Local Application Research Articles

Polysaccharide-based emulsion gels for the prevention of postoperative adhesions and as a drug delivery system using 5-fluorouracil

Postoperative tissue adhesion is a well-recognized and common complication. Despite ongoing developments in anti-adhesion agents, complete prevention remains a challenge in clinical practice. Colorectal cancer necessitates both adhesion prevention and postoperative chemotherapy. Accordingly, drug-loading into an anti-adhesion agent could be employed as a treatment strategy to maximize the drug effects through local application and minimize side effects. Herein, we introduce an anti-adhesion agent that functions as a drug delivery system by loading drugs within an emulsion that forms a gel matrix in the presence of polysaccharides, xanthan gum, and pectin. Based on the rheological analysis, the xanthan gum-containing emulsion gel formed a gel matrix with suitable strength and mucosal adhesiveness. In vitro dissolution tests demonstrated sustained drug release over 12 h, while in vivo pharmacokinetic studies revealed a significant increase in the Tmax (up to 4.03 times) and area under the curve (up to 2.62 times). However, most of the drug was released within one day, distributing systemically and raising toxicity concerns, thus limiting its efficacy as a controlled drug delivery system. According to in vivo anti-adhesion efficacy evaluations, the xanthan gum/pectin emulsion gels, particularly F2 and F3, exhibited remarkable anti-adhesion capacity (P < 0.01). The emulsion gel formulation exhibited no cytotoxicity against fibroblasts or epithelial cell lines. Thus, the xanthan gum/pectin emulsion gel exhibits excellent anti-adhesion properties and could be developed as a drug delivery system.

Effect of local mud application in patients with knee osteoarthritis - A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Mud therapy is a safe, cost-effective approach for Knee Osteoarthritis (OA), promoting healing through warmth and minerals, providing pain relief, and improving function. The main objective of the current review is to assess the effectiveness of local mud application for pain management in patients with Knee OA. The published papers were obtained from PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Cochrane Library, ClinicalTrails.gov, Web of Science, and references from relevant systematic reviews from 1990 January to February 2023. Trials meeting the predefined criteria were included in this meta-analysis. The main focus of this study was to assess pain as a primary outcome measure. R software version 4.3.1 and Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool 1 were used to derive meta-analysis and risk of bias in the included studies. A meta-analysis was performed using the fixed-effects model to obtain a summary of treatment effects, which calculated the effect size (standardized mean difference; SMD) along with a 95% Confidence Interval (CI).In the current meta-analysis, a total of ten studies with 560 Knee OA patients were included. Findings demonstrated significant effects of local mud application on pain (SMD: -0.36, 95% CI: -0.56, -0.16), and the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) scale (SMD: -0.49, 95% CI: -0.68, -0.29) for individuals suffering from Knee OA. The current study identified compelling evidence to support the recommendation of mud application as an effective intervention for individuals with Knee OA. While local mud application may serve as a supplementary therapy alongside conventional medical approaches for improved Knee OA management, additional high-quality randomized controlled trials are required to validate these findings.

Impact of Local Melatonin Application on Expression Level of Osteogenic Marker (Runx2) and Post-orthodontic Relapse in Ovine Model: A Split Mouth Study

Background: Retaining teeth in their proper alignment after orthodontic treatment can be highly challenging. This study aimed to estimate the effectiveness of locally injected melatonin in improving bone remodelling and reducing post-orthodontic relapse. Methods: The third incisors on the right and left quadrants of six sheep were removed and the second and fourth incisors were brought close together by using a sectional orthodontic appliance. Melatonin solution was injected near and parallel to the mesial surface of the second incisor and the distal surface of the fourth incisor on one quadrant while the other quadrant received 1% dimethyl sulphoxide as a control. Four weeks later, the orthodontic appliance was debonded and the teeth were allowed to move back. By utilizing digital analysis, the relapse distance of the approximated incisors was measured at 21 and 42 days respectively after appliance removal. Histological and mRNA expression analysis of osteogenic marker (Runx2) were conducted to evaluate the periodontal space width and the surrounding alveolar bone of the melatonin-treated and control side incisors. Result: clinical and histological measurements showed that the approximated incisors in the melatonin-treated quadrant had a significantly shorter relapse distance (p≤0.05), significantly smaller periodontal ligament width (p≤0.05) and significantly larger new bone area formation (p≤0.05) than in the control quadrant. The mRNA expression level of the osteogenic marker (Runx2) was significantly larger (p≤0.05) in the melatonin-treated quadrant than in the control quadrant. The outcomes of this research suggest that melatonin can enhance bone remodelling and reduce post-orthodontic relapse in sheep.

