Loan Scheme Research Articles

Financing higher education in Tanzania through students' loans scheme and its impact on equitable access

For the past three decades, African higher education (HE) has experienced several challenges spanning from financial austerity, affordability, accessibility, and academics brain drain, to dilapidated educational infrastructures. These challenges have not only limited access to HE on the continent but also has created social inequality in accessing HE. Although Tanzania has witnessed notable development in terms of HE access due to recent massification policies, inequality in accessing its HE as a result of financing it through student loans scheme still a challenge. Using Tanzania as a case, this paper examines how the financing of HE through the Students' Loans Scheme has been narrowing or widening the social inequality among students. The study on which the paper is based subjected secondary and primary data to discourse analysis to provide evidence on how HE financing through students’ loans scheme has increased access to HE and how inadequate financing of HE through the same creates social inequality in Tanzania, hence undermining the global efforts toward achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Findings show that the current financing modalities of HE in the country have, to some extent, widened access, on one hand, but have created social inequality among those with the ability to pay and those financed by the state against those without the ability to pay and not financed by the state on the other hand due to lopsided financing modalities. We recommend to the government to re-examine its HE financing mechanisms to have robust funding for all needy applicants regardless of their degree programmes and social-economic status (SES).

Public management, agility and innovation: The Swiss experience with the COVID-19 loan scheme

Within only 10 days of March 2020, the Swiss administration had designed and implemented a loan guarantee scheme for enterprises. The implementation phase was also short: it lasted less than five months. This article examines how that was possible, considering the complexity of the institutional setting and the scheme's innovative form, especially in terms of IT, including breakthroughs for the Swiss e-administrative practice: the scheme used algorithms to verify clients’ applications, a unique identification number for companies was implemented on a large scale, Swiss banks were integrated into the project's preparation and implementation, and some of their client operations were centralised on a government e-platform. The salient features of the process are identified through an analysis of the unfolding of operations during those ten days. The circumstances and context leading to radically new forms of public governance are also identified. Besides, an output analysis was undertaken to single out the innovative features of the deliverable. The case under consideration was short, and came unpredictably, so that no data or observations could be collected before or during the case. Accordingly, the study is by and large based on ex-post enquiries. With no explicitly formalised mandates, structures, or roles, the project participants came up with an informal organisation system. A well-defined deliverable was a powerful driver of the process. Several characteristics of the project, such as efficient networks, real-time information flow, flexible roles, flat hierarchy, and swift iterative subprocesses were akin to those of ‘agile organisations’. Tasks were performed concomitantly instead of sequentially. Points for practitioners It is striking that not much scholarly research has been published so far with a view to collecting and sharing the ‘lessons learned’ from the unique experience of emergency support packages during the pandemic, including at intra-organisational level. Research could be done regarding replicability both for future emergencies and for adjusting normal-times public management practices. This proposal aims to contribute to this conversation with a view to inspiring practitioners in public administrations and government entities. It foregrounds the relationship between governmental crisis management and the digitalisation of public administration processes using computer-enabled tools.

Educational Loan for Religious Minority Under Arivu Scheme

Objective: Education is the system of instruction designed to provide individuals with the tools they need to take part in day-to-day activities. It rejects ignorance and instils moral values in individuals. The functioning of the education sector is dependent upon the availability of different resources, most notably financial resources. Education funding comes from a variety of sources, including government spending, fees, educational loans by nationalized banks, cooperative societies, and others. Among these, educational loans have been identified as an alternative method of financing education. This study attempts to examine the Arivu loan Scheme's education loans for religious minorities. ABCD analysis was performed to determine its advantages, benefits, constraints, and disadvantages. Methodology: This study made use of secondary sources in order to have comprehensive evidence-based research on educational loan under the Arivu scheme. The semi-systematic review is carried out using various government publications and articles from newspapers, Google Scholar, Srinivas publications, Research Gate, SSRN, and other sources. Findings: A thorough examination revealed that in India religious minorities face challenges in the areas of social status, economic expansion, and higher education opportunities. Students from religious minority communities can pursue professional courses through the Arivu loan Scheme. This scheme benefited a large number of religious minority students and also found that Pupils are adversely affected because the government has ceased releasing funds for Arivu loan scheme during the Covid-19 pandemic. Practical Implications: This research will inform students about the state government-sponsored Arivu Educational Loan under KMDC, which helps students from religious minorities pursue higher education. It will also assist government officials in learning more about the funds allotted by the government and the total number of students in Dakshina Kannada who benefited from the Arivu educational loan scheme, which improves minorities' educational standing. Originality/ value: As a secondary data-driven study, it may provide an overall perspective on Arivu Educational Loans under KMDC. This Arivu loan will improve the status of the religious minority community, but the concept of the Arivu education loan by KMDC can also be better understood by conducting a primary survey, which serves as the study's limitation. Paper type: Case study

