Loan Companies Research Articles

Organizational and legal principles of functioning of saving and loan companies in the Ukrainian lands of the Russian empire (1869-1917). T

Organizational and legal principles of functioning of saving and loan companies in the Ukrainian lands of the Russian empire (1869-1917). T

Loan Question Answering Platform Based on ERNIE and Knowledge Graph

At present, the excessive amount of loan consultation has brought great pressure to manual customer service. However, the existing loan question answering (QA) platforms cannot solve this problem well because of their poor understanding ability. Therefore, the authors constructs a loan QA platform based on ERNIE and knowledge graph (KG). Firstly, they use semi-automatic methods to construct KG with data from a loan company. Secondly, they use token-level random mask strategy (TRM), word-level fixed mask strategy (WFM), and fine-tuning strategy integrating knowledge (IK) to train ERNIE. Finally, they construct a QA platform based on KG and trained ERNIE and experiment with proprietary datasets. The results show that ERNIE trained after three strategies achieve average improvements of 14.7% on judging intention similarity of sentence pairs and 14.28% on retrieving the most similar intention problem compared with the baseline. It also shows that their platform achieves an average improvement of 13% on question answering compared with the customer service app of the loan company.

Sosialiasasi Perlindungan Hukum bagi Pengguna Pinjaman Online

The rapid development of technology and entering the 5.0 era has a very big influence on human life in various fields. Financial Technology is the use of technology in the financial system that produces new products, services, technology, and or business models and can have an impact on monetary stability, financial system stability, and/or efficiency, smoothness, security, and reliability of the payment system. One form of fintech is Peer to peer lending, which is an information technology-based lending and borrowing service between Recipients and Lenders, or online mutual cooperation funding, also known as online loans. The rise and proliferation of online loan companies indirectly makes people more tempted because the procedures offered are so easy even though the online loan interest is much higher than the bank. In connection with this, it is important to hold coaching activities for these community members through socialization or counseling. Explaining the socialization of legal protection for online loan users

Integrating Customer Portfolio Theory and the Multiple Sources of Risk Approaches to Model Risk-Adjusted Revenue

This study proposes new methods to formulate customers' risk-adjusted revenue (RAR) metrics applied to the financial industry. Using a customer dataset provided by a loan company, we compute RAR using benchmark approaches presented in the literature and new formulas that combine the Customer Portfolio Theory and the Multiple Sources of Revenues approaches. We validate the efficiency and originality of our formulations by implementing statistical tests to check for differences across the different RAR measures. We find that the proposed RAR models are unique and can be implemented in the industry to account for multiple sources of risk, hence providing managers with ways to improve their valuation of customers' portfolios.

Analyzing the Financial Performance of Top 5 NBFCs in India: An Analytical Study

NBFCs play supplement the role of banking sector in meeting the increasing financial needs of the corporate sector, delivering credit to the unorganized sector and to small local borrowers. NBFCs are often called shadow banks as they function a lot like banks but with fewer regulatory controls. Barring a few, they cannot accept deposits from people and so raise money from bonds or borrow from banks. NBFCs have a more flexible structure than banks. NBFCs are classified as Asset Finance Company, Investment Finance Company and Loan Company. The aim of the study is to find out the financial performance of selected NBFCs for a period of five years from year 2017 to year 2021. This study also helps in understanding the present financial status of the selected companies. Earning per Share, Net Profit, Debt to Equity, Return on Equity and Price to Earning Ratio are used in the present study. analysis like Trend analysis and correlational analysis are done using the financial software named SPSS v20. As a conclusion it can be said that financial performances of Muthoot Finance and Bajaj Finance are up to the par and helpful for growth of companies as well as growth of shareholder’s wealth for the period of study.

