Local Construction Research Articles

Optimized Factor Graph for Tightly-Coupled LiDAR/IMU Localization in Underground Parking Garages

Abstract. To address the challenge of intelligent vehicle localization in underground parking structures due to the loss of GNSS signals, this paper introduces a method to address this issue by developing a novel localization framework known as GF-LIO, which denotes a tightly-coupled fusion of LiDAR and IMU data, innovatively combining the Interactive Extended State Kalman Filter (IESKF) with a factor graph to enhance the localization process and solve the problem of GNSS signal loss in underground parking lots. The GF-LIO model commences with a strategic feature selection process, facilitated by a greedy algorithm that prioritizes environmental cues within the point cloud data. This method effectively filters out redundant features, thereby enhancing the saliency of retained features and subsequently improving the robustness of the localization process. Following feature selection, the model integrates LiDAR and IMU measurements utilizing the IESKF algorithm, ensuring a cohesive fusion of sensor data and bolstering attitude estimation accuracy. The culmination of the GF-LIO framework involves factor graph optimization, a sophisticated technique that synthesizes LiDAR odometry, IMU pre-integration factors, and loop closure detection factors. This optimization step enhances the overall precision and consistency of the localization process, resulting in superior performance compared to existing methodologies. Experimental evaluations conducted within underground parking environments corroborate the efficacy of the GF-LIO model. Comparative analyses against established approaches such as A-LOAM, LeGO-LOAM, LIO-LOAM, and FAST-LIO demonstrate a notable performance improvement exceeding 12.53%. The proposed model adeptly integrates domain-specific environmental characteristics with multi-sensor data, thereby facilitating precise localization and map construction tasks for intelligent vehicle navigating within the intricate confines of subterranean parking structures.

Periodic Local Coupled-Cluster Theory for Insulators and Metals.

We describe the implementation details of periodic local coupled-cluster theory with single and double excitations (CCSD) and perturbative triple excitations [CCSD(T)] using local natural orbitals (LNOs) and k-point symmetry. We discuss and compare several choices for orbital localization, fragmentation, and LNO construction. By studying diamond and lithium, we demonstrate that periodic LNO-CC theory can be applied with equal success to both insulators and metals, achieving speedups of 2 to 3 orders of magnitude even for moderately sized k-point meshes. Our final predictions of the equilibrium cohesive energy, lattice constant, and bulk modulus for diamond and lithium are in good agreement with previous theoretical predictions and experimental results.

Digital preservation of heritage urban facades: An integrated approach using historic building information modeling and shape grammar analysis

Traditional heritage architecture is renowned for its unique characteristics, which are shaped by local climatic, social, and construction requirements, as well as specific architectural styles that contribute to a sense of identity and place. Preserving the aesthetic and cognitive values inherent in traditional styles poses a significant challenge compared to other tangible assets. However, the digitization of built heritage offers a proactive approach to conservation. In this regard, the management of heritage building information through Building Information Modeling (BIM) plays a crucial role in preventive conservation. The utilization of multi-dimensional digital information models, known as Historic Building Information Modeling (HBIM), is one such approach. This study aims to explore the application of HBIM in representing built heritage, focusing specifically on the research gap pertaining to the need for an effective and integrated methodology for modeling information related to heritage urban facades. The objective is to generate parametric models within the framework of HBIM information management, thereby contributing to preventive preservation mechanisms. The methodology employed in this study consists of two main parts. Firstly, information is derived by analyzing the structural characteristics of heritage facades using Shape Grammar. Secondly, the acquired information is utilized to develop a comprehensive library of HBIM for heritage architectural elements. The results of this study demonstrate the proposed methodology's effectiveness in determining heritage urban facades' morphological, mathematical, relational, and Euclidean characteristics.

Chemical characterization and source apportionment of atmospheric fine particulate matter (PM2.5) at an urban site in Astana, Kazakhstan

