionales

Unemployment Duration in Germany: Individual and Regional Determinants of Local Job Finding, Migration and Subsidized Employment

Recent labor market reforms in Germany aim, among other things, at reducing unemployment by restricting passive unemployment measures, emphasizing local labor market policies and re-structuring public employment services. This paper uses extensive individual administrative and regional aggregate data to explore the extent to which these factors are likely to contribute to the shortening of unemployment duration. For this purpose, we estimate a semi-parametric duration model with three competing exit states. Our results suggest that changes in the unemployment compensation system rather than local employment policies and administrative restructuring efforts meet expected labor market outcomes. In addition, determinants of the length of unemployment vary across exit states.

Introducing new process technology: Implications for local employment policies

This paper reviews, in the context of local employment policy, some of the skills and training issues associated with the introduction of new process technology into traditional activities in the manufacturing sector. The introduction of such technologies into a locality's existing industries can enhance its competitiveness and the long-term future of its employment in manufacturing. A summary of the evidence showing spatial variations in the use of new process technologies suggests some areas have higher levels of new process technology than others, and the potential influence of labour market characteristics on these regional contrasts is examined. It is argued that increased competitiveness through new technologies may mean job loss in traditional industries but the scale of job losses from new technologies may have been exaggerated. The use of new technologies can be constrained by skill shortages but these may be overcome by corporate training strategies. Policy issues relate to the measurement of local demand for new-technology-related skills, the sources of labour for training (local/national), the barriers between demand and supply of skilled labour, and the dilemma (for some) that training of those in work offers a more useful route for new-technology skills than training the unemployed. By encouraging local firms to train their employees to operate the new technologies a region's competitiveness will be enhanced.