Local E-rhBMP-2/β-TCP Application Rescues Osteocyte Dendritic Integrity and Reduces Microstructural Damage in Alveolar Bone Post-Extraction in MRONJ-like Mouse Model.

The pathology of medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ), often associated with antiresorptive therapy, is still not fully understood. Osteocyte networks are known to play a critical role in maintaining bone homeostasis and repair, but the exact condition of these networks in MRONJ is unknown. On the other hand, the local application of E-coli-derived Recombinant Human Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2/β-Tricalcium phosphate (E-rhBMP-2/β-TCP) has been shown to promote bone regeneration and mitigate osteonecrosis in MRONJ-like mouse models, indicating its potential therapeutic application for the treatment of MRONJ. However, the detailed effect of BMP-2 treatment on restoring bone integrity, including its osteocyte network, in an MRONJ condition remains unclear. Therefore, in the present study, by applying a scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis and a 3D osteocyte network reconstruction workflow on the alveolar bone surrounding the tooth extraction socket of an MRONJ-like mouse model, we examined the effectiveness of BMP-2/β-TCP therapy on the alleviation of MRONJ-related bone necrosis with a particular focus on the osteocyte network and alveolar bone microstructure (microcrack accumulation). The 3D osteocyte dendritic analysis showed a significant decrease in osteocyte dendritic parameters along with a delay in bone remodeling in the MRONJ group compared to the healthy counterpart. The SEM analysis also revealed a notable increase in the number of microcracks in the alveolar bone surface in the MRONJ group compared to the healthy group. In contrast, all of those parameters were restored in the E-rhBMP-2/β-TCP-treated group to levels that were almost similar to those in the healthy group. In summary, our study reveals that MRONJ induces osteocyte network degradation and microcrack accumulation, while application of E-rhBMP-2/β-TCP can restore a compromised osteocyte network and abrogate microcrack accumulation in MRONJ.

Progress in Topical and Transdermal Drug Delivery Research-Focus on Nanoformulations.

Skin is the largest organ and a multifunctional interface between the body and its environment. It acts as a barrier against cold, heat, injuries, infections, chemicals, radiations or other exogeneous factors, and it is also known as the mirror of the soul. The skin is involved in body temperature regulation by the storage of fat and water. It is an interesting tissue in regard to the local and transdermal application of active ingredients for prevention or treatment of pathological conditions. Topical and transdermal delivery is an emerging route of drug and cosmetic administration. It is beneficial for avoiding side effects and rapid metabolism. Many pharmaceutical, technological and cosmetic innovations have been described and patented recently in the field. In this review, the main features of skin morphology and physiology are presented and are being followed by the description of classical and novel nanoparticulate dermal and transdermal drug formulations. The biophysical aspects of the penetration of drugs and cosmetics into or across the dermal barrier and their investigation in diffusion chambers, skin-on-a-chip devices, high-throughput measuring systems or with advanced analytical techniques are also shown. The current knowledge about mathematical modeling of skin penetration and the future perspectives are briefly discussed in the end, all also involving nanoparticulated systems.

