Local Area Network Research Articles

Design of dual-band filtering patch antenna slot coupling feed

Abstract A novel microstrip filtering antenna with slot coupling feed is presented in this work. An asymmetric interdigital coupling structure is used for the feed to excite the patch antenna through gap-fed coupling. Introducing a U-shaped slot on the patch surface modifies the current path to attain different resonant modes. The asymmetric coupled fingers in the low-frequency band generate a radiation null of −64 dBi, while additional resonances introduced in the high band broaden the bandwidth from 4.9 to 5.3 GHz. A horizontally shorted microstrip branch produces another null point of −28 dBi between the bands, enabling steeper roll-off and further improvement in frequency selectivity. The proposed filtering antenna provides a flexible filter response without requiring extra filtering circuits, with appreciable peak gains (6.1 dBi and 7.1 dBi) and stable radiation characteristics. This makes it suitable for WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network) and ISM (Industrial Scientific Medical) systems applications.

Performance Analysis of a Swastika shaped MIMO Antenna for Wireless Communication Applications

A novel wideband 4-port Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) circular patch antenna is presented for operation in a resonant frequency band from 1.76 to 9.06 GHz used for PCs, Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs) and satellite applications. The structure of the design consists of microstrip fed slot antenna considered on the four corners of the FR-4 substrate. To reduce mutual coupling and enhance the parameters of the MIMO antenna, a swastika-shaped ground is embedded. The simulated and experimental results show that the design achieves good performance, isolation >15 dB and radiation efficiency greater than 85%. The radiation patterns, surface currents, gain and channel capacity are also investigated. This circular shaped patch antenna is applicable to WLAN and satellite communication applications. Each circular patch on the four corners is connected to a 50 Ω microstrip feedline. A ring slot is etched on the circular patch and a small rectangular slot is embedded to the etched circular patch. The design provides good radiation patterns and the operating bands are obtained at 1.76 GHz, 2.4 GHz, 3.5 GHz and 9.06 GHz attaining reflection loss of -16 dB, -22 dB, -24 dB, -15 dB. The structure of the proposed design is simulated and evaluated in High-Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) software. The MIMO structure is fabricated on the FR-4 substrate. The minimum proximity between simulated and measured results is observed.

Research on IP-based network architecture for advanced metering infrastructure of power grid network

The implementation of smart grids is progressing rapidly, with the advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) serving as the initial phase. The current AMI in China utilizes a master–slave communication architecture that lacks user interactivity. This limited approach hinders the comprehensive advancement of domestic AMI. Utilizing shared, open IP protocols to revolutionize the domestic AMI will eliminate communication limitations, and permit multi-service concurrency within the AMI. In comparison to foreign AMIs, this paper examines the factors that necessitate the adoption of IP-based transformation in domestic AMI. It proposes designs for IP-based AMI, focusing on both network protocol and network topology aspects. The Mininet software is utilized to construct AMIs before and after IP-based transformation, enabling a comparison of their network performance. The results show that, without impairing the original performance of AMI, the modification of AMI based on IP not only enhances its connectivity in the local area network but also improves the communication speed and efficiency of the network.

Modeling Short-Range Microwave Networks to Scale Superconducting Quantum Computation

A core challenge for superconducting quantum computers is to scale up the number of qubits in each processor without increasing noise or cross-talk. Distributed quantum computing across small qubit arrays, known as chiplets, can address these challenges in a scalable manner. We propose a chiplet architecture over microwave links with potential to exceed monolithic performance on near-term hardware. Our methods of modeling and evaluating the chiplet architecture bridge the physical and network layers in these processors. We find evidence that distributing computation across chiplets may reduce the overall error rates associated with moving data across the device, despite higher error figures for transfers across links. Preliminary analyses suggest that latency is not substantially impacted, and that at least some applications and architectures may avoid bottlenecks around chiplet boundaries. In the long-term, short-range networks may underlie quantum computers just as local area networks underlie classical datacenters and supercomputers today.