GAMBARAN PENGGUNAAN FINANCIAL TECHNOLOGY (FINTECH) DALAM BENTUK PINJAMAN ONLINE (PINJOL) PADA UMKM DI INDONESIA

The use of technological advances in the financial sector is growing rapidly. Technological innovations present a more practical financial transaction process, one of which is applied to online loans. Online lending business practices connect lenders with online lenders. The disbursement of 22 trillion loans from 99 online loan companies registered with the OJK has made 9 million transactions to more than 3 million Indonesians. For this reason, it is necessary to analyze the factors that influence interest in using financial technology in the form of online loans. As one of Indonesia's financial drivers, Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) play a role in transactions using online loan platforms. This study uses a quantitative approach by conducting an online survey of MSMEs to obtain primary data. The survey results show that 44.41% of SMEs use registered online loans, 18.75% use unregistered loans and 36.84% do not. The majority of businesses are SMEs in the culinary field with 58.88% of the main occupations, 50.99% having high school education and 66.78% living in rural areas. From a psychological point of view, most MSME actors make online loans from self-indulgence and have sufficient perceptions, lack of knowledge and sufficient attitudes. From social factors, most of them are motivated by colleagues who use online loans. Most of the MSME sellers are aged 36-45 years with a monthly net income of less than 5 million.

THE OPERATIONS OF SAVINGS AND LOANS AND THE PERFORMANCES OF BUSINESSES IN ACCRA

Savings and Loans operations in Ghana represent significant development and performance of most businesses and therefore maintaining these Savings and Loans operations is important. However, there seems to be paucity of studies on the operations of savings and loans companies’ effects on the performances of businesses in general and Greater Accra in particular. This research seeks to bridge this knowledge gap by analyzing the operations of savings and loans companies’ effects on the performances of businesses in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana. The study will be guided by three research objectives. Study methods include the use of questionnaire for data analysis. A total of 40 respondents (20 staff of Savings and Loans companies and twenty (20) small business operators (men and women) who took part in this study were randomly purposively selected. The results indicate that small businesses in Accra township sourced start-up capital from savings and loans companies, personal savings and support from friends and families. It also emerged from the study that the business operators that were unable to receive entire amount requested from the financial institutions attributed it to failure to meet the credit requirements, failure to provide the required collateral security and the absence of active account with the financial institutions. Again the study found that credit received by the business operators in Accra township was utilized for the expansion of business. The study further found that business operators in Accra township are confronted with several challenges in accessing credit facilities from Savings and Loans Companies. These challenges include bureaucracy, lack of opportunity to take second loan, high risk and uncertainty, high level of interest rate on credit, low level of knowledge about credit sourcing and shorter repayment period. It is recommended that to enhance small and medium business operators in Accra township access and acquisition of credit facilities from Savings and Loans companies should be efficiently utilized. Keywords: Operations, Savings and Loans, Performance, Businesses, Accra.

Personalized Dynamic Pricing with Machine Learning: High-Dimensional Features and Heterogeneous Elasticity

We consider a seller who can dynamically adjust the price of a product at the individual customer level, by utilizing information about customers’ characteristics encoded as a d-dimensional feature vector. We assume a personalized demand model, parameters of which depend on s out of the d features. The seller initially does not know the relationship between the customer features and the product demand but learns this through sales observations over a selling horizon of T periods. We prove that the seller’s expected regret, that is, the revenue loss against a clairvoyant who knows the underlying demand relationship, is at least of order [Formula: see text] under any admissible policy. We then design a near-optimal pricing policy for a semiclairvoyant seller (who knows which s of the d features are in the demand model) who achieves an expected regret of order [Formula: see text]. We extend this policy to a more realistic setting, where the seller does not know the true demand predictors, and show that this policy has an expected regret of order [Formula: see text], which is also near-optimal. Finally, we test our theory on simulated data and on a data set from an online auto loan company in the United States. On both data sets, our experimentation-based pricing policy is superior to intuitive and/or widely-practiced customized pricing methods, such as myopic pricing and segment-then-optimize policies. Furthermore, our policy improves upon the loan company’s historical pricing decisions by 47% in expected revenue over a six-month period. This paper was accepted by Noah Gans, stochastic models and simulation.

