Local Apple Research Articles

Evaluation of the phenolic profile and immunoreactivity of Mal d 3 allergen in ancient apple cultivars from Italy.

Since the second half of the 20th century, the cultivation of ancient and local apple cultivars has almost disappeared from orchards in Italy. Some of these ancient apple cultivars often possess high nutraceutical values and display lower allergenicity than the modern ones, supporting the so-called 'green revolution' theory. In this study, the phenolic composition and the antioxidant activity of five ancient apple cultivars ('Belfiore', 'Pomella Genovese', 'Gravenstein', 'Bella del Bosco', and 'Piatlin') were compared with a 'Golden Delicious' commercial cultivar. Additionally, apples were tested for their potential allergenicity by detecting the presence of Mal d 3, a non-specific lipid transfer protein that represents the main apples' allergen. All apples came from northern Italy (Trentino Region) and were organically produced. Results showed that, for all cultivars, the skins contained more polyphenols than the pulps. 'Bella del Bosco' had the highest amount of polyphenols and antioxidant activity, whereas 'Piatlin' had the lowest phenolic content. All ancient cultivars presented a higher amount of pulp phenolic compounds than 'Golden Delicious'. Immunoblotting techniques showed that 'Bella del Bosco' and 'Piatlin' had very low quantities of Mal d 3 allergen; hence, they can be considered hypoallergenic cultivars. The preservation of ancient apple cultivars would be of great importance, not only to maintain the biodiversity but also for their nutritional properties. The hypoallergenic activity of some of these cultivars could be of interest also for the preparation of different apple-based products. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.

CLONAL PROPAGATION CAPACITY OF TWO NEW APPLE ROOTSTOCKS BY STOOLING

This investigation was carried out at General Commission for Scientific Agriculture Research – Pome and Grapevine Division in Sweida governorate (Syria), from 2013 to 2017, to evaluate the ability of two new local apple rootstocks (SukariAlswieda ‘S’and SkarjiAlswieda ‘H’) to vegetative propagation in stool bed. The results showed that the second year of propagation significantly produced the highest number of rooted shoots (liners) from each rootstock (7 liners and 5 liners in ‘S’ and ‘H’ respectively). ‘S’ and ‘H’ rootstocks revealed significant difference in average produced liners. However, the length and diameter of liners from ‘H’ rootstock did not show significant difference among studied years, they were in average 59.1 cm and 6.1 mm respectively.While as, the highest length and diameter of liners from ‘S’ were in the third year (82.3 cm and 7.6 mm respectively). On the other hand, the two studied rootstocks produced liners with good and stable root system which differed in structure between them, that ‘S’ rootstock revealed coarse (woody) roots, while in ‘H’ rootstock the roots were hairy. The number of roots was in average 17 roots and 12 roots in the liners of ‘S’ and ‘H’ respectively.As well as. the average length of liners roots were 23.4 cm and 22.2 cm in ‘S’ and ‘H’ respectively. Consequently, the clonal propagation for the studied rootstocks in stool bed is a sufficient tool to produce liners similar to the plant parent and they are ready to be budded with cultivars scions.

Analysis of Business Development Strategies with Business Model Canvas Approach

Fruit processing industry is one of the food-based industries in Indonesia that has the potential to be developed. One of the potential fruit-based products is the development of regional superior products, including local apples in the Batu City area. SMEs processing industry sector in Batu City has prospective opportunities to be developed as a producer of regional superior products into a variety of souvenir products typical of Batu City such as apple pia, apple pie and apple brownies. The objective of the research is to identify the business model in SMEs and building the alternative business development strategies. The object of research is SMEs Permata Agro Mandiri in Batu City, East Java. The research approach and method used are business model canvas approach and SWOT analysis. The results showed that nine BMC elements are show the business model run by Permata Agro Mandiri. Based on the SWOT analysis of nine BMC elements, the strength of these SMEs in running business model was in the ownership of product standardization and production processes certificates, weaknesses with the greatest influence were limited machine capacity and human resources skills, potential opportunities is increasing the number of tourist in Kota Batu, and the biggest threat is business customer satisfaction and loyalty affects the sale of products. The alternative business development strategies are prepared, improving marketing strategies (SO-1), developing tourism and educational services (SO-2), optimizing social media and e-commerce as online marketing media (WO-1), conducted of training and development human resources activities (WO-2), positioning (ST), educating and introducing the brand (WT).

