Drainage Loads Research Articles

Simulasi Jaringan Drainase Kawasan Desa Lubuk Suli Kec. Depati VII Kabupaten Kerinci Menggunakan Program EPA SWMM Versi 5.1

One of the areas in Kerinci Regency that is often hit by floods is Lubuk Suli Village. Flooding was caused by overflowing water from the Batang Marao river. The main objective of this research is to provide information to the relevant government about good drainage for the Lubuk Suli Village Area using existing data and planning data by simulating the capability of the Drainage Network for the Lubuk Suli Village Area using the EPA SWMM 5.1 program. The data used in this research are land use maps to determine the percentage of impervious area, rainfall data and drainage channel dimension data in the area. The rain data series used is hourly rain data. Due to the absence of hourly rainfall data at the rain station at the research location, hourly rainfall distribution was determined by changing the Intensity-Duration-Frequency (IDF) curve for a 5 year return period into a planned rainfall hyetograph using the Alternating Block Method (ABM). After all parameters have been input into EPA SWMM 5.1. Simulation can be done. The simulation quality is quite good if the continuity error for surface runoff and flow tracing is > 10%. The simulation carried out in this research is divided into 2 scenarios, namely with existing data and additional storage. From the simulation results, it was found that in the 2 scenarios, the number of flood points in the simulation for scenario 1 was 6 points and in scenario 2 there were 5 points. This shows that the drainage planning design for the Lubuk Suli Village area has not been able to overcome the existing drainage load in the area.

Effects of urban drainage inlet layout on surface flood dynamics and discharge

Drainage inlets, the primary conduits for surface floodwater into underground facilities, significantly influence the performance of a drainage system. This study employs a two-dimensional hydrodynamic model to investigate how drainage inlet distribution affects urban flood dynamics and drainage flow discharge. We first validate the model with dataset obtained in a dedicated experiment observing urban surface and drainage flows. We identified two common layouts of drainage inlets, namely straight-line distribution (SLD) and surround type distribution (STD), and based on the two layouts, we simulated detailed surface flood dynamics and drainage discharge under various urban flood conditions and inlet spacing scenarios. The results indicate that SLD exhibits higher drainage capacity in shorter time and greater total drainage volume under urban peripheral flood condition, while STD consistently outperforms in draining urban surface flooding induced by intense rainfall. It is also found that inlet spacing plays a crucial role in affecting drainage efficiency. To be specific, both layouts with medium spacing (l0 = 0.53 for SLD and 0.93 for STD) near flood-prone areas perform better when a sudden-onset peripheral flooding occurred; however, in the case of rainfall-induced flooding, maximizing inlet spacing and strategically distributing them across urban streets proves to be a more effective strategy for draining floodwater. Individual inlets near the ends of SLD and inlets at far-corners of STD shoulder higher drainage loads. This study provides valuable insights for optimizing inlet layout strategies under various urban flood conditions and improving floodwater collection.

Effectiveness of denitrification bioreactors with woodchips, corn stover, and phosphate-sorbing media for simultaneous removal of drainage water N and P in a corn-soybean system.

Millions of acres of farmland in the midwestern United States (US) are artificially drained, and this contributes to the export of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) from agricultural land to surface water. Using a 36-acre tile-drained farm field, effects of P-sorbing media in combination with a denitrifying bioreactor system constructed with woodchips (WC) and corn stover (CS) on reducing nutrient export in drainage water were tested for 3 cropping years (2018-2020). The field was divided into three subfields as replicates. In each subfield, the drainage water was divided and separately channeled into three bioreactors, each of which contains one of the three different substrates: WC, CS, and CS-WC (1:1 v/v mixture of CS and WC), randomly assigned. The outlet of each compartment contained a 2.25L flow-through chamber filled with activated iron (Fe) filings as P-sorbing material. Both WC and CS bioreactors were effective in removing drainage NO3 - with a 77% (WC), 86% (CS), and 89% (CS-WC) reduction in mean NO3 - -N concentration. For the three cropping years, the WC bioreactor reduced the total drainage inorganic N (NO3 - -N+NH4 + -N) load by 72%, but the CS bioreactor increased the total inorganic N load in the drainage water due to the substantial release of NH4 + with the decomposition of CS. The breakdown of CS also increased drainage P. The NH4 + and P release decreased with the decrease in the proportion of CS; thus, not more than 10% of CS is recommended for blending with WC to enhance the performance of a bioreactor. The P-sorbing Fe filing media reduced the P loads in drainage by an average of 19% during the 2-year study.