Teaching (Cooperative) Business: The “Bluefield Experiment” and the Future of Black Business Schools

Teaching (Cooperative) Business: The “Bluefield Experiment” and the Future of Black Business Schools

Testimony of Erik F. Gerding, “Industrial Loan Companies, Fintech Charters, and Eroding the Separation between Banking and Commerce,” for a Hearing before the U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Financial Services, Subcommittee on Consumer Protection and Financial Institutions on “Banking Innovation or Regulation Evasion?: Exploring Modern Trends in Financial Institution Charters”

The 2020 Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation reopening of deposit insurance to industrial loan companies (“ILCs”) threatens to: ¶ create risks to financial stability; ¶ distort competition in commercial markets; ¶ distort competition in banking markets and promote greater risk-taking; ¶ generate conflicts of interest in lending; and ¶ compromise consumer protections. The FDIC’s ability to map and respond to these risks is limited by the fact that ILCs and the conglomerates that own them are not subject to consolidated supervision. The Office of the Comptroller of the Currency's new fintech charter contravenes the text, purpose, and structure of the National Bank Act and other core federal banking statutes. Conferring banking privileges on non-deposit taking firms provides them with competitive advantages over commercial rivals that distorts markets. The OCC’s fintech charter seems designed mainly to preempt state financial laws without authorization from Congress. It would also open up exemptions from important federal financial laws for favored firms. Congress should reverse these actions and close destructive loopholes in banking law by: ¶ ending the ILC exemption to the Bank Holding Company; and ¶ removing the Comptroller’s ability to issue future charters to non-deposit taking firms. Congress should reinforce the walls separating commerce from banking, which: ¶ guard against concentrations of financial, economic, and political power in the largest banking, retail, and tech conglomerates; ¶ prevent distortions and unfair competition in commercial markets; ¶ safeguard financial stability; ¶ reduce conflicts of interest in credit; and ¶ protect consumers.

Predicting Loan Defaults Using Logistic Regression

We used anonymized data from a loan company to analyze correlations between loan defaults and other characteristics of loans or borrowers of loans. We performed an exploratory data analysis of the different factors and how they correlated with loan defaults. Using observations made in the EDA, we proceeded to use logistic regression to predict the odds of loan defaults with several loan characteristics as predictor variables. Different models were evaluated and cross-validated using AIC, AUC, and predicted accuracy. Weighted accuracy was also measured because the loan dataset was a stratified sample. We concluded that the interest rate most accurately predicted the odds of a loan default and that the most useful model was both simplistic and accurate. Research was limited by the variables that were not analyzed during EDA, the limited variables the loan dataset contained, and the modeling technique used.

A decision tree classifier for credit assessment problems in big data environments

Financial institutions have long sought to reduce the risk of consumer loans by improving their credit assessment methods. As new information and network technologies enable massive data collections from many different sources, credit assessment has become a challenge in the big data environment. Complicated processing is required to deal with vast, messy data sources and ever-changing loan regulations. This study proposes a decision tree credit assessment approach (DTCAA) to solve the credit assessment problem in a big data environment. Decision tree models offer good interpretability and easily understood rules, with competitive performance capabilities. In addition, DTCAA features various data consolidation methods to eliminate some of the noise in raw data and facilitate the construction of decision tree. By using a large volume data set from one of the biggest car collateral loan companies in Taiwan, this study verifies the efficiency and validity of DTCAA. The results indicate that DTCAA is competitive in various situations and across multiple factors, in support of the applicability of DTCAA to credit assessment practices.

Was Polllock V. Farmers’ Loan & Trust Co (1895) Decided Consistently with Existing Tax Principles?