Cross-Technology Interference-Aware Rate Adaptation in Time-Triggered Wireless Local Area Networks

The proliferation of IoT using heterogeneous wireless technologies within the unlicensed spectrum has intensified cross-technology interference (CTI) in wireless local area networks (WLANs). As WLANs increasingly adopt time-triggered transmission methods to support real-time services, this interference affects throughput, packet loss, and latency. This paper presents a CTI-aware rate adaptation framework designed to mitigate interference in WLANs without direct coordination with heterogeneous wireless devices. The framework includes a CTI identification model and CTI-aware rate selection algorithms. Leveraging short-time Fourier transform, the identification model captures the time–frequency–power characteristics of CTI signals, enabling the estimation of the average power of various heterogeneous wireless technologies employed by interfering devices. The rate selection algorithms predict CTI occurrence times and adjust the transmission rate accordingly, enhancing the performance of existing explicit and implicit interference mitigation methods. Experimental results demonstrated that the lightweight CTI identification model accurately estimated the average power of each type with an error margin of ±1.414 dBm, achieving this in under 1 ms on the target hardware. Additionally, applying the proposed framework to explicit interference mitigation enhanced goodput by 20.67%, reduced packet error rate by 2.38%, and decreased the probability of packets exceeding 1 ms latency by 0.932% compared to conventional methods.

Detection of Windows Portable Executable Malware using NLP Techniques and Proxy-server

This paper aims to investigate the effectiveness of virus detection in Windows Portable Executable file using NLP, machine learning and a computer network proxy. Selected classification performance metrics are the accuracy and F1-score of the virus type classification in a specific file and the average time spent on analyzing the file. To classify viruses, a static analysis of the Optional Header Directories section in PE file is conducted. The list of imported libraries is vectorized using the word2vec model and submitted for classification by the Random Forest Classifier, Support Vector Machine and Multilayer Perceptron models. As a result, the best training mean accuracy of 94% and F1 score of 0.94 for the Random Forest Classifier model is achieved. To determine the effectiveness of virus file detection, a local area network (LAN) of three computers and a proxy server is configured. The conducted experiments on the detection of malicious files with the use of a proxy shows request time of 2.3 seconds for Support Vector Machine, 2.28 seconds for Multilayer Perceptron and 2.6 seconds for Random Forest Classifier. For reducing delay, ssdeep based cache is introduced, which reduces delay to 2.1 seconds for Random Forest Classifier and 2.15 seconds delay for Multilayer Perceptron. The proxy classification F1 score obtained on the evaluation proxy data confirmed and outperformed the F1 score obtained on the training dataset. This gives grounds for asserting the feasibility of using a proxy server and NLP techniques to detect Windows Portable Executable malware.

A dual-band rectangular shape incorporated into circular patch antenna for 2.4/5 GHz wireless local area network applications

A dual-band rectangular shape incorporated into circular patch antenna for 2.4/5 GHz wireless local area network applications

A Robust RSSI Fingerprint Localization Method in Wireless Local Area Network

A Robust RSSI Fingerprint Localization Method in Wireless Local Area Network

Exploiting full-duplex opportunities in WLANs via a reinforcement learning-based medium access control protocol

In-band full-duplex communication has the potential to double the wireless channel capacity. However, how to efficiently transform the full-duplex gain at the physical layer into network throughput improvement is still a challenge, especially in dynamic communication environments. This paper presents a reinforcement learning-based full-duplex (RLFD) medium access control (MAC) protocol for wireless local-area networks (WLANs) with full-duplex access points. To solve the channel contention problem and fully utilize the full-duplex transmission opportunities, we first design a two-way handshake transmission mechanism and make an investigation on the effects of transmission scheduling in full-duplex transmission. Then the transmission scheduling problem is theoretically formulated as a non-stationary multi-armed bandit problem in which our objective is to maximize the network throughput. Thus, we develop a Window-Constraint Bayesian (WCB) algorithm to generate optimized scheduling policies online. And full-duplex opportunities are fully utilized by transmitting packets according to the optimized scheduling policies. Besides, an analytical model is developed to characterize the performance of RLFD. The performance of RLFD is evaluated by simulation. And the results show that RLFD can improve the network throughput by 80% compared with the IEEE 802.11 distributed coordination function with Request-To-Send/Clear-To-Send. Moreover, with the proposed WCB algorithm, the network throughput can remain steady as the communication environment dynamically changes.

