Korean Loanwords Research Articles

Korean loanwords in Indonesian; A corpus-based study

Korean loanwords in Indonesian; A corpus-based study

Factors influencing vowel adaptation in English loanwords in Korean

Abstract This study explores the extent to which perceptual and other factors (i.e., orthography and standardization) affect vowel adaptation in English loanwords in Korean. It also examines whether perceptual variability gives rise to adaptation variability, and it further addresses whether the degree of perceptual influence in vowel adaptation is different from that in consonant adaptation. Data on Korean listeners’ perceptual mapping patterns for English vowels were collected in an English-to-Korean vowel category mapping experiment and compared to the patterns in a loanword database. The results indicate that perceptual factors have a great impact on the adaptation of English vowels into Korean, in line with de Jong and Cho’s (de Jong, Kenneth & Mi-Hui Cho. 2012. Loanword phonology and perceptual mapping: Comparing two corpora of Korean contact with English. Language 88. 341–368) findings for the adaptation of English consonants into Korean. Consequently, factors such as orthography and standardization are viewed as deviations from these perceptual influences. The impact of perceptual adaptation is, however, rather limited because the correlation between perceptual mappings and loanword mappings is less robust for English vowel adaptation than for English consonant adaptation possibly due to the less categorical nature of vowels relative to consonants. Additionally, the results show that increased strength of modal perceptual mappings is related to less loanword variability in vowel adaptation.

A Korean Loanword in Middle Kipchak?

A Korean Loanword in Middle Kipchak?

Lexical borrowing in Korean: a diachronic approach based on a corpus analysis

Abstract Loanwords are lexical terms borrowed from foreign languages by transliterating the original sound of the borrowed words with the recipient language’s consonants and vowels. This paper focuses on lexical borrowing in the Korean language from a diachronic perspective. Based on approximately 9,500 Korean loanwords extracted from a corpus of women’s magazine articles of residential sections (the Korean Contemporary Residential Culture Corpus), we investigated the alteration of loanword usage from 1970 to 2015. Having introduced our definition of Korean loanwords in phonological and morphological terms, we performed statistical analysis particularly with type/token frequency and cultural/core loanwords, along with semantic analysis with Period Representative Loanword (PRL). We argue that, in addition to its gradual and rapid increase over time, Korean loanword usage underwent a remarkable evolution in the 1990s.

몽골어의 한글 표기에 관한 제언

The purpose of this study was to examine the use of Korean transcriptions in Mongolian for names and place names in loanword usage and to propose a unified Korean transcription method for them. The Korean Loanword Orthography, which has written rules for each language, does not have rules for Mongolian, resulting in confusion about the naming of people and place names, as well as major historical and cultural examples between the two countries. To address this, we analyzed the Mongolian language that appeared in the usage of foreign words for names and place names and compared them with Korean writing standards. The analysis showed that there are examples of Korean transcription for 18 Mongolian consonants and 11 vowels. While there was a slight difference in Korean transcription when Mongolian consonants were used before or at the end of a consonant, there was no difference from the results of the previous study when Mongolian consonants were written before vowels. Mongolian vowels were also broadly consistent with the results of previous studies, but ‘о, ө, у’ differed in Korean transcription. In addition, we looked at usages based on the principle of idiomatic notation, such as “몽케칸(Мөнх хаан), 귀위크칸(Гүег хаан), 칭기즈칸(Чингис хаан), 울란바토르(Улаанбаатар).” Therefore, in the future, further discussion on the Korean transcription of Mongolian is needed, along with the collection of more usages and research on the scope of application of idiomatic orthography and the recognition of speech. Based on these discussions, we hope to establish a uniform bylaw for the Korean writing of Mongolian names and place names in loanword usage.