Crisis, Loan Schemes, Bank Lending, Insolvency and Default: An Analysis of Early Outcomes of Policy Interventions.

Crisis, Loan Schemes, Bank Lending, Insolvency and Default: An Analysis of Early Outcomes of Policy Interventions.

Some inverse problem remarks of a continuous-in-time financial model in L^1([t_I,Theta_{max}

In the paper we are going to introduce an operator that is involved in the inverse problem of the continuous-in-time financial model. This framework is designed to be used in the finance for any organization and, in particular, for local communities. It allows to set out annual and multiyear budgets, with describing loan, reimbursement and interest payment schemes. We discuss this inverse problem in the space of integrable functions over R having a compact support. The concept of ill-posedness is examined in this space in order to obtain interesting and useful solutions. Then, we will give some remarks for not functionality of the model for a given Repayment Pattern Density γ, when this operator is not invertible in the space. Additionally, this inverse problem is illustrated in order to prove its ability to be used in a financial strategy.

‘My School Plus’ – The Results of Two Rounds of Lending to Private Schools Under ACCION’s Subsidized Loan Schemes

‘My School Plus’ – The Results of Two Rounds of Lending to Private Schools Under ACCION’s Subsidized Loan Schemes

Social Media and Digital Marketing of Women Entrepreneurs in NCR

In the present Era, Digital marketing and Social media has become an important tool to spread awareness, promotion of products & services and to connect the customers and to stimulate new business. This platform is creating opportunities to the existing as well as upcoming business venture. Social media is the way to connect the customers directly by identifying their needs and it also helps in customizing the product & services as per the requirement of customers. It is cheapest way of communication regarding the promotion of product and services. There are many types of social media platforms which serves as a podium to prospective entrepreneurs to set up their business and job creation and skill development.
 Whether women working or homemaker are all contributor in the development of social system. Social media is playing an important role in change of the women’s personality, carriage abs their passion. There are many women entrepreneur who belongs to the small cities but building big businesses and living their dreams. There are many examples like Ms Akansha founder of Celebrity Club in2017 with less amount to invest, Kids Clothing brand listed on “Meesho” and other E-commerce platforms. She had turnover of Rs 5crore in 2018 itself. She is also connected through WhatsApp and Instagram which helps her reaching to the customers directly and getting feedback immediately.
 According to the sixth economic census, Ministry of Statistics and Program Implementation, women comprise around 14% of the total number of entrepreneurs based in India. As per World Bank Report 2018, India has been ranked on 120th position among 131 countries in terms of female labour force participation. The Indian government has announced many schemes for women owned businesses like Bhartiya Mahila Bank Commercial Loan Scheme, Dena Shakti Scheme, Udyogini Scheme, Mahila Udyam Nidhi Scheme and Stree Shakti Scheme.
 With the assistance of social media, the business has no geographical boundaries for costumers. The target of this paper is to spot the adherence and dependency of women entrepreneurs on the social media platform through Primary knowledge assortment. This paper focuses on how social media is used sagely to empower ladies during a conservative culture like India.