Influence of Complex Hydraulic Environments on the Mechanical Properties of Pile-Soil Composite Foundation in the Coastal Soft Soil Area of Zhuhai

Based on a plain concrete pile composite foundation project in the coastal area of Zhuhai, considering the complex hydraulic load environment induced by tidal water-level changes, finite element simulations and parameter calibrations were carried out to determine the physical and mechanical properties of plain concrete pile composite foundation. The hardening soil small (HSS) model, which can be used to simulate the complex mechanical behavior of soft soil under small strain, was selected for modeling analysis. Model parameters were calibrated through resonance column tests, triaxial consolidation drainage loading and unloading shear tests. The complex hydraulic loads were analyzed, including the effects of cyclic tidal action and the sudden rise and fall of the water level induced by strong storm surges on the force, deformation of plain concrete piles, and the mechanical seepage properties of soft soil around piles. The results indicate that: (1) Compared with coastal soft soil in Shanghai, Zhoushan, Tianjin, and other areas, the soft soil in the Zhuhai area has a smaller dynamic shear modulus, cohesion and internal friction angle, and worse engineering properties. (2) The sudden rise of water level leads to a sudden change in the pore pressure of the groundwater, which induces a large deformation of the pile-soil composite foundation. If the foundation on the offshore (dike) side exhibits the most prominent deformation and foundation damage, such as uneven settlement is prone to occur. (3) The offshore side pile is most affected by the hydraulic loads. The deformation of the pile body along the pile body is uneven and the deformation of the upper pile body is relatively large, which may cause fracture damage.

Effectiveness of Saturated Buffers on Water Pollutant Reduction from Agricultural Drainage

Highlights Saturated buffers redistribute tile drainage water below riparian buffers to reduce nitrate-nitrogen loading. NRCS Conservation Practice Standard 604 guides saturated buffer design in the USA. Annual edge-of-field nitrate-nitrogen loss reductions averaged 46 ± 24% and 9.4 ± 5.9 kg N/ha/y. Further research on design, siting, and mechanisms will enhance performance. Abstract. It is a pivotal time in the development of saturated buffers as a conservation drainage practice. Field data have demonstrated that this practice can effectively reduce nitrate loads in subsurface drainage. The compilation and assessment of current knowledge for this relatively new practice is timely to help identify future opportunities. This review summarizes the state of the science for saturated buffers in the US within the context of this special collection’s emphasis on performance and cost. Suggested research areas are identified to improve understanding of saturated buffer function and performance and to refine design processes and criteria to accelerate adoption. As currently designed, saturated buffers removed an average of 46 ± 24% (mean ± sd) of the N load that would have otherwise entered receiving waters (9.4 ± 5.9 kg N removed/ha-y; n = 30 site-years). Cost efficiencies, which generally trended around $3 to $5/kg N removed per year, were considered relatively efficient compared to similar nitrate removal practices (range: $1.20 to $9.20/kg N/y), with planning level costs between $25 and $66/ha treated/y. As adoption is scaled, engineering design costs need to be considered unless the design model can be simplified. Future research should refine design processes, management, and siting criteria to facilitate scaled adoption for water quality goals. Additional studies on nutrient cycling within saturated buffers are needed to fill gaps about nitrogen and phosphorus dynamics and the role of buffer vegetation. Saturated buffers have significant nitrate reduction potential for tile-drained landscapes, but design adaptations may be needed to facilitate adoption in varied landscapes. Keywords: Denitrification, Edge-of-Field, Nitrate, Nonpoint-source pollution, Saturated riparian buffer, Subsurface drainage, Tile drainage, Water quality.