한·중 신어의 외래어 분포와 차용 방법 비교 연구

한·중 신어의 외래어 분포와 차용 방법 비교 연구

A Comparative Diachronic Study of Japanese and Korean Loanwords in Newspapers

현대의 한국과 일본의 외래어의 사용양상을 보면 한국보다 일본이 외래어의 사용률이 2배 정도 많고 한국은 [편의점]과 [백화점]을 사용하지만 일본은 [コンビニ]와 [デパート]를 사용하는 등의 차이점이 있다. 이러한 차이가 발생하는 요인을 명확히 하기 위해서는 통시적인 연구가 필요하다. 일본의 경우 신문 사설을 이용하여 장기간에 걸친 외래어의 양적 분석을 시행한 橋本和佳(2010)와 신문을 이용하여 20세기 후반의 외래어의 기본어화 과정을 밝힌 金愛蘭(2011)등 외래어의 변천 과정에 주목한 연구가 많이 이루어졌으나 한국의 경우 외래어를 통시적인 관점에서 분석한 연구나 한일 외래어의 통시적 대조 연구는 거의 보고되지 않았다.BR 이에 본고에서는 일본어 외래어의 기본어화를 연구한 金愛蘭(2011)을 참조하여 필자가 독자적으로 작성한 1945년부터 2015년까지의 한국의 신문 코퍼스를 이용하여 한국어 외래어의 양적 추이를 확인했다. 또한 신문사설을 이용하여 외래어의 양적 추이를 밝힌 橋本和佳(2010)를 참조하여 사회적 배경을 중심으로 한국어의 외래어의 양적 추이와 그 요인을 비교 분석했다.BR 그 결과, 1950년 외래어의 사용률(1만자당 출현율)이 78.06으로 높은 일본과 달리 한국의 1945년 외래어 사용률은 7.69로 큰 차이가 있었으며 한일 모두 1950년대부터 1960년대까지는 급증하고 1960년대부터 1980년대까지는 정체, 1990년대 이후에는 다시 급증하는 부분은 동일했다. 전반적으로 1940년대부터 1960년대에는 외래어나 외래문화에 대한 관심이 높아지는 급증기, 1970년대와 1980년대는 급증한 외래어로 인해 언어문화에 위기를 느낀 정체기, 1990년대 이후는 국제화와 정보화에 따른 급증기라는 사회의 인식과 배경은 유사했으나 세부사항을 살펴보면 외래어 수용 시기와 외래어에 대한 의식, 국어정책 등 외래문화와 외래어를 마주하는 관점이 한일간에 큰 차이가 있었다. 이러한 배경이 외래어의 사용률에 영향을 미쳤을 것으로 추측되지만 한일 모두 상승 경향에 있으나 한국의 외래어의 출현율이 일본보다 낮은 원인이나 전쟁 직후에 한국신문에서의 음역의 외래어의 출현률이 지극히 낮은 이유에 대해서는 이번에 논의한 사회적 배경의 분석만으로는 명확히 밝히기 어렵다.BR 향후, 분석 내용에 근거해 일본어와 한국어의 개별어의 빈도 추이의 확인이나 의미 변화 과정의 분석 등 국어정책 이외의 사회적 배경과 한일의 역사적 사정, 외래어에 대한 국민의 의식, 나아가서는 어휘·문자·표기·음운 등의 언어내적요인도 분석하여 한일의 외래어의 양적 추이의 배경을 더욱 상세하게 연구하고자 한다.

Meaning extension of the Korean loan word oppa in the Thai context

Meaning extension of the Korean loan word oppa in the Thai context

Understanding the adaptation difference of loanwords through COVID-19: a comparative analysis of Japanese and Korean

ABSTRACT As globalisation advances, an influx of loanwords has been seen in many languages in recent years. Japanese and Korean have similar grammatical features and many English-based loanwords. This study aims to clarify the difference in loanwords in Japanese and Korean adaptation, focusing on substituting alternative native lexicons through COVID-19. First, we collected COVID-19-related news articles in 2020 and extracted COVID-19-related loanwords in Japanese and Korean. Second, we examined the number of loanwords at an initial stage and investigated their changes compared to their alternative native lexicons. Three primary findings emerged from this study: (1) a similar number of loanwords were observed in Japanese and Korean, (2) the two languages had common features in that new words with different meanings or those that do not exist in English (pseudo-anglicisms) were devised based on the adapted loanwords, and (3) more loanwords were retained in Japanese, while relatively many loanwords in Korean became extinct or were replaced by loanwords’ alternative native lexicons with time. These findings indicate that substitution by alternative native lexicons leads to the lower usage of loanwords in Korean, even though the two languages adapted similar quantities of loanwords at the initial stage.