The foundation of the modern tax system in the United States is based on the 16th Amendment passed in 1909. The Amendment was Congress’s response to the Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Company, 157 U.S. 429 (1895), affirmed on rehearing, 158 U.S. 601 (1895). Pollock held that an income tax levied on the US population based on “dividends, royalties, and rents” was unconstitutional. Because of this, Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Company was a key case in the history of taxation and tax law in the United States. Theoretically, the key question is whether a tax on property is the same as “dividends, royalties, and rents” arising from that property. Understanding the reasoning of this case illuminates key concepts in taxation, the history of taxation, and has implications on Constitutional history and interpretation.

Transforming from Refugees to Entrepreneurs in Britain

Recognizing the importance of refugees as potential entrepreneurs was the main reason that impelled the launch of small business start-up programmes. In Britain, The Entrepreneurial Refugee Network (TERN) was the principal institution concerned with refugees as potential entrepreneurs, whereas in Australia, the programme was run by the Ignite Small Business Start-Ups. The research question was based on investigating to what extent the British initiative programmes are immersed in supporting refugees’ transformation into entrepreneurs, and to answer this question the researcher investigated how these programmes provide funds, training, and technical assistance. To place this in context, we compared the case of Britain with what has been achieved in Australia where the first worldwide experimental programme was applied. The aim of this comparison was to draw any lessons learned that could profitability be considered by the British programmes. Data was abstracted from the annual reports, and in addition, interviews conducted with the principals to ask about the size of loans granted, dates of loans, type of projects and the number of loans. It was noticeable that Ignite and TERN took a great interest in training, consulting, and advising their applicants. Both programmes were similar, even in number of beneficiaries. However, in Britain there was more interest in offering loans to potential entrepreneurs, especially the finance offered by the New Enterprise Allowance (NEA). Moreover, some businesses have been distinguished in their achievements, including such well-run successes as Dama Cheese and Fagee Fashion. On the other hand, the Start Up Loan Company offered financing compatible with the principles of Islamic Sharia which encourages more refugees to ask for finance.

Mounting debts, less dividend payouts? The more loans companies have, the more dividends they pay

It has been a long-held principle in corporate finance that a company’s dividend payments must come from its net profits. Also, that the dividends paid to a company’s shareholders, whether holders of common or preferred stock, are entitled to some of those net profits in the form of dividends as a reward for investing and the risk involved. These concepts have been used in countless textbooks dealing with finance, accounting, and investments and has served as a basis for investors to purchase common or preferred stock throughout the decades. A company’s performance is often measured by how much dividends have increased over the years and whether it is a good long-term investment for individual investors, pension funds, mutual funds, and hedge funds. However, in recent years, the trend is changing in that corporations issuing common or preferred stock are paying dividends, not based on the amount of net profits they have made but based on the amount of financial capital that can be borrowed. A corporation may not necessarily make shareholders aware of this tactic as long as it adheres to its long-stated dividend policy and that they are receiving regular dividend payments whether they are increasing over time or remaining the same. The corporation could, in theory, maintain this method of paying dividends as long as the shareholders are satisfied and content with their cashflow from their equity investment in the company. But, in the long run, the corporation may actually be misleading shareholders as well as damaging the company’s financial situation by overextending itself with too much debt.

УДОСКОНАЛЕННЯ ПРАВОВИХ ОСНОВ СИСТЕМИ ДРІБНОГО СІЛЬСЬКОГОСПОДАРСЬКОГО КООПЕРАТИВНОГО КРЕДИТУ В УКРАЇНІ ЗА ЧАСІВ СТОЛИПІНСЬКИХ РЕФОРМ (1906-1917 рр.)