Purine‐Based Ir(III) Photosensitizers for Efficient Treatment of Periodontal Inflammation

AbstractPhotodynamic therapy (PDT) presents a promising approach for combating periodontitis, an infectious disease triggered by bacteria. However, the hypoxic environment within periodontal pockets poses challenges for PDT efficacy. In this study, novel purine‐based C^N ligands are utilized to develop Ir(III) complexes with enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation capacity for periodontitis treatment. The type I/II PDT performance of Ir(III) is greatly enhanced by the purine ligands, which leads to potent bactericidal and biofilm elimination efficacy. In a rat model of periodontitis, local application of these purine‐based Ir(III) complexes effectively achieves antibacterial and anti‐inflammatory effects while promoting tissue repair under clinical luminaire exposure. This PDT strategy utilizing purine‐based Ir(III) complexes circumvents the need for antibiotics and surgical intervention, emerging as a promising, non‐invasive approach for managing periodontitis.

Successful management of Osteomyelitis through Integrated Approach : A Case Report

Osteomyelitis is a severe condition characterized by the infection and inflammation of the bone and its bone marrow, thus quickly impacting the Harversian systems. It is often caused by bacteria, the methicillin-resistant S. aureus bacteria being the most common organism. Conventional treatment typically involves long-term antibiotic therapy, surgical debridement, and supportive measures. However, the increasing prevalence of antibiotic resistance and the adverse effects emphasize the need for complementary and alternative treatment approaches. The rationale for Ayurvedic is that inflammatory swelling is correlated with vidradhi. This case report discusses about the chronic inflammation of osteomyelitis caused by fracture of the humerus with mal-union which has been treated successfully through an Ayurvedic approach by administering Varunaadi Gana Kashaya (decoction), Nyagrodhadi Gana Kashaya (decoction), Arogyavardhini Vati (tablet), Lakshadi Guggulu (tablets), Local application of Jatyadi Taila (oil). Results: The patient was followed up every 7 days while on ayurvedic treatment. In the initial days, the wound was closed with a cast; after 10 days, the cast was removed, and discharge was drastically reduced culminating in overall wound healing. Conclusion: This case report highlights the successful management of osteomyelitis using Ayurvedic medicine as an adjunct therapy. The individualized Ayurvedic treatment plan, including internal medicine, external applications, and lifestyle modifications, contributed to symptom improvement, reduced inflammation, and promoted healing in the patient.

Scaffold biotechnolgy in treatment of diabetic foot syndrome

This article presents modern ideas about the study of the efficacy and safety of topical application of a hybrid biodegradable bioengineered construct based on carboxymethylcellulose with spheroids containing bacteriocins from broth cultures of Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli atque etiam Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the complex treatment of diabetic foot syndrome. A prospective study of 89 patients with diabetic foot syndrome aged 25 to 74 years was carried out on the basis of the NCC “Diabetic Foot”, Almaty. The control group consisted of 25 patients aged 26 to 74 years. All patients of the main and control groups received conventional treatment for diabetic foot syndrome. Thus, as a result of studying the local application of a hybrid biodegradable bioengineered construct based on carboxymethylcellulose with spheroids containing bacteriocins from broth cultures of Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli atque etiam Pseudomonas aeruginosa in combination with complex treatment of diabetic foot syndrome, its safety and efficacy were shown, which is also confirmed by the studies of foreign authors.

Effect of platelet-rich fibrin on the recovery after third molar surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis

This meta-analysis aimed to elucidate the effects of platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) on the recovery of alveolar bone after surgical removal of the mandibular third molars.PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Embase databases were searched from the inception to February 2023 for relevant studies on the application of PRF after the extraction of impacted mandibular third molars, with the language limited to English. Literature screening was conducted by two independent researchers. The Cochrane risk-of-bias tool was adopted for quality evaluation, and Stata 15.0 was used for statistical analysis. A total of 33 randomized controlled trials were included in the present study. Following surgical removal of the mandibular third molars, 1139 tooth sockets were filled with PRF, while 1138 sockets were sutured after conventional saline irrigation. The meta-analyses showed that PRF can relieve pain [(RR 0.454; 95% CI 0.23, 0.891); (SMD −0.74; 95% CI −0.97, 0.52)], improve swelling (SMD −1.48; 95% CI −1.90, −1.06), alleviate trismus (SMD −0.35; 95% CI −0.51, −0.19), reduce dry socket (SMD −0.18; 95% CI −030, −0.05), and promote bone tissue healing (SMD 2.34; 95% CI 0.18, 4.51). The current study confirms that PRF can reduce some postoperative complications. Local application of PRF after lower third molar extraction is a viable method for relieving pain and swelling, reducing the incidence of dry socket and trismus, and increasing bone density. However, whether it can promote soft tissue healing remains unclear. For patients undergoing complicated surgical extraction, local application of PRF into the sockets might be a good option.