Design and Construction of Urban Stormwater Return Flow Design Platform Based on Big Data Platform

The stormwater system is an important infrastructure for the city, playing an important safety role in reducing and removing water from roads and avoiding urban flooding. With the acceleration of urbanization and the accentuation of urban heat island effect, urban surface runoff shows the trend of high flow rate and fast flow rate, which leads to the increase of drainage load of urban stormwater system and the increase of risk of urban flooding. Therefore, it is necessary to adopt a scientific method to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the overall drainage capacity and safe conveyance capacity of the urban stormwater system, so as to do the preliminary paving work for the transformation of the existing stormwater system and improve the urban drainage capacity. In this paper, based on the analysis of the current status of urban stormwater system, the concept of urban stormwater system vulnerability is proposed and the indicators of stormwater system vulnerability are determined.

Nitrate losses in subsurface drainage and nitrous oxide emissions from a winter camelina relay cropping system reveal challenges to sustainable intensification

Sustainable intensification strategies seek to increase production while decreasing the environmental footprint of agricultural systems. In the Upper Mississippi River Basin, relay cropping of a winter oilseed crop between corn and soybean has gained interest for its potential to increase total yields and revenue while providing the environmental benefits of winter cover. In a six-year field study in central Iowa, a basic corn-soybean rotation was compared with a corn-winter camelina-soybean relay cropping system for crop yields, nitrate losses in drainage, and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from soil. Despite filling a niche as an overwintering crop with the potential to assimilate soil nitrogen, nitrate loads in drainage were not reduced in the camelina relay cropping system. Over the course of the study, management changes to support the camelina crop tripled cumulative N2O emissions during the camelina-soybean phase, from 3.57 kg N2O-N ha-1 in the basic corn-soybean rotation to 12.2 kg N2O-N ha-1 in the camelina relay system. Most of the increased emissions in the camelina system were associated with peak emissions events following tillage and starter fertilizer application in the fall and during the spring thaw, which may point to risks of exacerbating greenhouse gas emissions during fall management of a relay crop. Corn and soybean yields were decreased in the relay cropping system by 9.8 % and 23.3 %, respectively, as a result of management changes to the system and interspecific competition. However, combined grain dry weight of soybean and the camelina oilseed crop were similar to the soybean yield in the basic corn-soybean rotation. These findings highlight the need for careful evaluation and optimization of sustainable intensification systems to ensure environmental and production goals are met.

An Overview of the Effectiveness of Agricultural Conservation Practices for Water Quality Improvement.

This article introduces a Special Collection of literature reviews documenting the performance and cost-effectiveness of six agricultural conservation practices (ACPs): conservation crop rotation, cover crop, filter strip, nutrient management, denitrifying bioreactor, and constructed wetland. The overall objectives of the Special Collection are to: (1) review published studies on ACP effectiveness in reducing nutrient and sediment losses from agricultural fields; (2) compare, integrate, and synthesize the results from those studies to obtain a systematic understanding of the mitigation efficacy of each ACP in a consistent format across the selected ACPs; and (3) assemble cost analyses and obtain general insights on performance-based costs of the ACPs. The specific objectives of this introductory article are to summarize key information from each of the six review articles and develop a comparative understanding of the performance and cost-effectiveness of the six ACPs. Among the selected ACPs, denitrifying bioreactor, constructed wetland, cover crop, crop rotation, and nutrient management were all effective in reducing nitrate-N loads in subsurface drainage, with performance effectiveness in load reduction ranging from 23% to 40%. A corn-soybean rotation (relative to continuous corn) was the most cost-effective among the selected ACPs and can reduce nitrate-N load at a net benefit of about USD $5 per kg nitrate-N compared to continuous corn. Filter strip was most effective in reducing sediment, total nitrogen (N), and total phosphorus (P) loads from surface runoff and can be effective in reducing nitrate-N and dissolved P. Cover crop was also effective in reducing sediment and total P loads. Studies of the selected ACPs for their performance effectiveness for dissolved P are limited, and results varied among the ACPs included; thus, more research is needed relative to ACP effectiveness in reducing dissolved P loss, particularly in subsurface flow. Finally, although each review article included cost-analysis information, more data and analyses are needed to better understand the cost-effectiveness of ACPs and their ecological benefits.