English

This mixed research study focused on the selection criterion and guidelines used by the Higher Education Students Financing Board (HESFB) in granting students loan scheme to University Students in Uganda with a sample from Makerere University. Findings revealed that the majority of the loan beneficiaries are aware of these guidelines and one to benefit from the scheme had to formally pass A level education stage with 3 principle passes in a science subjects combination and are selected after filling a standard application form. Although many come from low economic family status with heavy household poverty, the study concluded that the selection criteria favors students who have passed science subjects and thus leaving behind impoverished students from humanity study disciplines/courses. Thus it recommends a framework for the need to revise the guidelines to cater and consider all backgrounds of applicants for this loan scheme irrespective of their course, family background and economic status to achieve the program goal as it's done in other countries.   Key words: Loan scheme guidelines, Higher Education Students Education Financing Board (HESFEB policy program, financing higher education.

UK government-backed start-up loans: Tackling disadvantage and credit rationing of new entrepreneurs

In 2012, the UK government made the decision to offer loans to new entrepreneurs who were excluded from the credit market through the start-up loan (SUL) scheme. By 2021, loans totalling £759 million have been issued to 85,809 new start-ups. A disproportionate share of these SULs was issued to previously unemployed people to support their transition into self-employment. This paper questions whether those who started with the fewest resources achieved better or worse outcomes than those who started from a more beneficial position. Our findings show that previously unemployed start-ups had smaller loans and that they had a higher default hazard on their loans than entrants from waged employment, but more educated and older unemployed entrants survived longer. More generally, SULs to unemployed start-ups were cost-effective for the government in a loan portfolio sense, but once the benefits of supported entry into self-employment were fully accounted for, the overall contribution was very positive. This highlights the potential more comprehensive societal benefits of removing capital constraints by supporting the transition from unemployment to self-employment. Furthermore, we propose testing the effect of replacement start-up subsidies by soft loans in those countries, offering only direct grants, to increase the efficiency of public financial resources.

Goodluck Jonathan, The Champion of Women in the Contemporary Nigeria, 2010-2015: An Appraisal

The meteoric ascendency of Dr. Goodluck Ebele Jonathan to the office of the number one citizen of Nigeria is not just seen by many as providential but could be also termed as a journey of grace. The Goodluck Jonathan’s led administration spanned from 2010 to 2015. He was elected as the 7th democratic president of Nigeria in 2011 general/ Presidential election for a four year tenure which ended in 2015 and in which he failed the bid to be reelected. The administration of President Goodluck Jonathan was characterized or bedeviled by severe criticism, a development which contributed largely to his exit in 2015 after just a tenure in office. These criticisms were apparently predicated on a number of pertinent national issues which were economic, socio-political and even religious in nature. The worst being the inability of the government to combat the upsurge in Boko Haram menace, their failure to rescue the alleged abducted Chibok Girls as well as massive cases of corruption among top public office holders and the presumed laissez-faire attitude of the president in addressing the ugly development. In spite of these avalanche of criticisms however, one major area of interest in which the Jonathan’s administration was greatly commended even by the international community was on women empowerment. The administration was adjudged to have performed well above international average of 20%, and it is in view of this that the idea behind this paper is conceived, to appraise the effort of the president in enhancing the status of the Nigerian women. Jonathan appointed many women into positions of authorities and provided avenues by which a good number of them were elected into political offices. There was also empowerment programs such as skill acquisitions and micro-credit loan schemes meant to alleviate the sufferings of the ordinary women and put smiles on their faces. Although this administration could not realize the 5% affirmative action plan recommended as benchmark in Beijing, China in 1985, it is however good to know that about 33% of this well above international average was said to have been achieved. These and a few related issues were discoursed in this paper. Feminist theory was adopted as a theoretical framework to explain the gender based discrimination against women and therefore focuses on promotion of women’s rights and interests. In view of this, measures that could help to end this unhealthy practices and that can free women from the shackles of age-long domination of men were thus suggested.

