Local Charge Conservation Research Articles

Conductance dependent suppression of current partition noise in mesoscopic electron branching circuits

Inelastic scattering subject to local charge conservation realizes the transition from ballistic to dissipative electron division, and suppresses the current partition noise in mesoscopic electron branching circuits. The relevant parameter for noise suppression is the output conductance and not the location of the scatters. We find the noise in an electron beam splitter (Y-branch) decreases linearly (nonlinearly) with decreasing conductance. Physically, the suppression mechanism is a natural implementation of the measurement and feedback control of electron numbers.

Combined Maxwell and kinetic guiding-center theory with polarization drift: Regularized variational formulation with local charge and energy conservation

A formerly derived regularization method is applied to time-dependent Lagrangian guiding-center mechanics, with the polarization drift included. This approach removes the singularity that occurs for B -fields with non-vanishing parallel curl. From the Lagrangian equations of motion, Liouville's theorem and a collisionless kinetic equation for the “regularized guiding centers” are derived. A common Lagrangian density for both the guiding centers and the Maxwell fields is obtained by using a “constrained” Hamiltonian and a formely derived, new variational principle. From this variational formalism local conservation laws for electric charge and energy are derived, together with the correct charge, current, energy and energy flux densities. These densities combined point-like contributions with electric polarization and magnetization terms.

New Variational Formulation of Maxwell-Vlasov and Guiding Center Theories Local Charge and Energy Conservation Laws

A new variational formulation of Maxwell-Vlasov and related theories is given in terms of a common Lagrangian density for both the "Vlasov particles" and the Maxwell fields. This formulation is used to derive in a consistent way, on the one hand, correct charge and current densities and, on the other, corresponding energy and energy flux densities. All of these densities generally show in addition to particle like contributions electric polarization and magnetization terms. By some limiting procedure collisionless guiding center theories with polarization drifts included are also treated. In this way local energy conservation laws are formulated for such theories, which has not been possible up to now

Equilibrium resistance fluctuations

This paper is addressed to a theoretical understanding of the relation proposed by Voss and Clarke between nonequilibrium steady-state voltage fluctuations and equilibrium fluctuations in the band-limited Johnson-noise power. A nonlinear Langevin model is presented which satisfies local charge conservation and the fluctuation-dissipation theorem, and exhibits Gaussian equaltime statistics. The mode couplings in this model yield, in the appropriate limit, a non-Gaussian component in the equilibrium four-time voltage correlation function. This component can be interpreted in terms of equilibrium resistance fluctuations. It is also shown that the same mode-coupling terms give a small fluctuation renormalization of the average resistance. Our model is related to recently proposed Fokker-Planck models, in which local transport coefficients are functions of the instantaneous values of the state variables.

Charge compensation in the quark jets

We sum cumulatively charges of hadrons produced over the range of rapidities in antineutrino-nucleon charged-current interactions and show that the hypothesis of local charge conservation is approximately valid above center-of-mass energies of 4 GeV. Charge compensation in the current fragmentation region seems to occur in a shorter rapidity interval than in proton-proton interactions at comparable center-of-mass energies.

Charge structure and correlation features inpnmultiparticle final states at 195 GeV/c

We have investigated the charge distribution and the correlation between charged particles in $\mathrm{pn}$ collisions at 195 GeV/c. The experiment was carried out at Fermilab with the 30-in. hybrid system. The charge and rapidity structures of the events were studied and the data manifest, among other things, a tendency toward local charge conservation. A strong short-range correlation feature has been observed in rapidity space for like and unlike charged pairs. Some correlation effects between transverse momenta have also been seen. An interpretation of our data in terms of cluster models is discussed.

Charge shielding and quark confinement in the massive schwinger model

The Schwinger model is quantum electrodynamics with massless fermions in two dimensions. It is known that the asymptotic states of the theory contain no states corresponding to free fermions (“quark trapping”) and that local charge conservation is spontaneously broken (“Higgs phenomenon”). We investigate to what extent these phenomena persist when the fermion is given a bare mass. We find quark trapping but no Higgs phenomenon. The second of these results is dependent on mass perturbation theory; the first is not.

Comment on the Distributions of Charged Pions

Wang's idea that the charged pions are emitted from production cells inside the nucleon is reexamined. It is shown that the over-all charge conservation is more important than the local charge conservation in the emission of charged pions from nearly independent production cells.

Effect of Current Carrier Scattering on the Complex Dielectric Tensor

AbstractA general expression is derived for the scattering‐dependent complex conductivity tensor σα β(ω, q). The density matrix satisfying the local charge and energy conservation laws in the presence of an electromagnetic field, is calculated in a linear approximation with respect to the carrier‐field interaction. It is shown that the conductivity tensor involves the term Δσαβ which vanishes if either the spatial dispersion or the scattering is not considered. In a high non‐uniform magnetic field at low frequencies the term gives rise to the conductivity current. If the orbital quantization is essential Δσαβ causes the diamagnetic susceptibility to become frequency‐dependent.