A comparative study to evaluate the efficacy of Kushthagna Mahakashaya and Aaraghwadadi Gana along with local application of Karanjadi Taila in the management of Eka-Kushta w.s.r. to Psoriasis

Introduction: Eka-Kushta is one among 11 varieties of Kushdra Kushta which resembles psoriasis clinically. It is one of the most common dermatological diseases, affecting up to 1-3% of the world’s and 0.44-2.8% of Indian population. Currently the treatment available for the management of psoriasis include topical therapy, photo therapy, corticosteroids, etc having their own limitations. Thus, there is a need for safe, effective, and sustainable medicine for the management. Methodology: The clinical study was done on 45 subjects of both genders, between the age group of 18-58 years who were randomly assigned into 3 groups (15 patients in each group) namely - Group A (Kushthaghna Mahakashyay and Karanjadi Taila), Group B (Aaraghwadadi Gana and Karanjadi Taila), and Group C (Placebo). Result: Outcome of the treatment after 45 days was statistically extremely significant in the remission of the symptoms of Eka-Kushta in most of the subjective and objective parameters. Discussion: Group A, treatment was found to be effective in Matsyashalopam, Kandu, Auspitz Sign, Candle grease sign, Koebner’s phenomenon, and PASI Score and the result was very significant in Aswedanama and Vruttam. Group B, treatment regimen was found to be effective in Matsyashalopam, Kandu, and Auspitz Sign, Candle grease sign, Koebner’s phenomenon, and PASI Score and the result was very significant in Aswedanama, Vruttam. Group C, treatment regimen was found to be effective in Matsyashalopam and the result was insignificant in Kandu, Aswedanama, Vruttam, Krishna Varna, Auspitz Sign, Candle grease sign, Koebner’s phenomenon, and PASI Score.

Strategies to enhance the efficacy of FGF2-based therapies for skin wound healing.

Basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF2 or bFGF) is critical for optimal wound healing. Experimental studies show that local application of FGF2 is a promising therapeutic approach to stimulate tissue regeneration, including for the treatment of chronic wounds that have a low healing potential or are characterised by a pathologically altered healing process. However, the problem of low efficiency of growth factors application due to their rapid loss of biological activity in the aggressive proteolytic environment of the wound remains. Therefore, ways to preserve the efficacy of FGF2 for wound treatment are being actively developed. This review considers the following strategies to improve the effectiveness of FGF2-based therapy: (1) use of vehicles/carriers for delivery and gradual release of FGF2; (2) chemical modification of FGF2 to increase the stability of the molecule; (3) use of genetic constructs encoding FGF2 for de novo synthesis of protein in the wound. In addition, this review discusses FGF2-based therapeutic strategies that are undergoing clinical trials and demonstrating the efficacy of FGF2 for skin wound healing.

Neuropathy in pruritus medicine : Recommended diagnostics and therapy

Chronic itch is afrequent and debilitating condition that greatly affects the quality of life of those affected. In asubset of patients, damage to the peripheral or central nervous system constitutes the cause of the itch. Small-fiber neuropathy, nerve compression syndromes, post-herpetic neuralgia, scars and burns are possible conditions affecting the peripheral nervous system potentially causing itch, whereas space-occupying lesions affecting the spinal cord and stroke are examples of conditions that may induce central itch. Neuropathic itch starts on normal appearing skin, is often accompanied by pain sensations and other dysesthesias, and usually relieved by local cold application. Its distribution depends on the affected site of the somatosensory system. Acomprehensive medical history is paramount to reach the diagnosis, while complementary diagnostics with skin biopsies for the investigation of cutaneous neuromorphological alterations or medical imaging to rule out nerve impingement may be advised in selected cases. Topical agents such as capsaicin or local anesthetics as well as systemic drugs such as gabapentinoids, antidepressants and opioid receptor modulators are used in the treatment of neuropathic itch. This review article provides an overview of the clinical features, underlying causes, diagnostic workup and therapeutic approach in neuropathic itch.