Perception of Farmers on Bhutan Development Bank Limited’s (BDBL) Farming Loan Facilities

Bhutan Development Bank Limited (BDBL) has been playing a major role in supporting the Bhutanese economy. BDBL is the only bank focusing on farmers by providing various types of loan to the farmers. The farmers are the mainstay of farming and the need of finance of farming and the need for finance is primary to initiate the farming. A survey through questionnaire was conducted on 247 respondents of farmers including small scale, medium scale, and large-scale farmers who took financial assistance as well as who have not availed through BDBL under Bongo gewog. The questionnaire was segregated into four parts including perception towards farming loan facilities, the problem faced by farmers for receiving the farming loan, perception towards farming loan schemes, and perception of farmers towards loan process of the bank. Where it is analyzing by the descriptive statistics of finding means, percentage frequency, and inferential statistics of finding one-way ANOVA, T-test. It was found that BDBL was far from the house, the scale of finance is inadequate, complicated procedure and process of application is not timesaving. Further, it was also felt that farming loan facilities have a presence in farmer social life and excellent customer services with sufficient amount of loan to the farmers are some of the perceptions studied on the part of farmers seeking for the loan in Bongo gewog through BDBL.

RETRACTED: Rethinking sustainable energy development for green energy recovery: Empirical dynamism of oil prices shock

The purpose of the study is to test the role of market timing between oil price shock and energy efficiency mitigation in ASEAN countries. To achieve the study objective, a persistence econometric modeling technique is applied. The results revealed that oil prices are now the other main source of energy efficiency mitigation in ASEAN economies. Market timing-based factors are replaced with for oil price shock to increase, warranting a collaborative environment. Moreover, green financing loan schemes invest both public and private funds in energy efficiency mitigation to capitalize on a cleaner environment by controlling the oil price shock. The consideration and application of financial consideration for sustainable innovation-financing projects or companies is limitless. Providing for screening CO2 emission reduction and cooperation proposals with speedy greenhouse gas reduction rates might have large opportunity costs. There may be a case for governments to increase industrial growth, improve resource efficiency, and increase factor productivity while tackling energy efficiency. Economic growth in ASEAN may have an even greater influence on greenhouse gas reduction than in other countries. On such points, there is a need to pay attention. If the suggested policy suggestions are implemented successfully, they would help enhance the scope of financing considerations for sustainable innovation to uplift energy efficiency mitigation through market timing-based mechanisms.

Evaluating energy financing considerations and sustainable energy innovation with the role of financial development and energy development.

The purpose of the study is to test the role of energy development in energy financing considerations for sustainable energy innovation and financial development. To achieve the study objective, a fuzzy decision-making modeling technique is applied. The results revealed that bank loans are now the main source of financing for innovation and creativity in Chinese business entities. Project-based financing might be replaced with collaborative and sustainable energy innovation (CSI), warranting energy development. Moreover, green financing loan schemes invest both public and private funds in sustainable energy innovation to capitalize on financial development through sustainable energy innovation. The consideration and application of financial consideration for sustainable energy innovation-financing projects or companies are limitless. Providing for screening energy development cooperation proposals with small financial payback hurdle rates might have large opportunity costs. There may be a case for governments to increase industrial growth, improve resource efficiency, and increase factor productivity while tackling climate change. Economic growth in China may have an even greater influence on environmental sustainability than in other countries. On such points, there is a need to pay the attention. If the suggested policy suggestions are implemented successfully, they would help to enhance the scope of financing considerations for sustainable energy innovation to uplift financial development through energy development mechanisms at the corporate level.

ISSUES AND CHALLENGES OF REAL ESTATE SECTOR WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO HOUSING: A CASE STUDY OF URBAN INDIA

Real estate sector has its close associations with the corporate world and is known for developmental activities related to housing, retail, hospitality, and commercial. The scenario of real estate is different in developed and developing countries in terms of availability of land, land-related laws, economic conditions, demography, etc. Real estate growth is affected by factors both acting within the country and those prevailing at the global level. In India, real estate growth is taking place at a much faster pace due to the expansion of the information technology (IT) sector, multi-national companies (MNC), and corporate firms. In addition, flexible loan schemes and improved income levels of people have made them invest more in the housing sector. But delay in possession, inadequate infrastructure, and inefficient and compromised results leave urban dwellers dissatisfied. The present paper discusses issues and challenges of the real estate sector with special reference to housing. The study also analyses the growth of the real estate sector in the light of major metropolitan regions of India.

