Lobe Of Brain Research Articles

Identification of Ischemic Stroke Condition Based on Hemodynamic Biomarkers

Ischemic stroke is a cerebral hemodynamic disorder that occurs due to the impairment of hemoglobin supply to the tissue, a leading cause of mortality around the world. This research focuses on detecting ischemic stroke conditions by adding new hemodynamic biomarker information to the proposed low-cost wearable point-of-care diagnostic near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) device. Consequently, a new protocol-based sequence of experiments has been carried out to detect the ischemic condition. First, a multichannel, multiwavelength, and multibiomarkers-based point-of-care NIRS system has been developed to accommodate these features onboard. A four-wavelength, six-optode channels-based NIRS probe has been designed such that the physiological noise gets minimized and covers 100 mm <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\times20$ </tex-math></inline-formula> mm area of tissue, for example, the frontal lobe of the brain, with near and far distance concept of optode channels. Infinite impulse response (IIR) filters have been used onboard to improve the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) up to 58.17 dB of the measured biomarker signal. The proposed pipeline of in-vivo occlusion experimentation evoked the ischemic condition at various stages to validate the system performance and temporal characteristics of biomarkers. First, basic PPG signals have recorded to test the performance of the device against the standard PPG signal, then the device has been placed a little upward from the finger to the forearm, where forearm occlusion has been done to mimic the ischemic condition, and finally, the device has been moved further upward and placed at the frontal lobe to record the evoked ischemic biomarker’s response while blocking the carotid artery.

Integrative Analyses Identify KCNJ15 as a Candidate Gene in Patients with Epilepsy.

Although there is accumulating evidence that genetic factors play a vital role in the pathogenesis of epilepsy, few epilepsy-associated genes have been identified. Additionally, the role of KCNJ15 in epilepsy has not been evaluated so far. Here, we performed differentially expressed gene analysis, expression quantitative trait loci analysis, gene co-expression analysis, and protein-protein interaction analysis to evaluate the role of KCNJ15 in epilepsy. Analysis of gene expression and expression quantitative trait loci data revealed that KCNJ15 was significantly downregulated in patients with epilepsy (adjusted P = 0.0146 and log2 Fold change = - 1.0025), and an epilepsy-associated polymorphism (rs2833098) was linked to altered KCNJ15 expression level in human temporal lobe brain tissue (P = 0.0036). Gene co-expression analysis revealed that KCNJ15 was co-expressed with genes that have been reported to be associated with epilepsy in human brain tissue. Furthermore, protein-protein interaction analysis revealed strong supportive evidence for the role of KCNJ15 in epilepsy. Our results show that KCNJ15 may be a candidate target for epilepsy. Functional analysis of KCNJ15 may provide novel insights for epilepsy treatment.

Related amyloid burden and cortical atrophy in individuals with subtle cognitive decline.

Subtle cognitive decline represents a stage of cognitive deterioration in which pathological biomarkers may be present, including early cortical atrophy and amyloid deposition. Using individual items from the Montreal Cognitive Assessment and k-modes cluster analysis, we previously identified three clusters of individuals without overt cognitive impairment: (1) High Performing (no deficits in performance), (2) Memory Deficits (lower memory performance), and (3) Compound Deficits (lower memory and executive function performance). In this study, we sought to understand the relationships found in our clusters between cortical atrophy on MR and amyloid burden on PET. Data were derived from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative and comprised individuals from our previous analyses with available MR and amyloid PET scans (n=272). Using multiple-group structural equation modeling, we regressed amyloid standardized uptake value ratio on volumetric regions to simultaneously evaluate unique associations within each cluster. In our Compound Deficits cluster, greater whole cerebral amyloid burden was significantly related to right entorhinal cortical and left hippocampal atrophy, rs =-.412 (p=.005) and -.304 (p=.049), respectively. Within this cluster, right entorhinal cortical atrophy was significantly related to greater amyloid burden within multiple frontal regions. The Compound Deficits cluster, which represents a group potentially at higher risk for decline, was observed to have significantly more cortical atrophy, particularly within the entorhinal cortex and hippocampus, associated with whole brain and frontal lobe amyloid burden. These findings point to a pattern of early pathological deterioration that may place these individuals at risk for future decline.