Kynurenic acid inflammatory signaling expands in primates and impairs prefrontal cortical cognition.

Cognitive deficits from dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) dysfunction are common in neuroinflammatory disorders, including long-COVID, schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease, and have been correlated with kynurenine inflammatory signaling. Kynurenine is further metabolized to kynurenic acid (KYNA) in brain, where it blocks NMDA and α7-nicotinic receptors (nic-α7Rs). These receptors are essential for neurotransmission in dlPFC, suggesting that KYNA may cause higher cognitive deficits in these disorders. The current study found that KYNA and its synthetic enzyme, KAT II, have greatly expanded expression in primate dlPFC in both glia and neurons. Local application of KYNA onto dlPFC neurons markedly reduced the delay-related firing needed for working memory via actions at NMDA and nic-α7Rs, while inhibition of KAT II enhanced neuronal firing in aged macaques. Systemic administration of agents that reduce KYNA production similarly improved cognitive performance in aged monkeys, suggesting a therapeutic avenue for the treatment of cognitive deficits in neuroinflammatory disorders.

Odontogenesis-Empowered Extracellular Vesicles Safeguard Donor-Recipient Stem Cell Interplay to Support Tooth Regeneration.

Harnessing the developmental events of mesenchymal condensation to direct postnatal dental stem cell aggregation represents a cutting-edge and promising approach to tooth regeneration. Tooth avulsion is among the most prevalent and serious dental injuries, and odontogenic aggregates assembled by stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) have proven effective in revitalizing avulsed teeth after replantation in the clinical trial. However, whether and how SHED aggregates (SA) communicate with recipient components and promote synergistic tissue regeneration to support replanted teeth remains elusive. Here, it is shown that SA-mediated avulsed tooth regeneration involves periodontal restoration and recovery of recipient Gli1+ stem cells, which are mobilized and necessarily contribute to the reestablishment of the tooth-periodontal ligament-bone interface. Mechanistically, the release of extracellular vesicles (EVs) is revealed indispensable for the implanted SA to mobilize recipient Gli1+ cells and regenerate avulsed teeth. Furthermore, SHED aggregates-released EVs (SA-EVs) are featured with odontogenic properties linked to tissue regeneration, which enhance migration, proliferation, and differentiation of Gli1+ cells. Importantly, local application of SA-EVs per se empowers recipient Gli1+ cells and safeguards regeneration of avulsed teeth. Collectively, the findings establish a paradigm in which odontogenesis-featured EVs govern donor-recipient stem cell interplay to achieve tooth regeneration, inspiring cell-free translational regenerative strategies.

Effect of Virechana Karma Along with Japapatryadi Tail Local Application and Amritadi Kwath Orally in the Management of Vicharchika

In the present case report, a 58-year-old man consulted in the Outpatient department of Dayanand Ayurvedic College, Jalandhar. The complaint of the patient was recurrent skin rashes with redness, skin oedema, itching, flaking and discolouration in the skin. By examining the signs and symptoms, the patient was diagnosed with Eczema (Vicharchika), Shodhana and Shaman Chikitsa was given under the treatment of Vicharchika[1]. Vicharchika, according to Ayurveda, is a Raktapradoshaja Vyaadhi with the involvement of Tridoshas, and it is Kapha in predominance[2]. The patient was given Virechana Karma along with the local application of Japapatryadi tail and Amritadi kwath orally for a period of 2 months. After that, the condition of the patient was assessed on the basis of signs and symptoms of Vicharchika, which were cured after taking the treatment. This study shows that the cases of eczema (Vicharchika) can be successfully managed with Virechana Karma followed by Japapatryadi tail locally and Amritadi kwath given orally.

