Load Coefficient Research Articles

Unleashing the potential: early evaluation of blood pressure control with novel measurements in patients with hypertension

Abstract Objective To assess the prognostic value of two novel blood pressure measurements——short-term cumulative systolic blood pressure (SBP) load and Time in Target Rang (TTR) in major adverse cardiovascular outcomes and all-cause mortality. Method This is a post-hoc analysis of the SPIRNT (Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial). Participants with complete record of BP values and no adverse events occurred in the initial 90-days follow-up were enrolled. Short-term cumulative SBP load and TTR were calculated by the 3-month SBP values in the follow-up period (Fig 1). The primary outcome was major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs), defined as the composite of myocardial infarction, stroke, heart failure and cardiovascular death. Secondary outcomes were the components of the primary outcomes and all-cause mortality. Results The study population included 8639 adults (median [IQR]or mean (%) baseline age, 67 [61,76] years; 2940 women (35.1%); Median follow-up time 3.8[3.3-4.4] years). 559 MACEs were occurred. Participants categorized by tertiles of cumulative SBP Load (T1: [0,0.1572]; T2: (0.1572 ,3.5946]; T3: (3.5946 ,30.2949]) showed a significant increase hierarchical trend (P for trend <0.05) in the incidence of MACEs and stroke. For Participants grouped by SBP TTR (T1: [0,21.2657]; T2: (21.2657 ,71.1462]; T3: (71.1462 ,100]), it indicated a decrease hierarchical trend (P for trend <0.05) in the incidence of MACEs and MI (Fig2 and Fig3). Both short-term cumulative SBP Load (HR: 1.117(1.033-1.208)) and TTR (HR: 0.861(0.785-0.945)) were correlated with MACEs independently(tabal1). According to C-statistics and Net Reclassification Indexes (NRI), short-term cumulative SBP Load and TTR both outperformed mean SBP and SBP standard derivation (SD) on the prognosis value of MACEs. Moreover, our results showed that the coefficient of cumulative SBP Load under penalty decreased to 0 with the largest log(lambda),which indicted a major role across 4 different measures in models. (Fig 4). Conclusions Both short-term cumulative SBP load and TTR had an independent prognosis value for MACEs superior to mean SBP and SBP SD in hypertension patients without diabetes. This study provided the evidence of novel BP measurements for early assessment of BP levels after antihypertensive treatment.

Coordinative optimization for wind farms considering improved fatigue load index

In the wind farm(WF), there exists a serious uneven distribution of damage equivalent load(DEL) on the wind turbine(WT), which increases the maintenance cost of wind power generation. Previous researches focus on a single objective such as the total or the standard deviation of fatigue loads for optimal control. To address these, this paper proposes a coordinative optimization by considering an improved fatigue load index. The coordinative optimization is achieved on both WF level and WT level. For WF level, a state-space model is built for the active power dispatch by utilizing small signal linearization. Then, an improved sensitivity analysis is performed to evaluate the fatigue load on the component of the tower and shaft. Further, a coordinative multi-objective function is designed, which minimizes the total DEL of the WF, and balances the individual fatigue load distribution of the WT. For WT level, an adaptive internal model control is proposed to suppress both tower vibrations and torque fluctuation of the main shaft. Several experiments are performed to verify the significance of the proposed method with the weight analysis of power and load coefficient. The comparison results reveals the superiority of the coordinative optimization in restraining the total DEL of the WF, balancing WF fatigue distribution, decreasing the DEL of the single WT, and satisfying the power reference tracking simultaneously.

An Evidential Reasoning Method of Comprehensive Evaluation of Water Quality Based on Gaussian Distribution

This study provides an evidential reasoning method for water quality evaluation based on Gaussian distribution to handle the problem of comprehensive water quality evaluation for a region across a period (multiple sections and multiple time points). The method turns the collection of observed water quality indicator values into a probability distribution of water quality grades by using the Gaussian distribution to compute the confidence assessment of water quality grades over one period. It eliminates the subjectivity involved in determining confidence levels and the problem of information loss during data fusion that arises with conventional approaches. The probability distribution of each assessment grade is then determined by repeatedly synthesizing evidence of the same water quality grade using the improved evidential reasoning synthesis rule. To avoid the subjectivity included in experience-based weight settings, principal component analysis (PCA) is utilized to calculate the weights of water quality indicators based on contribution rates and load coefficients. In the end, utility theory is presented to modify the discrete probability distribution of precise numerical expressions, offering thorough results for the evaluation of water quality and facilitating the comparison of various water quality grades. Using the Xiangjiang River Basin as a case study, the proposed evaluation method is contrasted with popular techniques for assessing water quality, including the Single-Factor Evaluation Method, the Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation Method, and the Evidential Reasoning Comprehensive Evaluation Method. The findings suggest that the evidence reasoning approach for evaluating water quality that is based on Gaussian distribution is more rational, accurate, and scientific. Additionally, empirical studies on the annual water quality trends in various regions, the upstream, midstream, and downstream trends, and the water quality trends during wet and dry periods are conducted using this method to assess and analyze changes in water quality in the Xiangjiang River Basin during the “11th Five-Year Plan” and “12th Five-Year Plan” periods. The analysis findings demonstrate that, even if the rate of progress has slowed, the Xiangjiang River Basin’s overall water quality has been steadily improving since management and protection measures were put in place. This shows that the preventive and control efforts implemented in the “11th Five-Year Plan” and “12th Five-Year Plan” periods were successful; nevertheless, carrying out the current tactics might only have a limited impact. As a result, more advanced and creative approaches are required to encourage the ongoing enhancement of the water quality in the Xiangjiang River Basin.