Pomological and biochemical characteristics of local apple genotypes grown in Uşak - Turkey

Pomological and biochemical characteristics of local apple genotypes grown in Uşak - Turkey

Effect of multiple extrinsic cues on consumers’ willingness to buy apples: A scenario-based study

Price, origin, and type of production are all known to influence consumer choices when it comes to fresh food. However, the interactions between these factors have received limited attention in the food choice literature. With the growth of online grocery shopping services, another under-investigated issue is the willingness to buy (WTB) fresh food products sold online. Our aim was to partially fill these gaps, by applying a scenario-based methodology. We exposed 324 individuals to 54 scenarios describing a situation in which a character goes to buy apples. The scenarios featured all possible combinations of four within-participants factors: purchase site (traditional market or online grocery shopping service), origin (within 50 km of the character’s home, elsewhere in France, or foreign country), price (low, average, or high), and type of production (organic, sustainable or conventional farming). For each scenario, participants rated their WTB for the apples on sale. Analyses conducted on the whole sample showed that consumers’ WTB was higher for locally grown, organic, and low-priced apples. Furthermore, cluster analysis revealed three consumer segments with different behavioral profiles. Price-sensitive consumers’ WTB was higher for imported apples at a low price than for local apples at a high price. Non-online consumers unconditionally rejected the online grocery shopping service regardless of the apples’ price, origin, and type of production. Organic consumers were more willing to buy imported organic apples than domestic conventional ones. Hence, consumers’ preferences for domestic products should be interpreted in the light of factors such as price and type of production.

Genetic Diversity of Old and Local Apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) Cultivars from the Collection of VIR according to AFLP Analysis

The genetic diversity of 123 apple accessions from the collection of the research and production base Pushkin and Pavlovsk Laboratories of VIR, including landraces, Soviet cultivars, and commercial Russian and foreign cultivars, was for the first time estimated using the AFLP technique. A total of 355 fragments were obtained, 319 of which were polymorphic (89.86%), and each of the accessions had a unique set of AFLP fragments. The level of diversity of modern commercial cultivars was lower (74.11%, Не = 0.202, I = 0.302) as compared with landraces (89.20%, Не = 0.238, I = 0.366). A wide range of genetic differences between the studied accessions (0.99–0.63) was demonstrated. The statistical analysis of the data obtained made it possible to divide the studied samples into two groups. The first group included most of the analyzed landraces; with no clear differentiation of these landraces by origin. The second group included modern commercial Russian and foreign apple cultivars, Soviet cultivars, and some landraces.

Sugars, acids and polyphenols profile of commercial and traditional apple cultivars for processing

Three commercial apple cultivars ('Jonagold', 'Granny Smith' and 'Idared') and the local apple cultivar ('Prijedorska Zelenika') from Bosnia and Herzegovina were analysed by HPLC-MS for the content of phenolic compounds in peel and pulp as well content of individual sugars and organic acids. Catechin, (-)-epicatechin, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, quercetin 3-O-xyloside, quercetin 3-O-arabinoside, quercetin 3-O-rhamnoside, quercetin 3-O-rutinoside, quercetin 3-O-galactoside and quercetin 3-O-glucoside were identified in apple peel and (-)-epicatechin, chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid in apple pulp at all observed cultivars. The total sugars content of analysed apple cultivars ranged between 91.61 and 105.45 g kg-1 FM, while the total organic acids content was from 5.70 to 15.05 g kg-1 FM. The levels of total organic acids and sugars, glucoce/fructose ratio and sugar/acid ratio were affected by cultivars. The mean content of total phenolic compounds was between 427.92 and 1457.95 mg kg-1 FM in peel and from 113.58 to 439.83 mg kg-1 FM in pulp and depending upon the cultivars. The presented data clearly demonstrated that traditional apple cultivar ('Prijedorska Zelenika') had significantly higher individual phenolic compounds in pulp in comparison to the commercial cultivars, i.e., 'Idared', 'Jonagold' and 'Granny Smith' and with respect of that 'Prijedorska Zelenika' is recommended as raw material for cloudy juice processing.