A Throughput Analysis Using a Non-Saturated Markov Chain Model for LTE-LAA and WLAN Coexistence

To address the severe spectrum shortage in mobile networks, the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) standardized Long Term Evolution (LTE)-License Assisted Access (LAA) technology. The LTE-LAA system ensures efficient coexistence with other existing unlicensed systems by incorporating listen-before-talk functionality and conducting random backoff operations similar to those in the IEEE 802.11 distributed coordination function. In this paper, we propose an analytical model to calculate the throughput of each system in a scenario where a single LTE-LAA system shares an unlicensed channel with multiple wireless local area network (WLAN) systems. The LTE-LAA system is utilized for supplementary downlink transmission from the LTE-LAA eNodeB (eNB) to LTE-LAA devices. Our proposed analytical model uses a Markov chain to represent the random backoff operations of the LTE-LAA eNB and WLAN nodes under non-saturated traffic conditions and to calculate the impact of the clear channel assessment (CCA) performed by the LTE-LAA eNB. Through numerical results, we demonstrate how the throughput of both the LTE-LAA and WLAN systems is determined by the contention window size and CCA threshold of the LTE-LAA eNB.

A 5G LAN Testbed for Hybrid Industrial IoT Scenarios

ABSTRACTIn this paper, we describe the conception and implementation of a high‐fidelity 5G testbed for 5G Local Area Networks (LANs). This testbed comprises a combination of real, emulated and virtualized components that enable R&D activities such as exploring use cases, integrating components, and infrastructure management. This environment has undergone an experimental assessment of its functional characteristics and performance, using an Industrial Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystem over 5G.

A Channel Measurement-Based Listen-Before-Talk Algorithm for LTE-LAA and WLAN Coexistence

To support the coexistence of long-term evolution (LTE)-license-assisted access (LAA) and wireless local area network (WLAN) in unlicensed bands, the load-based listen-before-talk (LB-LBT) scheme has been developed, incorporating channel sensing and backoff functions similar to those used in WLAN. In the LB-LBT scheme, the contention window size and clear channel assessment (CCA) threshold of the LTE-LAA eNodeB (eNB) significantly influences its transmission probability and the interference caused by concurrent WLAN transmissions outside the CCA range. However, most existing LB-LBT schemes use fixed contention window sizes and CCA thresholds, irrespective of the channel congestion status. To address this limitation, in this paper, we propose a channel measurement-based LBT (CM-LBT) scheme to enhance overall system throughput while ensuring fairness between LTE-LAA and WLAN systems. Our proposed CM-LBT scheme adaptively adjusts the contention window size and CCA threshold of LTE-LAA eNB in the LB-LBT scheme, according to the current channel access activities of LTE-LAA and WLAN systems. Through simulations, we evaluate the performance of our proposed CM-LBT scheme against existing LBT schemes by assessing the throughput of LTE-LAA and WLAN systems, as well as the fairness between them, using a reward function.