PM2.5 is a significant air quality concern in urban areas globally. PM2.5 in Astana exceeded the US EPA standard for annual mean PM2.5 EPA with an average PM2.5 mass concentration of 23.43 ± 11.50 μg/m3 and a maximum daily value of 63.8 μg/m3 in January (heating season). The lowest 3.7 μg/m3 was observed in September (non-heating season). However, source apportionment in Kazakhstan has not been done because of a lack of PM2.5 composition measurements. This study presents the first analysis of chemical composition of PM2.5 and source apportionments in Kazakhstan. It comprehensively examined Astana's PM2.5 chemical characteristics and source apportionment over ∼ two years (November 2019 to August 2021). Using elements, water-soluble inorganic ions, black carbon (BC), and estimated unmeasured mass (UMM), source apportionment was obtained using Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) supported by conditional bivariate probability function (CBPF) analyses. Average PM2.5 contributions of the eight sources were ‘Spark Ignition’ (30.3%), ‘Coal Flyash’ (17.1%), ‘Secondary Nitrate’ (15.1%), ‘Primary Sulfate-Fuel Combustion’ (9.9%), ‘Secondary Sulfate-Coal Combustion’ (8.5%), ‘Soil/Road Dust’ (7.9%), ‘Diesel’ (7.1%), and ‘Local Power Plant(s)’ (4.2%). Local power plants burn high-ash coal and fuel oil year-round. The major contributions of heating/power plants, private residential heating systems, autonomous boilers, vehicles, asphalt pavement mixing facilities, and local construction activities. This study's source apportionment analysis provides critical insights for developing targeted air quality management strategies in Kazakhstan. Findings highlight the need for improved controls on vehicular emissions and heat/power generation sources and for the implementation of measures by local governments to effectively reduce PM2.5.

Characteristics of self-compacting green concrete

Locally, conventional concrete is still created utilizing river sand and crushed stone as filer materials. The massive quarry dust by-product remain untapped in the production of concrete. The coal-fired power station produce significant quantities of Type F fly ash. Self-compacting concrete (SCC) provides many advantages for creating high-quality concrete. Consequently, the main objective of this research is to create a mix design for high-strength SCC utilizing a binary blends, hybrid fibers and fine aggregates that meet both hardened and fresh concrete characteristics. The study is conducted in amendment of w/b ratio, superplasticizer, proportion of fine aggregate to coarse aggregate, optimumal cement replacing by fly ash, dosage of low macro fibre and micro fibre. Mix-50c-X is the best mix design that was produced. The mix quantity for 1m3 concrete was 315 kg Class F fly ash, 315 kg OPC, 630 kg quarry dust, 508 kg river sand, 400 kg coarse aggregate, 0.7% superplasticizer,0.32% w/b, 0.10% macro fiber, and 0.01% micro fiber. This SCC mixture showed fresh characteristics as well as compressive strengths of more than 22 MPa and 62 MPa after 1 day and 28 days, respectively. The results of high-strength SCC demonstrated the enormous potential for the local construction, especially precast product.

Integrating theory and practice in value engineering within Egypt’s construction industry

Egypt’s economy is unstable, marked by high unemployment, low incomes, and safety concerns, which impede its rapid development. One crucial sector that faces difficulties is construction, dealing with issues like funding shortages, payment disputes, and ineffective project management. Conventional project success criteria strongly emphasize efficient resource use and waste minimization. These criteria are symbolized by the iron triangle of cost, time, and quality. A key instrument for obtaining value for money in building projects is value engineering (VE). Even though VE is acknowledged in theory, its application is still limited in most developing countries, including the Egyptian construction industry. Therefore, to bridge the gap between theory and practice, this paper attempts to investigate the current state and application of VE in Egypt. The study further outlines strategies for integrating VE into construction practices and identifies obstacles to their implementation. This study employed both qualitative and quantitative research approaches to attain the research aim, beginning with a thorough literature review to assess the application of value engineering (VE) in both local and international construction industries. Then, a web-based survey was conducted to gather diverse perspectives on VE’s role and its current practice in Egyptian construction projects. The gathered data were analyzed mainly using descriptive and thematic analysis approaches. The paper’s findings revealed that there is a large gap between VE in theory and practice in Egypt. Reasons include lack of awareness and understanding, time and financial constraints, and resistance to change. Bridging the gap to enhance VE in Egypt includes a focus on the role of educational institutions and training, public awareness and recognition, and early project lifecycle integration. This research has gained insights about VE environment, process, duration, types of projects applied, and effectiveness, aiming to get a comprehensive overview of VE in Egypt. Furthermore, this research has identified a significant gap between VE theory and practice in Egypt. To bridge this gap and enhance the implementation of VE in Egypt, strategies such as focusing on the role of educational institutions, increasing public awareness and recognition, and integrating VE approach early in the project lifecycle are suggested. These findings will guide construction industry practitioners to deeply understand the current state of VE in Egypt and practically integrate VE in the construction industry to minimize unnecessary costs, enhance functionality requirements, and achieve value for client’s money.