One-Dimensional Nonlinear Consolidation Analysis Using Hansbo’s Flow Model and Rebound-Recompression Characteristics of Soil under Cyclic Loading

Hansbo’s flow model for one-dimensional consolidation analysis of saturated clay has been widely recognized as being the most representative for soft soils. Many studies have used the model to examine the characteristics of soil under various conditions. However, very few studies have considered soil under cyclic loading. In this study, using a Hansbo’s flow model and assuming known characteristics for soft clay deformation and rebound and recompression of soil, the one-dimensional consolidation model of soft clay under cyclic loading is established. A FlexPDE solution scheme with excess pore pressure u and void ratio e as variables is also given. The reliability of the proposed method is verified by comparing the obtained results with existing results. On this basis, the consolidation characteristics of soft clay foundations under unilateral drainage and cyclic loading are studied. The effects of soil rebound and recompression characteristics, Hansbo’s flow parameters, cyclic loading period, and cyclic loading form on the consolidation characteristics of soft clay foundation are analyzed. The results show that under cyclic loading, the effective stress, void ratio, and average consolidation degree of the foundation all present a cyclic state and gradually enter a stable cyclic state with the increase in cycles. The peak of effective stress lags behind the peak of cyclic load. The rebound and recompression characteristics of soil have little effect on the effective stress of soil but a great effect on the void ratio. In contrast to its characteristic under linear loading, the average consolidation degree of the foundation under cyclic loading finally enters a stable cyclic state. The results of the analysis can be used as a reference in the analysis of real life highways, railways, subway tunnels built on soft soil foundations subjected to periodic cyclic loading.

PERENCANAAN PEMANFAATAN SISTEM PEMANENAN AIR HUJAN (PAH) DALAM MENDUKUNG PENERAPAN ECODRAIN DI KAMPUS B UNIVERSITAS NEGERI JAKARTA

This research is done to plan rainwater harvesting so that it can be used as an alternative water source on the campus B UNJ so it is expected to reduce groundwater use that can cause a puddle. The method used in the PAH development plan is a water balance method. This method compares the level of demand with water volume that can be accommodated or the availability of water (supply). Based on the results of the analysis, it was found that the potential for rainwater in the FIO office building A was 1773.95 m3 , FMIPA building B was 1904.62 m3 , the FIO lecture building C was 1613.21 m3 and the Ulul Albab mosque was 512.16 m3 . Potential rainwater obtained cistern PAH capacity of 200 m3 by saving water needs by 30% in building A FIO, building B FMIPA, and building C FIO. The capacity of the PAH cistern is 80 m3 by saving the water needs of the Ulul Albab mosque by 13.3%. Placement of the PAH cistern under the ground with a ground water system. Ecodrainage application by utilizing the PAH system can reduce drainage load by 0.158 m3 /second or 13.9% from rainwater runoff.

Policy-Driven Sustainable Saline Drainage Disposal and Forage Production in the Western San Joaquin Valley of California