A Survey of Emerging Techniques for Large Networks of Virtual Local Area Networks (VLANs) with Benefits and Limitations

The numerous benefits of wireless communication have led to its meteoric rise in popularity as a network type, yet there have been numerous obstacles to enhancing its performance. An alternative method that allows a network administrator to construct a logical network out of a physical network is VLAN, which stands for Virtual Local Area Network. Thus, VLANs are fundamental technology for enhancing network performance, capacity and security. VLANs are a means of breaking large networks into smaller broadcast domains, managing broadcast traffic, controlling congestion, and providing increased levels of security. This paper explores the emerging techniques in managing and optimising VLANs within large-scale network environments. VLANs are essential for improving network performance, security, and scalability by the logical segmentation of networks into smaller, isolated broadcast domains. This survey also outlines trends in future VLAN technologies such as Software Defined Networking (SDN), VXLAN, and Big Data and Analytics. Also, the paper covers the uses, advantages, and disadvantages of VLANs, including enhanced security, scalability, and economy, though admitting to issues of VLAN configuration difficulty and security threats. In the paper, the authors discussed the future trends including the integration of multi-cloud, network slicing coupled with 5G, and integration of blockchain for VLAN security.

A potential pathway toward quantum virtual local area network

A potential pathway toward quantum virtual local area network

A Dijkstra Based Algorithm for Optimal Splitter Location in Passive Optical Local Area Network (POLAN)

Passive Optical Local Area Networks (POLANs) are integral to modern broadband communication systems, offering high bandwidth and immunity to electromagnetic interference. Designing an efficient POLAN requires careful consideration of splitter placement to minimize network costs. This paper presents an algorithmic approach using Dijkstra's algorithm and the Google Maps API to optimize splitter locations in a POLAN. By treating Optical Network Terminals (ONTs) as nodes in a graph and calculating walking distances between them, the algorithm identifies potential splitter locations that minimize fiber length. Using the Dijkstra's algorithm, the total fiber length used to connect every optical network unit is approximately 274km. Finally, a simulation of the full PON network was carried out and the BER and Q-Factor for each ONU was gotten. An average BER value of 1.8e-11 and Q-Factor value of 13.3 was gotten.

Implementation of Site to Site IPsec VPN Tunnel using GNS3 Simulation

Abstract: This paper focuses on the implementation of a site-to-site IPsec tunnel to establish a secure connected link over a public network between two sites. To do so, an IP addressing plan was created and a topology was drawn to replicate a local area network between different sites, i.e., LIBYA and TUNIS. After this, an IP tunnel was set up, secure communication was established in the replicating LAN, and all packets were transferred over an encrypted form between the two different sites correctly. The area of this study lies in the domains of network security and VPN. When discussing the technicalities, for this research, we will establish an IP tunneling over an encryption layer. For this task, we will implement the Internet Protocol Security (IPsec) suite to authenticate and encrypt the traffic before encapsulating the actual payloads for the connected link on the OSI model Layer 3. After setting the required authentication and encryption methods over the connections, a secure link can be established to share the data neighborly in a public environment. A secure VPN site-to-site link will provide high-quality dedicated bandwidth WAN links to the users, which are considered significant for the network architecture of internetworking. As a result, secure communication features utilizing VPN site-to-site IPsec encryption play a vital role in disaster recovery between the different sites or the replication of services and data for business operations and communications. This paper recommends that it is essential for a growing organization to make their respective communication secure and implement alternative ways to manage, maintain, and control the secure communication environments.

Intranet Network Optimization Using VLAN at Vocational High School Gedangan

Purpose: This study aims to optimize the intranet network at Vocational High School Gedangan by using Virtual Local Area Network (VLAN). The main goal is to enhance network performance and security, especially in environments with numerous users, where LAN structures face management and security challenges. Method: The research employs a qualitative descriptive method, utilizing observations and interviews with the school's IT staff to understand how VLAN is implemented and its advantages. The data collected is used to analyze how VLAN can improve network efficiency and flexibility. Practical Applications: By segmenting the network with VLAN, the school can better manage user access and isolate different departments or student groups. This helps prevent network congestion and reduces potential security threats, contributing to a more reliable and secure system for daily operations and learning processes. Conclusion: VLAN implementation at Vocational High School Gedangan significantly optimizes the network's performance and security, creating a more efficient and safer environment for both administration and educational activities.