У статті досліджено процес формування правових основ системи дрібного сільськогосподарського кооперативного кредиту, початок якому було покладено «Зразковим статутом» ощадно-позичкових товариств, схваленим Міністерством фінансів Російської імперії 19 липня 1871 р. Згідно з цим правовим актом, основним завданням ощадно-позичкових товариств було формування обігових коштів, необхідних дрібним сільськогосподарським товаровиробникам з ряду непривілейованих станів для купівлі насіння, худоби, знарядь праці, без чого господарювати на землі практично неможливо. У наступні десятиліття імперський центр вжив цілу низку актів нормативного характеру, з тим щоб унеможливити масове розорення широких мас так званих «сільських станів», які, як відомо, були основними платниками податків і, відповідно, від яких залежало формування державного бюджету. Наступним, після 1871 року, ключовим етапом у становленні кооперативного кредиту на українських землях Російської імперії були: «Положення про установи дрібного кредиту» від 1 червня 1895 року та «Положення про установи дрібного кредиту» від 7 червня 1904 року. Останній законодавчій акт став своєрідним фундаментом цілої низки правових актів 1906–1917 років, результатом яких у тогочасній країні сформувалась чітка система кредитної кооперації, якою досить активно користувалися непривілейовані стани від початку столипінських перетворень і до відомих соціальних потрясінь 1917року.

Legal Protection Against Consumers In Illegal Online Loans

INDAH APRILIA SIDIKI (NIM :1011418002 ) 2021. “LEGAL PROTECTION AGAINST CONSUMERS IN ILLEGAL ONLINE LOANS”. Supervised by each Supervisor I : Dr. Fence M. Wantu, SH., MH., and Supervisor II : Dolot Alhasni Bakung, SH., MH. Department of Law, Faculty of Law, State University of Gorontalo.This study discusses legal protection for consumers in illegal online loans. The purpose of this research is to find out legal protection for consumers in illegal online loans, and to find out the legal consequences of default in illegal online loans. The method used is normative research using library dataThe results of this study are that online loan service providers have been regulated in Financial Services Authority Regulation Number 77 /POJK.01/2016 concerning Information Technology-Based Borrowing-Lending Services, but not all online loan companies are registered with financial services authorities. Then the legal consequences of default in online loans are not clearly regulated because existing regulations only regulate defaults carried out by legal online loans, while illegal ones are only regulated for reprimands and up to blocking if proven guilty, related to consumers being transferred to the Criminal Code and the Protection Act. consumer.Keywords: Protection, loans, illegal

Institutional Analysis of Banks and Personal Loan Companies: Lesson from Poland

:The purpose of the article is to explain changes in the behavior of individuals, their actions, choices and ways of thinking that took place under the influence of banking and personal loan companies in Poland. The hypothesis adopted here is that mistakes made in the lawmaking process in Poland caused a number of adverse social changes, which affected the poorest part of society. The article is devoted to legal norms which banks started to apply as prudential regulations after the financial crisis from 2008 to 2015. In 2016, new important legal regulations were introduced which slightly changed the image of the market described in the article. The article describes the results of the author’s research concerning far-reaching social consequences of the regulations introduced at that time. Such consequences include people already in the lowest-income levels of society falling further into poverty, as well as loss of trust in the state as an institution failing to protect all of its citizens.

Economic Exclusion as a Predictor of Cascade Exclusion:A Case Study of Loan Companies in Poland

The paper discusses the results of two empirical research projects on consumer micro-loans in Poland recently conducted at the Institute of Applied Social Sciences (University of Warsaw) and the Institute of Justice. The text summarizes the main findings of both studies and focuses on their main common thread: the various dimensions of social exclusion among average consumers who enter the loan market. The text argues that individuals who take consumer loans usually experience financial exclusion, which in turn prevents them from obtaining the cheaper credit available from banks. At the same time, by entering the loan market individuals de facto exclude themselves from effective legal protection (from courts and administrative bodies), which should be provided as an element of the rule of law in a democratic state. Building on these premises, the concept of “cascade exclusion” is proposed as an analytical framework for theses on interrelated dimensions of exclusion.

Credit Risk Management of Savings and Loans Companies in Ghana

Credit Risk Management of Savings and Loans Companies in Ghana