An integrative approach in the management of ACL injury through Ayurveda and Physiotherapy- A Case report

The knee joint is a synovial hinge joint pivotal to human locomotion and stability. Comprising intricate articulations between the femur, tibia and patella. It facilitates complex movements, from flexion and extension to rotation. Knee ligaments are commonly injured due to indirect forces, such as twisting or bending of the knee, or rotational movements of the joint. Among these ligaments, the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is particularly important as it primarily prevents excessive forward movement of the tibia relative to the femur. Additionally, it contributes to the stability of the knee joint in both frontal and transverse planes. Injury to the ACL, whether through trauma or overuse, can compromise knee stability and function, often requiring surgical intervention and rehabilitation to restore optimal joint function. In the conventional treatment regimen, options like exercises, braces, lifestyle changes, and surgeries, including graft fixation, are utilized. Surgical procedures may result in complications such as post-operative stiffness and pain. These complications can impact mobility and overall quality of life, Ayurvedic treatment modalities like Snehana (oleation), Swedana (sudation), Basti Karma (medicated enema), Upanaha (local application) etc. have demonstrated notable improvements in both traumatic and degenerative conditions, with a particular emphasis on delaying the onset of osteoarthritis. The present study concludes that the integrative approach of Ayurveda and Physiotherapy helps to manage ACL injury.

Effect of Local Simvastatin on the Healing of Surgically Created Critical-Sized Bone Defects: An experimental Study on sheep.

Background and objective: the role of simvastatin in lowering serum cholesterol levels is well described. However, recent findings suggest they have a role in bone formation as well. The study aims to determine the effect of local simvastatin application on bone defect healing and compare the amount of new bone produced by a simvastatin-treated defect with that produced by a bone graft (biphasic calcium phosphate) and non-treated defects (left empty) histologically. Methods: Forty-five critical-size defects were created (8mm in diameter and depth) in the iliac bone of 6 sheep. For the first three sheep (5 defects/ilium), the five defects on the right ilium were left empty as a Control group, while the five defects on the left ilium were filled with biphasic calcium phosphate as Test 1 group. For the other three sheep, 5 defects were created on the right ilium, the defects were filled with 10mg crushed simvastatin tablet with gelfoam (as a carrier) as Test 2 group. The animals were sacrificed over periods of 1, 2, and 3 months. Histopathological studies were done for all the samples. SPSS version 28 was used to analyze the results. The numerical variables were checked for normality using Smirnov – Kolmogorov test, then analyzed using ANOVA and unpaired t-test (p–values ≤ 0.05 were considered statistically significant). Results: All 6 adult male sheep passed the scheduled periods uneventfully. During the wound healing period, there was no complication such as infection, excessive hematoma, or wound dehiscence. All 45 standardized iliac bone defects were included in the final analysis (n= 45). The histologic results showed that Test 2 group (defect filled with simvastatin) in the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd months had significantly higher bone formation at the surface and depth of the defects than Test 1 and Control group with P values (&lt;0.0001) at all period intervals. Conclusion: Simvastatin enhances bone formation and accelerates the healing process of the bony defect. Keywords: Bone formation, Bone graft, Bone healing, Simvastatin, Statin.

Noradrenergic current responses of neurons in rat oculomotor neural integrators.