Ultra-wideband microstrip folded antenna for wireless LAN, 5G and Internet of Things applications

This paper presents an ultra-wideband (UWB) microstrip antenna with a simple structure operating at 2.2–6 GHz bandwidth. The proposed antenna has been demonstrated for its suitability in UWB and multi-band applications, such as wireless local area network (WLAN), Wi-Fi, 5G, Internet of Things (IoT), etc. The antenna is shown to use a simple folded dipole antenna structure demonstrating an omnidirectional radiation pattern of gain 0.8 to 6 dBi throughout the frequency band. The antenna has strong gain at 2.4, 3.5 and 5.5 GHz. The measured results are shown to have a good agreement with the simulated results.

5.5 GHz film bulk acoustic wave filters using thin film transfer process for WLAN applications

Wireless local area network (WLAN) has gained widespread application as a convenient network access method, demanding higher network efficiency, stability, and responsiveness. High-performance filters are crucial components to meet these needs. Film bulk acoustic resonators (FBARs) are ideal for constructing these filters due to their high-quality factor (Q) and low loss. In conventional air-gap type FBAR, aluminum nitride (AlN) is deposited on the sacrificial layer with poor crystallinity. Additionally, FBARs with single-crystal AlN have high internal stress and complicated fabrication process. These limit the development of FBARs to higher frequencies above 5 GHz. This paper presents the design and fabrication of FBARs and filters for WLAN applications, combining the high electromechanical coupling coefficient (Kt2\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${K}_{{\\rm{t}}}^{2}$$\\end{document}) of Al0.8Sc0.2N film with the advantages of the thin film transfer process. An AlN seed layer and 280 nm-thick Al0.8Sc0.2N are deposited on a Si substrate via physical vapor deposition (PVD), achieving a full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 2.1°. The ultra-thin film is then transferred to another Si substrate by wafer bonding, flipping, and Si removal. Integrating conventional manufacturing processes, an FBAR with a resonant frequency reaching 5.5 GHz is fabricated, demonstrating a large effective electromechanical coupling coefficient (keff2\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${{k}}_{{\\rm{eff}}}^{2}$$\\end{document}) of 13.8% and an excellent figure of merit (FOM) of 85. A lattice-type filter based on these FBARs is then developed for the Wi-Fi UNII-2 band, featuring a center frequency of 5.5 GHz and a −3 dB bandwidth of 306 MHz, supporting high data rates and large throughputs in WLAN applications.

A creative hybridization of metamaterial CSRR and multiple-mode resonators for designing a compact wideband bandpass filter for 5G/IOT/WLAN/Wi-Fi 6E applications

Abstract This article presents the design of a metamaterials-based hybrid wideband bandpass filter (WB-BPF) supporting several advanced communication applications. The suggested filter uses multiple-mode resonators (MMRs) and metamaterial complementary split-ring resonators (CSRRs). Coupling frequencies are optimized by stretching the coupled lines parallel on both sides. At the same time, the metamaterial complementary split-ring resonator (CSSR) cells are carefully tuned to improve impedance matching, reduce insertion loss, and broaden the bandwidth. The designed compact-sized bandpass filter offers a Quality factor ( Q L ) of above 1 while maintaining a wide bandwidth of 6150 MHz. The realized structure requires a small physical area of 20.2 × 10 mm2. A parametric study, field distribution analysis, and equivalent circuit model of the proposed hybrid BPF are performed. The resulting filter has an exceptional response with five transmission poles, demonstrating superior performance in the targeted frequency range. This wideband bandpass filter, operating from 3.3 GHz to 9.45 GHz, finds potential applications in the emerging fields of the Internet of Things (IoT), wireless fidelity 6 enhanced (Wi-Fi 6E), and high-speed wireless communications, particularly 5G technology, and 5 GHz wireless local area network (WLAN). This research demonstrates significant advances in the development of bandpass filters, offering compact, high-performance solutions for modern communications systems.