Black-or-White of Online Lending in Indonesia: Conventional Platform or Sharia Scheme (A Netnography Study)

The numbers of Islamic fintech online loans providers continue to grow during the Covid-19 outbreak. The goal of this research is to look into Islamic fintech-based online loan transactions from an Islamic law and accounting perspective. This study used the interpretive netnography approach, with documentation technique serving as the data collection method, and explanation building tact as the data analysis method. This study found that the use of conventional online loan schemes was having negative consequences, such as an increase in occurrences of despair and suicide among borrowers. Sharia fintech, through its profitless online lending scheme, may reduce the bad effects of the conventional scheme. From the praxis perspective, this research aids to raise public knowledge on avoiding the use of unlawful conventional online loan mechanism. In the future, this research is expected to improve the development of online loans and Islamic fintech research.
 Keywords: Islamic fintech, netnography, accountability, p2p lending, sharia financial accounting

Equitable access, Retention and Successful Completion of Undergraduate Students in Higher Education in Uganda: The Uganda Students’ Higher Education Financing Policy Perspective

Given the extensive social and private benefits that result from higher education (HE), access, inclusion, and completion are essential for achieving social justice, and ensuring the realisation of the full potential of those who wish to acquire HE. Yet still, many students or indeed their families, especially in low-income countries like Uganda, find it extremely difficult to access HE, whilst many of the students who join higher education institutions (HEIs) fail to complete their study programmes due to failure to meet the costs involved. On top of the various affirmative action measures aimed at increasing equitable access to HE, the Government of Uganda in 2012 introduced a financing scheme for HE that is, the Uganda Students’ Higher Education Financing Policy (USHEFP) that culminated into the Students’ Loan Scheme (SLS) with the primary aim of increasing equitable access to HE by providing loans to the qualified students who would otherwise not afford the cost of HE. The purpose of this study therefore, is to explore how the USHEFP is facilitating access, retention, and successful completion of students (policy beneficiaries) in HE. Using snow-balling and purposive sampling, the results from one-on-one interviews with participants revealed that the Higher Education Students Financing Board (HESFB) provides loans only for the academic component (Tuition and Functional fees) of the students, leaving out the welfare component (feeding, accommodation, scholastic materials) as well as internship and research. Without downplaying the importance of this financing policy in facilitating access to HE, nevertheless, the study revealed that the policy does not have an explicit effort to ensure that those who access the loans, complete their studies. Thus, since its inception with the first cohort of beneficiaries in 2014, the scheme has awarded loans to about 11,187 students out of whom 776 students have dropped out, translating into 6.94% of the students’ loan scheme dropouts due to inability to meet the cost of their welfare while at campus

Redressing Policy Making in Pastoral Areas of the Mediterranean Region

This article provides a critical analysis of the evolution of the policy, institutional and legislative frameworks impinging on the livelihoods of pastoral communities in the different flanks of the Mediterranean, and of the underpinning narratives, with a view to support a better informed and more consistent policy framework. The Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union is paramount in defining evolving and shrinking pastoralists’ room for manoeuvre, not only in Europe but also in its neighbouring regions. In Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, despite a quite un-harmonised and diversified ideological and institutional setting, agricultural policies in the different countries seem to converge to a very similar and consistent framework. Throughout the Mediterranean, the growing compliance with policy measures, institutional regulations and legislative rules have exposed agro-pastoral farms to increasing degrees of uncertainty and dependence on public subsidies, loan schemes and market prices, making their navigation decreasingly sustainable.