Applying transnational strategies locally: English as a medium of instruction in Swedish higher education

Analysing student interaction at an international university in Sweden, this article investigates how the transnational strategy of using English as a medium of instruction can be (re)constructed by students in a local context. The analysis focuses on students’ expectations—or norms—for when it is appropriate to use English, and shows that English medium-instruction does not necessarily mean that students speak English all the time. The local language Swedish is used in connection to teaching and students establish local norms for when, how and with whom it is appropriate—or inappropriate—to speak English. A conclusion is that although language choice at the international university is influenced by global factors, it is still firmly a local construction.

Domestic and Productive Earthen Architecture Conserved In Situ in Archaeological Sites of the Iberian Peninsula

For past societies on the Iberian Peninsula, one of the most prolific architectures was earthen construction, with a wealth of typologies and solutions derived from the legacy of local construction and materials. However, its study within the field of archaeology has been limited. The challenges posed by conservation, archaeological identification and social recognition have traditionally limited the dissemination of this type of architecture. Its low profile is perceived as fragile once the original protections collapse. The ethnological information preserved and linked to past ways of life and societies is crucial to the interpretation of the cultural development handed down over generations by different communities and now transmitted to the general public through archaeological sites. This research aims to provide an overview of the main earthen vestiges from domestic, productive and funerary architecture dating from the prehistoric, protohistoric, Roman and medieval periods. For this, a bibliographical review and data collection through fieldwork were conducted for numerous case studies. These included the classification of materials, compositions and construction techniques, creating an integrated comprehensive database with information on geography, measurements and the general state of conservation.

Use of a Glaciogene Marine Clay (Ilulissat, Greenland) in a Pilot Production of Red Bricks.

Uplifted occurrences of fine-grained glaciogene marine sediments are found throughout the northern hemisphere. These sediments could be used to produce local construction materials, to rely less on imported construction materials from southern regions. In this study, a representative occurrence from Ilulissat, West Greenland, was investigated as a potential resource for local brick production. The study comprised three parts: (1) raw material characterization based on grain size distribution, major element chemistry, including total carbon, sulfur, and chloride concentrations, mineralogy, morphology, and Atterberg limits; (2) the production of test bricks at a Danish brickwork; and (3) testing of the bricks based on total shrinkage, water absorption, hygroscopic adsorption, open porosity, bulk density, compression strength, and mineralogy. The bricks produced proved to have excellent compression strength, low open porosity, and low water absorption. The shrinkage could be reduced by adding 10% chamotte to the marine sediment. Based on the investigated properties, this indicates that this type of clay is highly suitable as a resource for bricks.

The forest-water-nexus: A narrative construction of the (ir-)relevance of cooperation

Interlinkages between forest and water resources are changing with global warming, leading to an increased likelihood of severe disturbances such as floods and droughts. In order to develop responses to these changing interlinkages and their effects on local communities and ecosystems, scholars propose to increase interactions across the forest and water sectors. In Germany, however, the two respective sectors have been observed as institutionally and ideationally fragmented, showing very few signs of cross-sectoral cooperation. As local actors are most directly affected by global warming and struggle to adapt to its consequences, we argue that cross-sectoral cooperation is also relevant at the local scale. Against this background, it is our aim to investigate the local narrative constructions of the (ir)relevance of cooperation across the forest and water sectors. Based on semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions in six case study areas, we identify eight narratives which range from irrelevance (4), via partial relevance (2), to relevance of cooperation (2). Additionally, we elucidate a disinterest in cooperation among local water actors, compared to a narrative of urgency and fatalism among forest actors. Disinterest and urgency, however, furthermore differ regionally: Disinterest in cooperation is predominant in water abundant regions, whereas urgency is predominantly observed in regions of water scarcity. We contribute to conceptualizing disinterest as the rejection of a (common) problem possibly related to defend one's turf, and related both the urgency and fatalism narratives to the high affectedness within the forest sector.

Is Nutrient Quality of the Locally-Existing, EAT-Lancet-like Plant-Based Diet Better or Worse than the Average Diet in Taiwan? An Example of Local Translation.