Analysis of Genetic Diversity Among ‘Misket’ Apple Clones Using AFLP, SSR and RAPD Markers

Knowledge of genetic relationship among genotypes is an important concern for utilization of germplasm resources in breeding. The need for knowledge in local apple cultivars is increasing and molecular marker analysis has contributed to understanding of the apple genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationship between genotypes. Three different DNA-based techniques, random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), simple sequence repeat (SSR) and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) were used for detecting genetic variation among the 30 local ‘Misket’ apple genotypes. A total of 423 bands amplified and 205 polymorphic band were obtained with three marker techniques. Thirty RAPD primers amplified 207 bands, of which 91 were polymorphic (40.1%), 10 SSR primers produced 33 bands and 26 of them were polymorphic (78.78%) and 5 AFLP combinations amplified 183 bands of which 88 were polymorphic (48.08%). The average numbers of polymorphic marker per primer combination were 17.6, 3.03 and 2.6 for AFLP, RAPD and SSR respectively. Our results indicate that SSR was less informative in characterizing closely related ‘Misket’ apple genotypes, compared with RAPD and AFLP markers. AFLP seemed to best suited for evaluating the genetic relationship among the apple genotypes. Closely related genotypes may require more than one marker technique. The findings will be useful to identify and evaluate the local growing apple genetic resources.

Optimum conditions for cellulose production by bacteria isolated from local apple in Egypt

Cellulose-producing bacteria were isolated from different sources as rotten fruits, rotten vegetables and soil samples. The most efficient cellulose-producing bacteria was isolated from rotten local apple and identified as Komagataeibacter hansenii (MH1) by biochemical, morphological and 16S rRNA testes. Different media for bacterial cellulose (BC) production were tested and the most efficient one was glucose ethanol acetic acid medium (GAM medium). Optimization of nutritional and environmental conditions for bacterial cellulose production were studied. The best conditions for bacterial cellulose biosynthesis by Komagataeibacter hansenii (MH1) were 20 g/l sucrose, 10 g/l peptone, 4 ml/l acetic acid, 7ml/l ethanol at 30°C, pH 3.46 for 15 days under static culture with 5.86 g/l bacterial cellulose production. The isolated strain Komagataeibacter hansenii (MH1) was found to produce cellulose on low cost raw material begasse as it can use it as carbon source with 1.71 g/l dry BC and use it also as carbon+ nitrogen source with 1.41g/l dry BC for bacterial cellulose production but the amount of BC produced was lower than that produced on modified GAM medium.

Effect of some drying methods on phenolic content and reducing power antioxidant of three local apple varieties

Effect of some drying methods on phenolic content and reducing power antioxidant of three local apple varieties

Ethylene and expansin biosynthesis related genes polymorphism in local apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) cultivars from VIR Collection of plant genetic resources

At Pushkin and Pavlovsk Laboratories of the N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR) a diverse collec tion of local apple cultivars is maintained. Some of the cultivars are widely used in breeding programs for their ecological plasticity, increased adaptation to abiotic stress and disease resistance, still there have been no large-scale studies of these local cultivars for fruit storage ability. Fruit softening during storage is an important problem for apple production. Retention of desirable firmness after prolonged storage is one of the key requirements for new apple cultivars. Expansin and ethy lene biosynthesis related genes are known to be involved in control of fruit softening in apple, and gene specific molecular markers have been reported. In this study the polymorphism and allelic configuration of ethylene and expansin biosynthesis related genes Md-ACS1, Md-ACO1 and Md-Exp7 involved in control of fruit softening in 87 local apple cultivars from VIR Collection of Plant Genetic Resources were analyzed. PCR markers Md-ACS1, Md-ACO1 and SSR-marker Md-Exp7 were used in the study. The allele frequencies in the collection generally coincided with the data from previous studies. Md-ACS1 allele 2 associated with reduced ethylene production was found only in three local cultivars, while all the studied local cultivars were heterozygous for the Md-ACO1 locus, as well as most modern Russian apple cultivars. Half of the studied local cultivars were heterozygous for Md-Exp7 (198 : 202). Thirteen local cultivars with rare Md-Exp7 alleles (206, 210 and 212) were detected. No association was found between the Md-Exp7 genotype and the cultivars’ maturation time. The obtained results can be used for additional evaluation of the cultivars’ potential for breeding.