POVERTY REDUCING EFFECTS OF PROCESSED BEEF MARKETERS: EVIDENCE FROM KADUNA, KANO AND KATSINA STATES OF NIGERIA

The objective of this study was to provide empirical information on the poverty reducing effects of processed marketers in Kaduna, Kano and Kastina States of Nigeria. The study made use of primary data, which were obtained through the use of a computer-aided personal interview (CAPI) software on tablets. Analysis of the data was done using Foster-Greer-Thorbecke's (FGT) Weighted poverty index and Tobit regression model. The results of the poverty profile of raw and processed beef cattle marketers in the study area showed that 40% and 38% of the raw and processed beef marketers respectively constituted the share of the population that cannot afford to buy a basic basket of goods (food and non-food) equivalent to the poverty line of N75, 600. The depth of poverty (poverty gap index) of poor raw beef marketers (0.10) was lower than that of the poor processed beef marketers (0.14). The degree of poverty among the poor raw beef marketers given by the estimated severity of poverty (0.04) was equally lower than that of the poor processed beef marketers (0.07). The results on poverty reducing effects of processed beef marketing activities on poverty revealed that raw beef and processed beef marketing activities significantly reduce poverty incidence by 1.7% and 3.3% for the beef cattle farmers and traders respectively. In the light of the decreasing unemployment, it is recommended that it is recommended that beef marketers should be supported with easy access to credit such as the collateral-free and interest-free loans under the MARKETMONI and TRADERMONI loan schemes of the Government Enterprise and Empowerment Programme (GEEP).

Agricultural Bank Credit Intervention And The Application of Big Push Theory to Beneficiaries:Evidence From Nigeria

Up till now there is shortage of empirical evidence on volume of loan received that generates big push for the farmers and the bank to curtail abuse of fund and its determinants. The purpose of this study is to examine the agricultural bank credit intervention and the application of big push theory among beneficiaries in Nigeria so as to make advocacy for a bailout intervention. A total of 295 beneficiaries were randomly selected. A questionnaire was developed, and data collection was undertaken by means of a multistage sampling technique. Descriptive statistics, regression model and t-test analysis were used to analyze the data. The mean age of beneficiaries was 46 years old. The respondents had an average household size of 6 persons with 79.3% of the beneficiaries being literate with one form of formal education or the other. About 65.4% of the beneficiaries did not subscribe to membership of farmers groups. The beneficiaries had 13 years’ experience in arable crop farming. The average farm size was 1.57 ha. This tells us that the beneficiaries were small scale farmers. The result reveals that the region of big push was between $244.34-$977.37 The variables that had positive and substantial relationship with big push in the model were age of respondent, years spent in farming, education, farm size, cooperative membership, household size, collateral requirement and marital status. The outcome of the t-test indicated that there was much impact after benefiting from agricultural bank credit loan scheme in the area. The foremost constraints were collateral requirement and high interest rate. Loan acquisition procedure by agricultural bank credit should be made easier as well as the threshold of farmers financial management ability should be considered during disbursement of loan to farmers for effective utilization.

Free-to-use cycle provision schemes have potential to encourage cycling and reduce inequalities

IntroductionCycling is an accessible, cheap way of incorporating health-promoting physical activity into everyday routines. One approach to facilitate engagement is to provide cycles through population-level approaches, such as commercial bike share schemes. However, these may increase health inequalities. An alternative is delivering cycle provision through not-for-profit and targeted schemes. However, there is a lack of peer-reviewed evidence on what comprises successful design and implementation. MethodsAn evaluation of two not-for-profit cycle provision schemes in Norfolk, England, is conducted: The Cycle Loan Scheme (CLS) aimed at the general population, and Welcome Wheels (WW) for refugees/asylum seekers. Quantitative measures assess the extent to which the schemes recruited and engaged groups of need (non-cyclists, women, over 55 years-of-age, living in deprived areas, not White British). Baseline and follow-up surveys established cycling frequency (absolute and change), and motivators, benefits, and barriers to taking part. Responses were compared across groups of need. ResultsAt baseline, 87% of the 613 CLS participants were from a group of need, whilst 100% of WW participants (n = 214) were. At follow-up, CLS participants (n = 413) reported cycling a median of 5.5 h a week (15 reported zero hours), an increase of 3.5 h from baseline. Non-cyclists were less likely to engage than cyclists. WW participants (n = 65) cycled a median five days per week at follow-up (all reported some cycling), an increase for 92%. Females were less likely to engage than males; all non-cyclists increased their cycling compared to 44% existing cyclists. Benefits of and barriers to engagement varied according to group of need. ConclusionsCycle provision schemes have potential to reduce health inequalities by encouraging cycling, particularly when tailored to need and local context, and when interventions are delivered by non-profit, community embedded organisations. ApplicationA novel intervention framework is proposed to guide targeted interventions.