The EAT-Lancet commission advocated a planetary health diet in 2019. Some have raised concerns about its nutrient adequacy. This study used data from recent Nutrition and Health Surveys in Taiwan-from 2017 to 2020 (n = 6538)-to assess food intake and nutrient adequacy among three red meat consumption levels (low/medium/high). The low red meat group, whose diet was similar to the EAT-Lancet reference, showed significantly higher/better levels of vitamins C and E, calcium, magnesium, sodium, dietary fiber, and the polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acids ratio. However, protein, B vitamins, phosphorus for females, and zinc were slightly compromised, but they were still near or above 100% of the Daily Reference Intakes (DRIs), except for zinc (74~75%). The intake levels of vitamin D, calcium, and dietary fiber in all three groups at times did not reach 70% of the DRIs, but this was more pronounced in the high red meat group compared to the low red meat group. Replacing ultra-processed foods (UPFs) with whole/healthy foods improved levels of zinc, calcium, and dietary fiber, but not vitamin D. Finally, a proposed local planetary health dietary construct was provided, suggesting maintaining the original distribution of the food groups recommended by the Taiwan Food Guide while specifying amounts of protein sources in line with the EAT-Lancet principles. The proposed diet, according to our estimation and comparison with Taiwanese DRIs, was nearly perfect in its nutrient composition.

Assessing residential sustainable energy autonomous buildings for hot climate applications

This paper introduces an innovative solution for clean energy autonomous building (AB) sustainability, offering a 5Z concept—zero-carbon, zero-energy, zero grid connections, zero energy bills, and zero emission mobility. This paper focuses on fundamental research to design sustainable, energy-ABs striving for self-sufficiency in arid climates, using Kuwait as a case study. The study highlights the importance of stringent engineering AB modeling, renewable technology integration, and clean energy storage. The technical approaches include characterizing non-thermal and thermal demands, achieving net-zero energy generation, and custom sizing renewable energy and energy storage systems (ESS) for electric vehicle (EV) charging points. The research methodology involves local construction with yearly weather and energy profile data to simulate the actual system using ESP-r building model. The study's findings reveal the need for a large-scale energy system, energy demand reduction (EDR) inclusive of heating, cooling, appliances, and EV, with the corresponding changes in local energy production system size, battery capacity, and the number of photovoltaics (PVs). The results show varying EDR levels ranging from base case to 10% and to 50% leading to proportional changes in energy system size, size of battery from 3415 kWh to 1710 kWh and the number of PVs from 362 to 181, which means EDR not only optimizes space but also proves cost-effective. The significant implication of this study, not only bridging the knowledge gap and the lack of how-know, but also making a significant advancement and forward thinking in sustainable green electric home modernization and environmentally friendly transportation. This approach transforms energy management practices for more sustainable cities and societies, reducing emissions in both urban infrastructure and transportation.

On the Trail of Traditional Turkish Neighbourhood and Houses: Analysis of the Rural Settlement of Sadağı in Orhaneli

ABSTRACT As global resources dwindle, the significance of traditional rural settlements becomes ever more pronounced, serving as a crucial component of humanity’s shared heritage. The Orhaneli district and its villages in Bursa province offer a rich field of research, particularly in uncovering the architectural and cultural characteristics of the Turkish house. The Ottoman Empire, which ruled for centuries over a vast geographical area including Anatolia and the Balkans, was founded in and around Bursa, its first capital. Consequently, the earliest examples of settlements within the empire can be found in this region. The Sadağı neighbourhood of the Orhaneli district, which forms the subject of this study, is post-dated to a period prior to the conquest of Bursa. This settlement was established by the Turkmen (Yörük) population, who played a fundamental role in the foundation of the Ottoman Empire. Houses formed the core of the settlements of the Ottoman period. These dwellings incorporated traditional materials and methods, local culture and identity, climatic conditions, and local construction techniques, reflecting a traditional extended family lifestyle. In this study, the rural settlement of Sadağı was examined using a combination of historical research methods and field studies. Overall, the Sadağı neighbourhood is representative of traditional Ottoman-Turkish settlement characteristics.