Environmental policies to address water quality impairments in the San Joaquin River of California have focused on the reduction of salinity and selenium-contaminated subsurface agricultural drainage loads from westside sources. On 31 December 2019, all of the agricultural drainage from a 44,000 ha subarea on the western side of the San Joaquin River basin was curtailed. This policy requires the on-site disposal of all of the agricultural drainage water in perpetuity, except during flooding events, when emergency drainage to the River is sanctioned. The reuse of this saline agricultural drainage water to irrigate forage crops, such as ‘Jose’ tall wheatgrass and alfalfa, in a 2428 ha reuse facility provides an economic return on this pollutant disposal option. Irrigation with brackish water requires careful management to prevent salt accumulation in the crop root zone, which can impact forage yields. The objective of this study was to optimize the sustainability of this reuse facility by maximizing the evaporation potential while achieving cost recovery. This was achieved by assessing the spatial and temporal distribution of the root zone salinity in selected fields of ‘Jose’ tall wheatgrass and alfalfa in the drainage reuse facility, some of which have been irrigated with brackish subsurface drainage water for over fifteen years. Electromagnetic soil surveys using an EM-38 instrument were used to measure the spatial variability of the salinity in the soil profile. The tall wheatgrass fields were irrigated with higher salinity water (1.2–9.3 dS m−1) compared to the fields of alfalfa (0.5–6.5 dS m−1). Correspondingly, the soil salinity in the tall wheatgrass fields was higher (12.5 dS m−1–19.3 dS m−1) compared to the alfalfa fields (8.97 dS m−1–14.4 dS m−1) for the years 2016 and 2017. Better leaching of salts was observed in the fields with a subsurface drainage system installed (13–1 and 13–2). The depth-averaged root zone salinity data sets are being used for the calibration of the transient hydro-salinity computer model CSUID-ID (a one-dimensional version of the Colorado State University Irrigation Drainage Model). This user-friendly decision support tool currently provides a useful framework for the data collection needed to make credible, field-scale salinity budgets. In time, it will provide guidance for appropriate leaching requirements and potential blending decisions for sustainable forage production. This paper shows the tie between environmental drainage policy and the role of local governance in the development of sustainable irrigation practices, and how well-directed collaborative field research can guide future resource management.

Predicting nitrate-nitrogen loads in subsurface drainage as a function of fertilizer application rate and timing in southern Minnesota.

Fertilizer management practices that focus on applying N fertilizer at the right rate and time have been proposed as a practical option to reduce NO3 -N losses from subsurface drained agricultural fields. In this study, regression equations were developed to predict NO3 -N losses for a corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] rotation in southern Minnesota, using fertilizer application timing and rate and growing season precipitation as inputs. The equations were developed using the results of the field-scale hydrologic and N simulation model DRAINMOD-NII, first calibrated and validated for three sites in southern Minnesota, and then run with different combinations of N fertilizer application rates and timings. Fertilizer timing treatments included a single application in the fall or spring and a split-spring application (half applied preplant and the remaining applied as sidedress). The predictive regression equations showed that the split fertilizer application timing could reduce regional N loads by 28% compared with spring or fall applications. Greater reductions were predicted when the split timing was combined with lower N fertilizer rates. Utilizing the split application timing and reducing the fertilizer rate by 10 and 30% showed 33 and 41% reductions in N loads, respectively, compared with current fertilizer management practices. Such reductions in fertilizer application rates could be achieved through the use of variable-rate nitrogen (VRN) fertilizer technologies. Results of this modeling study indicate that synchronizing fertilizer application with crop requirements and utilizing VRN technologies could significantly reduce N loads to surface waters in southern Minnesota.

Study on the Pollution Control of Down Washing Wastewater in West Anhui, China

The down industry is one of the special agricultural industrial clusters in West Anhui province, China. There are large drainage and large pollution load in the washing down industry. By analysing the characteristics of wastewater from down washing industry, it is proposed that the enterprises of down industry should separate heavily polluted wastewater from slightly polluted and reuse the wastewater directly or after regeneration treatment. According to the gathering situation of down feather industrial enterprises in West Anhui province, it is proposed to build down feather industrial park and down specialized sewage treatment plant in the industrial gathering area, so as to solve the pollution problem of enterprises through centralized treatment and make industry bigger and stronger.

定常流量法による排水負荷算定に関する研究 （第２報）節水型大便器を対象とした排水負荷算定に関する検討

定常流量法による排水負荷算定に関する研究 （第２報）節水型大便器を対象とした排水負荷算定に関する検討

Implementation of bioretention system for environmental-based urban drainage planning