MSP Patches Based Optimized EEG Source Localization and Validation in Visual Cortex of Human Brain

This paper is focused on optimizing EEG source localization of visual neural activities generated in the posterior lobe of the human brain. The visual and neural systems of the human brain process the captured images of faces or scenes into optical and chemical neurons in order to produce electrical potentials over the scalp surface, where EEG electrodes measure these signals to sense the underneath visual brain activity. However, it is categorically hard to localize the true neural sources in the human brain's visual cortex due to overlapping and interaction of other active areas of the lobes of the brain. Thus, a novel algorithm of MSP inversion-based Bayesian framework with varying patches for providing the optimal free energy and minimum location in the visual cortex is proposed to address this issue. This algorithm is integrated with a synthetic EEG dataset generation scheme to validate active neural sources. This proposed algorithm provides satisfactory results in terms of optimal free energy with minimum localization error and validates true active sources in the brain. The SPM12 Toolbox is applied in processing the visual EEG dataset in this research. The application of this proposed algorithm is beneficial in terms of localizing the optimum visual sources and identifying the visual disorders or diseases in the human brain.

Moyamoya disease associated with aneurysm –Cerebral ischemia in patient with subarachnoid hemorrhage

Moyamoya disease is cerebrovascular disease with stenosis of intracranial arteries and formation of multiple random collateral blood vessels at basal cistern. It can present as hemorrhagic or ischemic complications. Aneurysm in moyamoya disease is very rare, which can rupture leading to subarachnoid hemorrhage and secondary vasospasm leading to ischemia of cerebral lobes. We present a case of young woman with Moyamoya disease presenting with Subarachnoid hemorrhage secondary to rupture of basilar artery aneurysm, later developing cerebral cortical infarct.

Effects of Electroacupuncture on the Correlation between Serum and Central Immunity in AD Model Animals.

Objective The goal was to investigate the connection between neuroinflammation in the brain and serum inflammatory markers as Alzheimer's disease progressed. We also sought to determine whether electroacupuncture had an effect on inflammatory markers found in blood and other brain regions. Methods As an animal model for AD, we used senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8 (SAMP8) mice. To examine the effects and probable mechanism of electroacupuncture, we used HE staining, immunofluorescence staining, western blotting, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results Electroacupuncture therapy protected neurons, significantly downregulated the Iba-1 level in the hippocampus (p value was 0.003), frontal lobe cortex (p value was 0.042), and temporal lobe cortex (p value was 0.013) of the AD animal model, all of which had significantly lower levels of IL-6 (p value was 0.001), IL-1β (p value was 0.001), and TNF-α (p value was 0.001) in their serum. Conclusion The amounts of IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α detected in the serum were strongly linked to the levels discovered in the hippocampus and the frontal lobes of the brain, respectively. A better understanding of the electroacupuncture process as well as the course of Alzheimer's disease and the therapeutic benefits of electroacupuncture may be gained by using biomarkers such as serum inflammatory marker biomarkers.

EEG Evaluation in a Neuropsychological Intervention Program Based on Virtual Reality in Adults with Parkinson's Disease.

Nowadays, several strategies for treating neuropsychologic function loss in Parkinson’s disease (PD) have been proposed, such as physical activity performance and developing games to exercise the mind. However, few studies illustrate the incidence of these therapies in neuronal activity. This work aims to study the feasibility of a virtual reality-based program oriented to the cognitive functions’ rehabilitation of PD patients. For this, the study was divided into intervention with the program, acquisition of signals, data processing, and results analysis. The alpha and beta bands’ power behavior was determined by evaluating the electroencephalography (EEG) signals obtained during the execution of control tests and games of the “Hand Physics Lab” Software, from which five games related to attention, planning, and sequencing, concentration, and coordination were taken. Results showed the characteristic performance of the cerebral bands during resting states and activity states. In addition, it was determined that the beta band increased its activity in all the cerebral lobes in all the tested games (p-value < 0.05). On the contrary, just one game exhibited an adequate performance of the alpha band activity of the temporal and frontal lobes (p-value < 0.02). Furthermore, the visual attention and the capacity to process and interpret the information given by the surroundings was favored during the execution of trials (p-value < 0.05); thus, the efficacy of the virtual reality program to recover cognitive functions was verified. The study highlights implementing new technologies to rehabilitate people with neurodegenerative diseases.