Drainage Characteristics, Capillary Barrier Effect, and Diversion Length of Flat Earthen Roof of Historical Kemaliye Houses

ABSTRACT Kemaliye houses stand out as remarkable examples of Anatolian architecture, renowned for their distinct mixed construction method and the utilization of diverse and sustainable materials. The flat earthen roof, constructed using local soils and traditional techniques, adds to the unique character of these houses. However, due to the need for roof maintenance, particularly in winter, residents have adopted modern roofing methods. In order to preserve the architectural integrity of historic houses, research into the mechanisms and performance of flat earthen roofs using local materials and original construction techniques is essential. To achieve this objective, original materials, and construction techniques were investigated with 1D infiltration laboratory tests and analyzed using numerical modelling. The results indicated the existence of a capillary barrier effect on the roofs. Additionally, water balance and diversion length of the roof is obtained through experimental study and numerical analysis. Furthermore, numerical analyses indicated that the capillary barrier effect may be reduced or weakened as a result of frost heave and the formation of desiccation cracks. Understanding these phenomena is a vital step in developing effective solutions for preserving and maintaining roofs in their original architectural form.

Dual impacts of hydrology and damming on eutrophication: Comparison of two Ramsar wetlands in the middle Yangtze floodplain

Dam construction for social-economic benefits has raised substantial biological and ecological concerns. However, contrasting findings have been reported regarding the role of hydrological modification in floodplain lake ecosystems. Here, we evaluated the influence of hydrology and dam construction on the eutrophication of floodplain lakes over the last 200 years by studying Zn/Al (an indicator of industrial activities), nutrient influxes (total phosphorus, TP), cyanobacteria production (canthaxanthin) and aquatic invertebrate dynamics (chironomids) in 210Pb dated sediment cores from two Ramsar Wetlands of International Importance in the middle Yangtze floodplain, one dammed (Wanghu) and the other freely connected (Poyang) with the Yangtze River. The results show that Wanghu Lake transitioned to a macrophyte-dominated clear water state (as indicated by the increases in pigment derived ultraviolet radiation index and dominance of macrophyte-related chironomid taxa) after local dam construction when anthropogenic nutrient loadings were relatively low. With increases in nutrient loadings, phytoplankton increased in both lakes, but water clarity declined and macrophyte-related chironomids decreased only in the lake which was locally dammed. Our study reveals that local damming facilitates the response of floodplain lake ecosystems to eutrophication and decouples it from the effects of hydrological variability. This study highlights the potential influence of hydrology and damming on the eutrophication of floodplain lakes by influencing water clarity and macrophyte coverage, implying that evaluating the role of local dam construction on ecosystem states should be based on knowledge of nutrient conditions in floodplain lakes.

Chinese intimacies & consumer–culture–brand relations

ABSTRACT Two Western culture-inflected paradigms of intimacy dominate scholarship in the marketing and consumer behaviour disciplines: intimacy as interior-secrets-revealed and intimacy as knowledge-which-accumulates. This article decentres these concepts by exploring how intimacies in China emerge in complex co-created ways, from contextual settings, from the local construction of space and place, through kinship and its extensions, through ritual and embodied everyday practices, and through the situational instantiation of symbolic boundaries which separate the sphere of intimacy from the public and private spheres. The article shows how competing paradigms for intimacy, including the Western culture inflected paradigms, interact across diverse social domains in China, and further, how Chinese persons’ dispositions regards intimacy are shaped by broader processes of globalization. The article draws on autoethnography in China, as well as popular culture, social media, and brand communications analysis. It offers conclusions about how to theorize consumer-culture-brand relationships considering the analyses of intimacy explored throughout.

Detecting and Grounding Multi-Modal Media Manipulation and Beyond.

Misinformation has become a pressing issue. Fake media, in both visual and textual forms, is widespread on the web. While various DeepFake detection and text fake news detection methods have been proposed, they are only designed for single-modality forgery based on binary classification, let alone analyzing and reasoning subtle forgery traces across different modalities. In this paper, we highlight a new research problem for multi-modal fake media, namely Detecting and Grounding Multi-Modal Media Manipulation (DGM 4). DGM 4 aims to not only detect the authenticity of multi-modal media, but also ground the manipulated content (i.e., image bounding boxes and text tokens), which requires deeper reasoning of multi-modal media manipulation. To support a large-scale investigation, we construct the first DGM 4 dataset, where image-text pairs are manipulated by various approaches, with rich annotation of diverse manipulations. Moreover, we propose a novel HierArchical Multi-modal Manipulation rEasoning tRansformer (HAMMER) to fully capture the fine-grained interaction between different modalities. HAMMER performs: 1) manipulation-aware contrastive learning between two uni-modal encoders as shallow manipulation reasoning and 2) modality-aware cross-attention by multi-modal aggregator as deep manipulation reasoning. Dedicated manipulation detection and grounding heads are integrated from shallow to deep levels based on the interacted multi-modal information. To exploit more fine-grained contrastive learning for cross-modal semantic alignment, we further integrate Manipulation-Aware Contrastive Loss with Local View and construct a more advanced model HAMMER++. Finally, we build an extensive benchmark and set up rigorous evaluation metrics for this new research problem. Comprehensive experiments demonstrate the superiority of HAMMER and HAMMER++; several valuable observations are also revealed to facilitate future research in multi-modal media manipulation.