Drainage design patterns need improvements in an effort to find the root of the problems of flooding that often occur in big cities in Indonesia. The use of land that is not in accordance with applicable regulations makes drainage planning in a developing city will experience many difficulties. Rainwater management in particular is an effort to improve the existing drainage pattern. With the system, it temporarily absorbs rainwater into the ground with the application of bioretention. Drainage with the concept of environmentally sound makes it not just to drain water, but gives the optimum time for water to be able to absorb into the soil (Infiltration). Aiming at reducing the drainage load, filtering pollutants carried by rainwater into the soil, minimizing surface runoff and reducing annual runoff, the most important is groundwater recharge. Development of a bioretence system can be done in a Green Open Space that is adjusted to its designation, it can also be built on housing with easy calculations and can be applied at a cost that is not too expensive. The aim of this research is how a small artificial bioretention facility treating roof runoff from single family homes and nature bioretention overcome surface runoff from street and parking lot.

給排水衛生設備設計手法に関する調査・研究 （第2報）排水負荷算定法及び負荷算定法に対する要望について

給排水衛生設備設計手法に関する調査・研究 （第2報）排水負荷算定法及び負荷算定法に対する要望について

既存高層ストック集合住宅における浴室系統雑排水管の排水性能に関する実験研究 （その1）浴槽等の雑排水系統の器具排水特性データの収集と排水負荷算定

既存高層ストック集合住宅における浴室系統雑排水管の排水性能に関する実験研究 （その1）浴槽等の雑排水系統の器具排水特性データの収集と排水負荷算定

給排水衛生設備設計手法に関する調査研究 （第４報）器具排水負荷単位法の動向

給排水衛生設備設計手法に関する調査研究 （第４報）器具排水負荷単位法の動向

KAJIAN AIR HUJAN MELALUI LUBANG RESAPAN BIOPORI (LRB) DI UIN SUNAN AMPEL SURABAYA

Lack of green open space (RTH) can lead to flooding and even catastrophic flooding in the event of high rainfall intensity that falls in urban areas. Sunan Ampel State Islamic University Surabaya (UINSA) is one of the educational facilities in Surabaya City which is located in the flood prone area of Jemur Wonosari, Wonocolo. One of the technologies used to overcome inundation and flooding and to increase groundwater reserves is the Biopori Infiltration Hole (LRB). UINSA as one of the education facilities in Surabaya City can apply LRB technology to absorb rainwater so that it can reduce runoff of wasted rainwater into ditches to drainage systems. This study aims to determine the amount of LRB that can be applied in UINSA and the percentage of LRB in reducing drainage load. The method used is quantitative descriptive by conducting field survey of open land area, ground infiltration field test, soil type laboratory test and using secondary data daily rainfall. The results of the study showed that the number of LRB that can be applied at UINSA is 741 pieces in open spaces covering an area of 1481.84 m2 with a reduction in drainage load of 42.83%. Keywords: rainwater, biopori infiltration hole, infiltration, drainage load reduction.

Flood simulation using EPA SWMM 5.1 on small catchment urban drainage system

The area around Sungai Sapih District Hospital of Padang is often flooded. The existing drainage system inadequate to accommodate the increasing of drainage loads due to the changing land use in the area. In order to evaluate the drainage system in the study area, EPA SWMM version 5.1 was used to develop the simulation model. This model was able to calculate the quantity and quality of surface runoff from each catchment area, flow discharge, flow depth, and water quality in each pipeline and drainage channel during the simulation period. The data used in this research are maps of land use, rain data, and drainage channel dimensions. Hourly time series rain data was used and as this was not directly unavailable at the train station at the study site, it was calculated by constructing a rain estimation hyetograph from the 5-year Intensity-Duration-Frequency (IDF) curve using the Alternating Block Method (ABM). After all EPA SWMM 5.1 parameters were specified and inputted, simulation with four simulation scenarios was performed based on the present and the future possible land use and the change of dimension and shape of the drainage channel. The first scenario produced 18 flooding occurrences, the second; 20, the third and fourth; 14. Of note were the 14 flooding points in the third and fourth scenario despite the shape and dimension of the drain used being in accordance with the detail of drainage planning of Sungai Sapih area according to the city master plan for 2010-2030. This shows that the drainage planning design (DED) for Sungai Sapih District Public Hospital is insufficient to contain the drainage load of the area, either now or in the future.