Functional implication of ubiquitinating and deubiquitinating mechanisms in TDP-43 proteinopathies.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease in which motor neurons in spinal cord and motor cortex are progressively lost. About 15% cases of ALS also develop the frontotemporal dementia (FTD), in which the frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) occurs in the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain. Among the pathologic commonalities in ALS and FTD is ubiquitin-positive cytoplasmic aggregation of TDP-43 that may reflect both its loss-of-function and gain-of-toxicity from proteostasis impairment. Deep understanding of how protein quality control mechanisms regulate TDP-43 proteinopathies still remains elusive. Recently, a growing body of evidence indicates that ubiquitinating and deubiquitinating pathways are critically engaged in the fate decision of aberrant or pathological TDP-43 proteins. E3 ubiquitin ligases coupled with deubiquitinating enzymes may influence the TDP-43-associated proteotoxicity through diverse events, such as protein stability, translocation, and stress granule or inclusion formation. In this article, we recapitulate our current understanding of how ubiquitinating and deubiquitinating mechanisms can modulate TDP-43 protein quality and its pathogenic nature, thus shedding light on developing targeted therapies for ALS and FTD by harnessing protein degradation machinery.

P11.18.A Localizing value of EEG recordings in patients with glioblastoma

Abstract Background Glioblastoma is associated with a high risk of epileptic seizures ranging from 40% to 60%. Before the advent of modern imaging techniques, electroencephalography (EEG) was a critical component in evaluating patients with space-occupying lesions. In this retrospective single-center study, we aimed (1) to characterize a cohort of patients with glioblastoma with regards to EEG monitoring, seizure frequency and the frequency of prescribed anti-seizure medications (ASM) and (2) to assess the value of EEG as a localizing technique in patients with glioblastoma. Material and Methods We reviewed the charts of 179 patients with glioblastomas between January 1st, 2020 and January 1st, 2022, treated at the Medical University of Vienna. The diagnosis was based on MRI and/or confirmed by biopsy according to the 2016 World Health Organization Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System. Patients who received an in-house EEG as part of their diagnostic work-up were included if an MRI/CT scan was available (within an average time of +/-60 days). For localization, focal slowing (theta/delta activity) and/or epileptiform discharges were considered. EEG rating was performed by a board-certified electrophysiologist blinded for the diagnosis and MRI/biopsy findings. Results We included 52 patients (29.05% of screened cohort) with at least one EEG and MRI or CT scan performed before or after EEG, following inclusion criteria (median: 2 days; mean: 6 days; range: -29 to 52), in the final analysis. Clinical seizure activity and/or epileptiform discharges on EEG were detected in 46 patients (88.46%), and 48 patients (92.31%) were on ASM. An IDH-wildtype glioblastoma was diagnosed in 45 patients (86.54%), 4 had an IDH-mutant glioblastoma (7.69%), and in 3 patients, IDH-status was unknown (5.77%). In 22 patients (42.31%), biopsy revealed a positive MGMT promoter methylation status, while 28 were unmethylated (53.84%), and two patients had an unknown MGMT promoter methylation status (3.85%). Intermittent and/or continuous focal slow-wave activity was registered in 45 patients (86.54%). In comparison, epileptiform discharges could only be found in 13 patients (25%). When compared to MRI/CT scans, the hemispheric tumor localization could be determined in 42 cases (80.77%). Moreover, the affected brain lobe was accurately predicted in 35 patients (67.31%). Three patients had diffuse EEG changes (5.77%), and EEG was unremarkable in 7 patients (13.46%). Conclusion Overall, our presented data indicate that the hemispheric localization of glioblastoma can be reliably predicted by EEG recordings, while a precise (brain lobe-specific) localization was only possible in around two-thirds of cases.