Polyphenolic compounds and nutraceutical properties of old and new apple cultivars

Aim of the study was to characterize the nutritional composition of 11 apple varieties including 9 varieties from the Regional Repertory of Biodiversity of Marche (Italy). The qualitative and quantitative profiles of polyphenols were evaluated through HPLC-DAD-MS analysis. Antioxidant properties were evaluated by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrilhydrazyl, ferric reducing antioxidant power, and oxygen radical absorbance capacity assays. The ability of apple extracts to inhibit glyco-oxidative stress was studied using three experimental models: albumin glycated by incubation with fructose or methylglyoxal and human dermal fibroblasts incubated with high-glucose (HG) concentration. The results demonstrated a variability in polyphenolic profile, radical scavenging capacity, and ability to inhibit non-enzymatic glycation of protein. The results showed that HG treatment increased the formation of reactive oxygen species, lipid hydroperoxides, and advanced glycation end products in cells with a decrease in total antioxidant capacity. Apple extracts were able to counteract the glycoxidizing action of high glucose, the protective effect was related to apple polyphenol content. Practical applications Local apple varieties could be considered as an important source of genes for apple breeding program and as preferable sources for the development of apple-based food with a strong focus on health beneficial effects. Information about the health-promoting components of ancient varieties may be important for the valorization and preservation of local cultivars, which may represent an important impulse to revitalize the agricultural economy in peripheral areas.

The Cytoprotective and Cell Recovery Properties of Apple Extracts on H2O2 induced-NIH3T3 Cells: An Anti Aging Candidate

Apple contains high concentration of phenolic compounds that protect cells from oxidative stress. The prolong exposure of free radicals may induce cell damage and premature cell aging. Both local and imported apple contain flavonoid, saponin, tannin, steroid, and terpenoid. The extract of local and imported apples showed low toxicity on NIH3T3 fibroblast cells, with IC50 value of 529 and 463 µg/mL, respectively. Both apple extracts (50 – 250 µg /mL) protected three-day-H2O2 induced-cell damage and cell death. Protective effect was observed as the viability increase of treated cells compared to untreated ones. The protective effect of both extracts were higher than the effect of vitamin C as standard antioxidant at this study. Both apple extracts could reverse cell damage caused by three-hour-high concentration H2O2 exposure, similar with vitamin C. Low concentration of both extracts (50 µg /mL) induced the increase of fibroblast cells’ proliferation kinetics. The extract of imported apple showed higher properties of protective, cell recovery and proliferation of fibroblast cells tha local apple, but not statistically significance. This study concludes that the extract of local and imported apples have high potency in cytoprotective effect and cell recovery of damaged cells caused by free radicals induction. Both apple extracts have high potency to be developed the candidate of antiaging and cells’ regeneration agent.Key words: antiaging, cell recovery, cytoprotective, NIH3T3 cells

Analyses of fruit attributes by multidimensional scaling method of apple genetic resources from coastal zone of North Eastern Anatolia, Turkey

Abstract North Eastern Anatolia had a significant contribution to development of cultivated apple. A lot of local apple genotypes have been successfully grown without any pesticide applications despite to high rainfall (900–2300 mm) and humidity (70–85%) especially at the coastal part of the Eastern Black Sea Region of North Eastern Anatolia. We have investigated and selected local apple genotypes from the region which could be of importance for apple breeding by fruit attributes. In this study, sensory characteristics (186 accessions) and quantitative characteristics (176 accessions) determined based on Apple Descriptor, and were analyzed by Multidimensional Scaling analysis. Harvest maturity dates classified the genotypes into early season (19), mid-season (13) and late season (154) apples. Among the genotypes, 39.25% had medium-sized fruits, 53.23% had intermediate attractiveness, 50% had ground color of green-yellow, 59.68% had skin over color of red, 61.29% had good eating quality and 53.76% had fine flesh texture. Quantitative characters showed large variation that fruit weight ranged from 27.4 g to 246.4 g, SSC from 8.6% to 15.4%, TA from 0.08% to 2.24%. Multidimensional Scaling analysis indicated that the genotypes harvested in early and mid-season exhibited larger variation for sensory and quantitative characteristics than did late season apples. Although several genotypes were differentiated for investigated characteristics and/or variables in early and late season groups, mid-season apples did not tend to form any cluster.