‘외래어 어근+-되다/-당하다/-시키다’ 파생어 연구

The purpose of this study is to examine the acceptance pattern of the parts of speech of loanwords and the restrictions on the derived forms of the loanwords by targeting the verbs formed by combining the suffixes -doeda (되다) , -danghada (당하다), and -sikida (시키다) with the roots of loanwords in Korean. The pattern of acceptance of loanwords can be divided into three types according to the word’s part of speech in the source language. First, when loanwords are nouns in the original language, the word is derived by combining loan words with the derivation suffixes -doeda/-danghada/-sikida without changing the part of speech. Second, when loanwords are verbs in the source language, they are accepted as roots that cannot be used independently in Korean; verbs are derived from loanwords by combining the latter with the suffixes -doeda/-danghada/-sikida. Third, when loanwords are adjectives in the source language, they are accepted as roots that cannot be used independently in Korean. Verbs are then derived by combining these loanwords with the suffixes -doeda/-danghada/-sikida. On the other hand, restrictions on the derived forms of loanwords can be divided along two dimensions. First, there is a semantic restriction regarding the use of the passive and causative affixes: -doeda/-danghada functions to reduce the verb’s valency and semantically adds the meaning of [passive]; contrariwise, -sikida functions to increase the verb’s valency and adds the meaning of [causative] semantically. Second, there is a binding restriction according to the part of speech of the root, such that the part of speech of the loanword in the source language is retained as much as possible.

Multinomial regression modeling of vowel insertion patterns: adaptation of coda stops from English to Korean

Abstract When an English word ending in a stop is adapted to Korean, a vowel is variably inserted after the final stop. Vowel insertion in this position is surprising because voiceless stops are permissible in coda position in Korean and it is not motivated by Korean native phonology. This study examines five factors that have been hypothesized to affect the likelihood of vowel insertion, i.e., tenseness of the pre-final vowel, voicing and place of the English final stop, word size and final stress. These possibilities were tested using a corpus of Korean loanwords whose source word ends in a stop. Patterns of vowel insertion were classified as no vowel insertion, vowel insertion, or optional vowel insertion, and analyzed using multinomial regression modeling. The results confirmed that all the relevant factors significantly increased the likelihood of vowel insertion and optional vowel insertion patterns relative to no vowel insertion patterns compared with the reference condition rates. These findings suggest that particular features indeed impact production patterns in loanword phonology. My Results support the need for further research into how other possible auditory factors such as stop release may shape speech perception in loanword adaptation.

An Acoustic Phonetic Study on the Korean loanwords Pitch-Accent Realization by Native Japanese Speakers

The purpose of this study is to examine Korean loanwords of which pronunciation is similar to Japanese by analyzing Japanese Korean learners’ pitch patterns with objective values. Considering the point that in Japanese, a word’s accent is maintained in a sentence while in Korean, it is not kept in a sentence, this researcher performed an experiment on loanwords by dividing the cases of sentence unit speech from those of word unit speech. According to the results of analyzing sentence unit speech, in the parts where postpositions are combined, Japanese, the mother tongue’s pitch patterns have negative influence. In the case of single word utterances, a significant difference was found due to the difference in the descending width rather than the difference according to the pattern type. The findings of this study imply that when teaching Japanese learners about Korean pitch patterns, we should consider the phenomena of mother tongue transfer shown in different forms according to the environment of speech and also words’ pitch patterns along with combined postpositions’ pitch patterns.

A Study on the Improvement of the Learning Efficiency of Korean loanwords by Japanese Speakers based on comparison of Korean and Japanese loanwords Notation: focusing on English borrowde words

본고에서는 일본어 화자가 한국어의 외래어를 학습할 때 효과성을 높이기 위한 방안을 모색해보고자 한다. 한국과 일본 모두 외래어 표기규정을 통해 외래어 표기 및 발음의 효율성을 기하고 있다. 둘 다 표음주의의 원칙에 의하여 외래어를 표기하고 있지만 양국의 음운환경이 다르기 때문에 동일한 외래어를 다른 음운과 연결시켜 표기하고 발음한다. 이것이 일본어 화자가 한국어 외래어를 학습할 때 어려움을 느끼는 가장 큰 요인이다. 본고에서는 먼저 양국 외래어 표기규정을 비교하여 공통점과 차이점을 살펴보았다. 그리고 영어계 외래어를 중심으로 원지음의 음소별로 한글과 카나의 문자가 서로 연결될 때의 규칙성을 살펴보았다. 이러한 규칙성을 인지하고 학습한다면 일본어 화자가 한국어 외래어를 학습할 때 효율성이 제고할 수 있을 것이다.