Development of a low-grade glioma in an ischemic brain territory that evolved into a glioblastoma. A case report and brief literature review

Abstract Introduction: Glioblastoma is one of the most common and aggressive brain tumours with a very high mortality rate. It often evolves from a late or misdiagnosed astrocytoma. Stroke is one of the most common pathologies of the brain, affecting approximately 1.1 million Europeans each year. This article presents the sequential development of a low-grade astrocytoma in an ischemic brain territory into a high-grade glioblastoma. Case presentation: A 59-year-old patient presented to our hospital with severe headache and transient loss of balance and vision. Clinical findings and control imaging revealed the presence of an ischemic brain area in the left temporal lobe of the brain. Monthly brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) follow-up revealed the development of a low-grade astrocytoma in the ischemic territory, which later evolved into a glioblastoma. Conclusions: Patients who suffer from a stroke should be closely monitored via MRI to prevent the rare development of tumour pathology in the affected territory.

Dual-energy CT imaging of chronic subdural hematoma membranes: technical note.

This technical note describes a novel dual-energy CT (DECT) protocol with iodine map reconstruction that will enable visualization of chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) membranes. We describe the technique and discuss the potential implications for surgical management. The cohort included 36 patients with 50 hematomas. Enhancing external membrane was demonstrated in all the 50 hematomas, incomplete internal membrane in 13, and complete internal membrane in 23 hematomas. A spandrel sign at the transition zone that indicates partial or complete formation of internal membrane was demonstrated in 36 hematomas. KEY POINTS: • Iodine maps from 5-min delayed post-contrast DECT provide spectral contrast difference and facilitate segregation of chronic subdural hematoma membranes. • The ability to image the membranes helps in assessing the degree of organization of the hematoma by providing the information about the membrane thickness, volume, complexity of the membranes, and the proportion of the liquefied component within the hematoma before surgical procedures are undertaken. • Membrane visualization helps in the localization of the transition zone and extension of the membranes over the cerebral lobes helping in the determination of craniotomy location and size, during membranectomy.

Customized whole brain-covering 3D GRASE in multi-delay pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling for duplex distinct hemodynamic mapping contrasts of brain tissues and circulation pathways

Gradient and spin echo (GRASE) is widely employed in arterial spin labeling (ASL) as an efficient readout sequence. Hemodynamic parameter mappings of perfusion, such as cerebral blood flow (CBF) and arterial transit time (ATT), can be derived via multi-delay ASL acquisitions. Multi-delay ASL perfusion imaging inevitably suffers limited signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) since a motion-sensitized vessel suppressing module has to be employed to highlight perfusion signals. The present work reveals that in multi-delay ASL, manipulation of GRASE sequence on either planar imaging echo echo train for adjusted spatial resolutions or FSE echo train for modulated extent of T 2-blurring can significantly alter the mapping contrasts among tissues and among cerebral lobes under different pathways of blood circulation, and meanwhile regulates SNR. Four separate multi-delay ASL scans with different echo train designs in 3D whole brain covering GRASE were carried out for healthy subjects to evaluate the variations in regard to the parameter quantifications and SNR. Based on the quantification mappings, the GRASE acquisition with moderate spatial resolution (3.5 × 3.5 × 4 mm3) and segmented k z scheme was recognized for the first time to be recommended for more unambiguous CBF and ATT contrasts between GM and WM in conjunction with more enhanced ATT contrast between anterior and posterior cerebral circulations, with reasonably good SNR. The technical proposal is of great value for the cutting-edge research of a variety of neurological diseases of global concerns.

Evolution of brain network dynamics in early Parkinson's disease with mild cognitive impairment.

How mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is instantiated in dynamically interacting and spatially distributed functional brain networks remains an unexplored mystery in early Parkinson's disease (PD). We applied a machine-learning technology based on personalized sliding-window algorithm to track continuously time-varying and overlapping subnetworks under the functional brain networks calculated form resting state electroencephalogram data within a sample of 33 early PD patients (13 early PD patients with MCI and 20 early PD patients without MCI). We decoded a set of subnetworks that captured surprisingly dynamically varying and integrated interactions among certain brain lobes. We observed that the master expressed subnetworks were particularly transient, and flexibly switching between high and low expression during integration into a dynamic brain network. This transience was particularly salient in a subnetwork predominantly linking temporal-parietal-occipital lobes, which decreases in both expression and flexibility in early PD patients with MCI and expresses their degree of cognitive impairment. Moreover, MCI induced a regularly interrupted, slow evolution of subnetworks in functional brain network dynamics in early PD at the individual level, and the dynamic expression characteristics of subnetworks also reflected the degree of cognitive impairment in patients with early PD. Collectively, these results provide novel and deeper insights regarding MCI-induced abnormal dynamical interaction and large-scale changes in functional brain network of early PD.