Variation in Organic Acid, Sugar and Phenolic Compounds in Fruits of Historical Apple Cultivars

Knowledge about diversity of local apple cultivars is particularly important and helps to ensure that specific cultivars are available when and where farmers need them. The phenolic content, organic acids and sugars were investigated in the four historical apple cultivars (‘Aslik’, ‘Cebegirmez’, ‘Bey Elmasi’ and ‘Arapkizi’) grown in Van province, located in Eastern Anatolia, Turkey. In the study, ellagic acid (63.034 mg per 100 ml) was found to be higher than other phenolic compounds and followed by vanilic acid, caffeic acid and routine, respectively. When examined the apple cultivars, it has been found that the ‘Bey Elmasi’ cultivar has the highest content of six phenolic acids (chlorogenic, ferulic, o-coumaric, p-coumaric, catechin and quercetin). The organic acid contents were as follows: malic>fumaric>succinic>citric>tartaric among cultivars. ‘Arapkizi’ cultivar possessed the highest value of four organic acids except of tartaric acid. It was determined that fructose was the major sugar for all apple cultivars. There was a positive correlation among gallic, ellagic acid and routine. Similarly, the positive correlation was observed among malic, fumaric and succinic acid. However the negative correlation between citric acid and all sugars was observed. As a result, ‘Bey Elmasi’ and ‘Arapkizi’ cultivars with higher phenolic content, ‘Arapkizi’ cultivar with higher organic acid content and ‘Aslik’ cultivar with higher sugar content comes to the foreground. Results indicated the importance of local apple germplasm to use of them for future apple breeding activities to increase inner quality.

Phenotyping gamma-ray-induced mutant population of ‘Amasya’ apple for architectural traits, precocity, floral phenology and fruit characteristics

Abstract Consumers appreciate ‘Amasya’, the most important local apple cultivar of Turkey, but not producers because of several production constraints that complicate management of the cultivar (e.g., low yield, biennial bearing, early blooming and poor fruit skin colouring). Based on this background, ‘Amasya’ scions were irradiated to obtain mutants. Irradiated buds were grafted by bench grafting on M.9 rootstocks, and 857 trees were obtained in the nursery. Phenotyping of the mutant population for architectural traits, precocity, floral phenology and fruit characteristics was conducted under orchard conditions to identify variation among individuals. Induced mutation highly affected all variables studied. Cluster and principal component analyses confirmed considerable variation in the population. Some of the mutants were determined as superiors for the studied variables. Based on the recorded data as well as visual observations, we conclude that genotypes M181, M229, M274, M285, and M472 indicated superiority in the architectural characteristics. The five mutants (namely M112, M129, M293, M383, and M489) showed quite a late flowering in comparison to the others.

Genetic diversity, population structure, and linkage disequilibrium of elite and local apple accessions from Belgium using the IRSC array

The identification of molecular markers associated with economic and quality traits will help improve breeding for new apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) cultivars. Tools such as the 8K apple SNP array developed by the RosBREED consortium allow for high-throughput genotyping of SNP polymorphisms within collections. However, genetic characterization and the identification of population stratification and kinship within germplasm collections is a fundamental prerequisite for identifying robust marker–trait associations. In this study, a collection of apple germplasm originally developed for plant architectural studies and consisting of both non-commercial/local and elite accessions was genotyped using the 8K apple SNP array to identify cryptic relationships between accessions, to analyze population structure and to calculate the linkage disequilibrium (LD). A total of nine pairs of synonyms and several triploids accessions were identified within the 130 accessions genotyped. In addition, most of the known parent-child relations were confirmed, and several putative, previously unknown parent-child relations were identified among the local accessions. No clear subgroups could be identified although some separation between local and elite accessions was evident. The study of LD showed a rapid decay in our collection, indicating that a larger number of SNPs is necessary to perform whole genome association mapping. Finally, an association mapping effort for architectural traits was carried out on a small number of accessions to estimate the feasibility of this approach.

Harvest glove and LabView based mechanical damage determination on apples

Abstract The purpose of the survey was to determine oxidation area and skin color change at the damaged apples by using Arduino based Force Resistive Sensor (FRS) and image analysis techniques. Mondial Gala, Mitch Gala, Jonagold local apple varieties were tested with FRS supported harvest glove which was prepared for the impact measurement. FRS glove used for determination of impact force while harvesting of apples. After the impact test, oxidation areas of each sample was evaluated by using a webcam and Labview platform. The oxidation areas were precisely measured by using LabView software after all these procedures. The effects of the impact tests indicated that response to impact bruising is dependent on flesh firmness and the impact force as well as apple variety.

Assessing the breeding potential of old and local apple cultivars by means of marker-assisted selection on quality traits

Assessing the breeding potential of old and local apple cultivars by means of marker-assisted selection on quality traits

Quality traits and sensory evaluation by blind and visually impaired people of several local apple cultivars

Quality traits and sensory evaluation by blind and visually impaired people of several local apple cultivars