The prepositus hypoglossi nucleus (PHN) and the interstitial nucleus of Cajal (INC) are involved in the control of horizontal and vertical gaze, respectively. A previous study showed that PHN neurons exhibit depolarized or hyperpolarized responses to noradrenaline (NA). However, the adrenoceptor types that participate in NA-induced responses and the effects of NA on INC neurons have not yet been investigated. Furthermore, the relationship between NA-induced responses and neuron types defined by neurotransmitter phenotypes has not been determined. In this study, we investigated NA-induced current responses in PHN and INC neurons and the relationships between these responses and neuron types using whole cell recordings in wild-type and transgenic rat brainstem slices. Local application of NA to the cell soma induced slow inward (SI) and slow outward (SO) currents that were mainly mediated by α1 and α2 adrenoceptors, respectively. These current responses were observed in both PHN and INC neurons, although the proportion of INC neurons that responded to NA was low. Analyses of the distributions of the current responses revealed that in the PHN, all fluorescently identified inhibitory neurons exhibited SI currents, whereas glutamatergic and cholinergic neurons exhibited both SI and SO currents. In the INC, glutamatergic and inhibitory neurons preferentially exhibited SI and SO currents, respectively. When the PHN and INC neurons were characterized by their firing pattern, we found that the proportions of the currents depended on their firing pattern. These results suggest that various modes of noradrenergic modulation in horizontal and vertical neural integrators are dependent on neuron type.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Noradrenergic modulation of oculomotor neural integrators involved in gaze control has not been elucidated. Here, we report that noradrenaline (NA)-induced slow inward (SI) and outward (SO) currents are mediated mainly by α1 and α2 adrenoceptors in neurons that participate in horizontal and vertical gaze control. The NA-induced current responses differed depending on the neurotransmitter phenotype and firing pattern. These results suggest various modes of noradrenergic modulation in horizontal and vertical integrator neurons.

Flavonoids as Potential Natural Compounds for the Prevention and Treatment of Eczema.

Eczema is a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation and skin manifestation with a range of comorbidities that include physical and psychological disorders. Despite recent advancements in understanding the mechanisms involved in atopic dermatitis, current marketed products have shown varying results with more side effects. The present objective of the research studies is to develop new agents for eczema that cut down the cost of the novel drugs available and also improve the efficacy with the least adverse effects. Natural compounds and medicinal plants have been traditionally used since ancient civilizations. Nowadays, research in the herbal field is at its peak. One such natural compound, flavonoid, was found to be beneficial for the treatment of eczema. This review describes the use of certain flavonoid products to prepare preparations suitable for the treatment of prophylaxis or eczema. This is especially true for prophylaxis or atopic eczema treatment. These compounds exhibit anti-inflammatory, anti-inflammatory, anti-inflammatory, and anti-inflammatory properties and are, therefore, used in treatments to prevent allergies, inflammation, and irritation to the skin. We also dock the flavonoid derivatives used with the protein associated with the inhibition of eczema for better lead optimization. These preparations appear to be used for cosmetic, dermatological, or herbal remedies as a local application.

Effectiveness of Heat Application on Gastric Variables Among Patients With Nasogastric Tube Feeding Admitted in the Intensive Care Units at a Selected Hospital: A Randomized Control Trial.

Heat application, a nonpharmacological intervention, can relieve abdominal distension (AD), high stomach residual volume, and other specific gastrointestinal (GI) functions. It promotes peristaltic movement, which reduces intra-abdominal pressure and aids in the nutritional transition through the GI tract. It has also been demonstrated to be a noninvasive, safe, effective, and side-effect-free approach without needing medication. The objective of the study was to ascertain if heat application may improve stomach residual volume, AD, and GI functioning in patients who were hospitalized in intensive care units (ICUs) and were receiving nasogastric tube feeding. The study used a quantitative research approach and experimental research design. Subjects were ICU patients hospitalized during data collection who were fed via nasogastric tubes. They were divided into two groups of 30 people each, with one group as the experimental group and the other as the control group. The groups were determined through random sampling using the coverslip method.A selected hospitalICU served as the study's setting. Analyses of stomach residual volume, AD, and GI performance revealed a statistically significant improvement in the study group compared to the control group. Research groups experienced significantly fewer vomiting episodes regularly compared to the control group. In conclusion, all patients receiving nasogastric tube feedings should have local heat application treatment administered as part of their usual nursing care to reduce stomach residual volume, relieve AD, and reduce vomiting.