Anatomy of the Cerebral Cortex, Lobes, and Cerebellum.

Strong foundational knowledge of the anatomy of the cerebral cortex, lobes, and cerebellum is key to guide the search for potential lesions based on clinical presentation and known focal neurologic deficits. This article provides an introduction and overview of cerebral cortical anatomy, including the key sulci that divide the 4 lobes of the cerebral cortex, as well as the major gyral and sulcal landmarks within each lobe. The organization of the cerebellum and its major anatomic constituents are also described. Commonly encountered anatomic variants and asymmetries in cerebral cortical anatomy are presented and discussed.

Neuromodulation of verb-transitivity judgments

This study aimed to further clarify the roles of the temporal and frontal lobes of the brain in the processing of verb argument structure. Left inferior frontal brain areas have long been considered important for sentence processing, but recent research links left posterior temporal cortex to knowledge of verb argument structure. We applied cathodal High-Definition transcranial Direct Current Stimulation to 45 participants in a between-subjects design, with 15 participants each for inferior-frontal-cortex stimulation, posterior-temporal-cortex stimulation, and sham stimulation. Set up as a training task during stimulation, participants made overt judgments on the number of participant roles associated with individual verbs. Stimulation of posterior temporal cortex did not yield results that were different from sham stimulation, speeding up task responses overall. By contrast, stimulation of inferior frontal cortex yielded differential results for intransitive versus transitive verbs, speeding up responses to intransitive verbs and increasing accuracy to transitive verbs, relative to other conditions. The transitivity effect, specific to inferior frontal stimulation, suggests a role for inferior frontal cortex in access to verb-argument-structure information, possibly specific to situations of high cognitive load and in which participant roles have to be established for production, as opposed to comprehension.

Neurovascular dysfunction in GRN-associated frontotemporal dementia identified by single-nucleus RNA sequencing of human cerebral cortex.

Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is the second most prevalent form of early-onset dementia, affecting predominantly frontal and temporal cerebral lobes. Heterozygous mutations in the progranulin gene (GRN) cause autosomal-dominant FTD (FTD-GRN), associated with TDP-43 inclusions, neuronal loss, axonal degeneration and gliosis, but FTD-GRN pathogenesis is largely unresolved. Here we report single-nucleus RNA sequencing of microglia, astrocytes and the neurovasculature from frontal, temporal and occipital cortical tissue from control and FTD-GRN brains. We show that fibroblast and mesenchymal cell numbers were enriched in FTD-GRN, and we identified disease-associated subtypes of astrocytes and endothelial cells. Expression of gene modules associated with blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction was significantly enriched in FTD-GRN endothelial cells. The vasculature supportive function and capillary coverage by pericytes was reduced in FTD-GRN tissue, with increased and hypertrophic vascularization and an enrichment of perivascular T cells. Our results indicate a perturbed BBB and suggest that the neurovascular unit is severely affected in FTD-GRN.

Criminal Anthropology Yesterday — Biosocial Criminology Today?

The «biological» trend within contemporary foreign criminology has shown a clear tendency for the expansion of the range and spectrum of research in recent decades. First of all, this concerns the study of the features of neurophysiological processes in inmates of penitentiary institutions serving sentences for committing serious violent crimes. The results of such studies document the presence of significant structural and functional changes in the frontal lobes of the brain in these individuals (in comparison with those convicted for less serious crimes of non-violent nature and previously unconvicted persons). The article provides a brief overview of the history of studying the influence of these brain areas on human antisocial behavior. It shows that different aspects of this problem have been considered in the works of psychiatrists, pathologists and lawyers continuously since the 17th century. It assumed a distinctive form in the works of the representatives of criminal anthropology at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. During this period, a fairly complete theoretical picture of the involvement of the frontal lobes of the cerebral cortex in the mechanism of human criminal activity emerged. However, the works of Lombroso and his followers, whose names today are associated with criminal anthropology, contributed not so much to the popularity of this theory as to the vulgarization its key theses and discreditation of the criminal anthropological trend as a whole. The biosocial trend, which is now being actively developed within the structure of criminological science in the West, sees its development prospects in the reasonable use of some fundamental points of criminal anthropology from the pre- and post-Lombrosoian periods of its development and their subsequent adaptation to the modern scientific and technological tools available in the neurosciences. This methodological scheme is manifested, in particular, in neurophysiological studies of criminals. Thus, today the representatives of the Russian science of penology are facing a dilemma: to continue ignoring the «biological» component of this sphere of scientific knowledge or to try and bring it back into their field of vision.