Old Korean and Proto-Korean *r and *l Revisited

Abstract This article argues for new internal evidence for the existence of the contrast between *r and *l in Old Korean and Proto-Korean on the basis of the Hyangchal data and Old Japanese transcriptional glosses as well as Korean loanwords in Manchu and Jurchen that were not analyzed in this way before. Namely, I will argue that combined Old Korean and Middle Korean data call for the reconstruction of two different types of liquids in the position before *i: both stay intact in Old Korean, but in Middle Korean the first type undergoes elision, whereas the second type stays intact. I then attempt to identify these two types on the basis of the internal evidence and parallel phenomena attested in the Greater Manchuria linguistic area and elsewhere.

The comparison of word level prominence between disyllabic English loanwords in Korean and their English source words in terms of English lexical stress features

The comparison of word level prominence between disyllabic English loanwords in Korean and their English source words in terms of English lexical stress features

Perceptual Similarity between English and Korean: Evidence from Online Adaptation

Korean loanwords borrowed from English that end in voiceless stops frequently undergo vowel insertion. This vowel insertion is interesting since voiceless stops are permissible in final position in Korean native words. The perceptual similarity approach claims that this seemingly unnecessary vowel insertion is motivated by perceptual similarity between English and Korean forms. The current study reports on a perception experiment designed to examine whether Korean listeners actually judge English forms to be similar to Korean forms. In an AXB similarity judgment experiment, Korean learners of English listened to a triplet, consisting of an English stop-final form (CVC) and two Korean forms, one ending in a stop (CVC) and the other ending in stop-vowel (CVCV), and indicated which of the two Korean forms the English form sounded more similar to. The experimental result showed that Korean listeners were more likely to judge Korean CVCV as more similar to English CVC than Korean CVC when the English form ended in a released stop, and that final stress did not have a significant effect. This finding turns out to be consistent with the perceptual similarity approach, indicating that the English form could be acoustically similar to the Korean pronunciation.

외래어 신어의 몇 가지 양상

외래어 신어의 몇 가지 양상

On the relation between speech perception and loanword adaptation

Loanword adaptation has been claimed to provide a unique window onto the relation between speech perception and the phonological grammar. This paper focuses on whether the ‘illusory vowel’ effect—in which the presence/absence of a vowel is poorly discriminated within an illicit cluster—is sufficient to explain why vowel epenthesis is the preferred repair for medial clusters in Korean loanword adaptation. A cross-linguistic discrimination experiment revealed a causative role of the stop release burst (or other audible frication noise) in the perception of an illusory vowel; in some cases, perception alone explains vowel epenthesis in loanword adaptation. A follow-up, identification experiment showed that Koreans’ perceptual similarity judgements do not match up with the adaptation pattern for stop-nasal clusters (e.g. pakna), although they do for fricative-stop and stop-stop clusters (e.g. paska, pakta). This finding is problematic for a purely perceptual account of loanword adaptation. The paper sketches a Bayesian account of Korean speech perception that integrates top-down phonotactic likelihood and bottom-up acoustic match and is able to explain the experimental results. It closes with some speculation on the role of the Preservation Principle versus perception in loanword adaptation.

Three Korean transcription systems for Mandarin loanwords

Abstract This paper investigates the factors involved in the adaptation of loanwords and how these factors influence each other through a case study of three systems of transcription for Mandarin loanwords in Korean. The result of this study demonstrates that perception, phonology, and source-language orthography are all important factors in the three systems of transcription. This study provides empirical evidence to what causes speakers of the same native language – in our case, Korean – to propose different adapted forms for the same source input and argues that variation in adaption patterns can be viewed as results of different constraints and different rankings of the same constraints. Last, this study invites researchers to pay more attention to the role of borrowers in the hope of building a more robust model of loanword adaptation.

Applying Word Embeddings to Measure the Semantic Adaptation of English Loanwords in Japanese and Korean

Applying Word Embeddings to Measure the Semantic Adaptation of English Loanwords in Japanese and Korean