Structural characterization of Eastern Canada’s old industrial masonry buildings via typological analysis: part I – construction technologies through time

Industrial unreinforced masonry (URM) buildings are an important part of the existing building stock in Eastern Canada, a region characterised by high-frequency and low-to-moderate magnitude earthquakes. Despite their inherent vulnerability to earthquakes, these non-engineered buildings are being increasingly targeted for reuse purposes in many densely populated cities in the region. A lack of knowledge of local construction techniques, materials and architectural types paired with limited information of their characteristics leads seismic retrofits to be even more disruptive than usual. Often, such seismic retrofits result in expensive and complex designs or avoidable partial demolitions. Typological analysis is utilised in this work to identify local recurrent building archetypes and technologies through archival resources, as well as their evolution through time, as a first step to addressing the lack of information about the structural characteristics of this building type. Results from this study inform subsequent critical and more quantitative investigations conducted in the companion paper, where the first building database focusing on Eastern Canada’s old industrial URM constructions is presented and comprehensively reviewed. This research will enable engineering practitioners and applied researchers to decrease epistemic uncertainties and confidence factors in their structural/seismic assessments, vital to develop rational retrofits.

Ecotherapy through a discursive lens: nature-based activities, mental health, and local constructions of human-nature relationship

ABSTRACT Contemporary studies on nature-based activities have evidenced mental health benefits of being in/with nature. Previous quantitative studies generally verified the effectiveness of ecotherapy, and qualitative studies identified the healing mechanisms. However, existing studies on ecotherapy have not considered local contextualities in understanding the psychology of nature-based activities, as if nature is experienced in a relatively universal way across cultures. Drawing upon insights from discursive psychology, this article explores the ways local socio-cultural-ideological discourses constitute one’s understanding about and relationship with nature, and how it might enable/limit mental health benefits. Based on the authors’ reflections during the development of an ecotherapy project in Indonesia, this article argues that ecotherapy does not operate in a discursive vacuum, but instead, mental health benefits of nature-based activities were constituted through various cultural, spiritual, gender, ableist, ethnic, and class-related discourses. The implications are discussed in relation to how ecotherapy can be more contextual, inclusive, and diverse.

A local filtering-based energy-aware routing scheme in flying ad hoc networks

Flying ad hoc network (FANET) is a new technology, which creates a self-organized wireless network containing unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). In FANET, routing protocols deal with important challenges due to limited energy, frequent link failures, high mobility of UAVs, and limited communication range of UAVs. Thus, a suitable path is always essential to transmit data between UAVs. In this paper, a local filtering-based energy-aware routing scheme (LFEAR) is proposed for FANETs. LFEAR improves the template of the route request (RREQ) packet by adding three fields, namely the energy, reliable distance, and movement similarity of the relevant route to create stable and energy-efficient paths. In the routing process, LFEAR presents a local filtering construction technique to avoid the broadcasting storm issue. This filter limits the broadcasting range of RREQs in the network. Accordingly, only UAVs inside this local filtered area can rebroadcast RREQs and other UAVs must eliminate these packets. After ending the route discovery process, the destination begins the route selection phase and extracts information about each discovered route, including the number of hops, route energy, reliable distance, and movement similarity. Then, the destination node calculates a score for each path based on the extracted information, selects the route with the highest score, and sends a route reply (RREP) packet to the source node through this route. Finally, the simulation process of LFEAR is performed using the NS2 simulator, and two simulation scenarios, namely change in network density and change in the speed of UAVs, are defined to evaluate network performance. In the first scenario, LFEAR improves energy consumption, packet delivery rate, network lifespan, and delay by 1.33%, 1.77%, 6.74%, and 1.71%, while its routing overhead is about 16.51% more than EARVRT. In the second scenario, LFEAR optimizes energy consumption and network lifetime by 5.55% and 5.67%, respectively. However, its performance in terms of routing overhead, packet delivery rate, and delay is 23%, 2.29%, and 6.67% weaker than EARVRT, respectively.