Multivariate Empirical Mode Decomposition of EEG for Mental State Detection at Localized Brain Lobes.

In this study, the Multivariate Empirical Mode Decomposition (MEMD) approach is applied to extract features from multi-channel EEG signals for mental state classification. MEMD is a data-adaptive analysis approach which is suitable particularly for multi-dimensional non-linear signals like EEG. Applying MEMD results in a set of oscillatory modes called intrinsic mode functions (IMFs). As the decomposition process is data-dependent, the IMFs vary in accordance with signal variation caused by functional brain activity. Among the extracted IMFs, it is found that those corresponding to high-oscillation modes are most useful for detecting different mental states. Non-linear features are computed from the IMFs that contribute most to mental state detection. These MEMD features show a significant performance gain over the conventional tempo-spectral features obtained by Fourier transform and Wavelet transform. The dominance of specific brain region is observed by analysing the MEMD features extracted from associated EEG channels. The frontal region is found to be most significant with a classification accuracy of 98.06%. This multi-dimensional decomposition approach upholds joint channel properties and produces most discriminative features for EEG based mental state detection.

Characterization of cortical activity in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy by gradient magnetic field topography

ObjectiveGradient magnetic field topography (GMFT) illustrates the magnetic field gradients of epileptic spike or polyspikes (S/PS) activities on a volume-rendered brain surface. The purpose is to characterize cortical activation in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME). MethodsWe compared interictal S/PS activities in 10 patients with JME to five patients with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS). We defined areas with gradients exceeding 300fT/cm as activated zones (AZs) on GMFT. We defined the hemisphere where an AZ initially appeared as the “preceding hemisphere”. We localized the foci where AZs arose and evaluated their spatiotemporal changes. ResultsIn JME, the localization of S/PS in the preceding hemisphere was frontal in 18 activities (28%), parietal in 10 (15%), and frontal/parietal in 33 (51%), and in the contralateral hemisphere it was frontal in 14 (32%), parietal in 6 (14%), and frontal/parietal in 19 (43%). In LGS, AZs arose in every lobe of the brain. The median interhemispheric time difference was 7 ms (range: 0–20) in JME, which was significantly shorter than the 19 ms (1–50) observed among patients with LGS (p < 0.0001). ConclusionsAZs are localized within the bilateral frontal and parietal regions. AZs arose serially from foci with small time differences. SignificanceThese results are consistent with regional network involvement in JME.

Impacts of development and adult sex on brain cell numbers in the Black Soldier Fly, Hermetia illucens L. (Diptera: Stratiomyidae)

The Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens, Diptera: Stratiomyidae) has been introduced across the globe, with numerous industry applications predicated on its tremendous growth during the larval stage. However, basic research on H. illucens biology (for example, studies of their central nervous system) are lacking. Despite their small brain volumes, insects are capable of complex behaviors; understanding how these behaviors are completed with such a small amount of neural tissue requires understanding processing power (e.g. number of cells) within the brain. Brain cell counts have been completed in only a few insect species (mostly Hymenoptera), and almost exclusively in adults. This limits the taxonomic breadth of comparative analyses, as well as any conclusions about how development and body size growth may impact brain cell populations. Here, we present the first images and cell counts of the H. illucens brain at four time points across development (early, mid, and late larval stages, and both male and female adults) using immunohistochemistry and isotropic fractionation. To assess sexual dimorphism in adults, we quantified the number of cells in the central brain vs. optic lobes of males and females separately. To assess if increases in body size during development might independently affect different regions of the CNS, we quantified the larval ventral nerve cord and central brain separately at all three stages. Together, these data provide the first description of the nervous system of a popular, farmed invertebrate and the first study of brain cell numbers using IF across developmental stages in any insect.