Variation of Heliostat Wind Loads in a Radial Field Array Model

The design of heliostats throughout a concentrated solar power (CSP) plant are currently of uniform design, however, research into the variation in heliostat wind loading within a radially staggered field array can provide insight into potential material cost savings in heliostat field design. Experimental investigation was carried out on a field array model in the University of Adelaide large wind tunnel. A total of 64 heliostat models of size 0.1 × 0.1 m were radially arranged over four surround rows. Four 3-axis load cells were utilized to analyze field array cases of morning (0700 hours), noon (1200 hours), and evening (1700 hours) configurations. Angle calculations for beam reflection were made for the 21st March (equinox). Results show mean and peak drag force coefficients reduce with distance into the field for a 1700 hour case due to high upstream blockage. Comparing the downstream drag and lift force coefficients against each test configuration, when heliostats are at steep elevation angles, high flow blockage leads to a reduction of coefficients downstream (0700 hour and 1700 hour cases). When elevation angles are reduced (1200 hours), drag and lift coefficients increase with distance from the central tower in the downstream direction. Results also show the central tower increases load coefficients on downstream heliostats, and therefore should be considered in heliostat wind loading and field design.

Hydrodynamic properties of propellers with large blade-area ratio and truncated blade in free water

In the literature exist data about the hydrodynamic characteristics of propulsion systems, which include a duct and a fixed-pitch propeller with a truncated blade shape (Kaplan propeller), which has a relatively small blade-area ratio of 0.55. Usual such propellers has a very high loading coefficient, which entails the need to increase propellers blade-area ratio in order to prevent the occurrence of developed cavitation. The article presents the results of the first stage of research, which included testing a series of four-blade truncated propellers with a blade-area ratio 1.0 in free water. The tests were carried out in the towing tank of Admiral Makarov State University of Maritime and Inland Shipping on experimental installation, which include a special hydrodynamic stand. A series of tested propellers were 3D printed from PET-G plastic. A preliminary assessment showed that the chosen diameter of the models will ensure the achievement of supercritical Reynolds numbers at a rotation frequency of about 20 s–1. However, during the tests, it was found that the rotational speed must be increased to 30 s–1, which, in turn, led to a reduction in the test program due to the regime limitations of the experimental equipment. Nevertheless, the analysis of the test results made it possible to build a “hull” and “machinary” diagrams according to the Papmel form. An assessment of the strength of the models was carried out, which showed that the stresses arising in the root of the blade are significantly less than the allowable ones. The obtained results expand the design possibilities of Kaplan propellers with water-jet propulsion units, as well as a part of the “propeller-nozzle” propulsion complex.

Transient dynamic cycle evolution and thermodynamic performance analysis of a free-piston engine generator

The free-piston engine generator (FPEG) is a promising hybrid power system. Eliminating the crankshaft mechanism, it features a variable piston dynamic cycle distinct from traditional engines. This paper investigates transient dynamic evolutions, identifies the stable operation zone, and further analyzes thermodynamic performance under various key design parameters. First, a coupled dynamic-thermodynamic model is developed for FPEG. Second, transient dynamic evolutions from start-up to combustion-generation stage are analyzed. The boundaries of operating parameters are identified to ensure the presence of limit cycles for stable operation. Subsequently, the thermodynamic performance is comprehensively evaluated. The indicated power and thermal efficiency improve as load resistance and excess air ratio decrease. The maximum and minimum performance points consistently occur on the overshooting and damping lines, respectively. A lower piston assembly mass and higher design compression ratio are recommended to achieve higher indicated power and thermal efficiency. A lower stroke-to-bore ratio leads to higher indicated power with a slight decrease in thermal efficiency. Additionally, the load coefficient should be adjusted to ensure stable operation according to the design parameters. This paper enhances the understanding of transient dynamic evolutions of the FPEG and provides guidance for prototype design aimed at achieving stable operation and improved output performance.

Thermodynamic analysis of interactions between the components of the charge during the production of metallurgical silicon

The theoretical foundations of the recovery process and the technology of silicon smelting in electric arc furnaces are considered. The results of a study of thermodynamics, reaction kinetics, and mechanisms of the melting process are presented. Production issues are covered: charge preparation, smelting, refining, gas purification. Physicochemical models of the carbothermal process were developed, proposed and tested under industrial conditions (Tau-Ken-Temir LLP), which made it possible to assess the influence of the specified technological parameters of the smelting (chemical composition and loading coefficients of charge components, temperature) on silicon recovery and grade. To obtain the base material, metallurgical grade silicon is used, obtained by melting in ore-thermal furnaces (RTP). In this regard, the research goal is determined, which consists in studying ways to improve the quality (chemical purity) of silicon, and methods for achieving it at this stage of the study - modeling the carbothermal process for producing silicon.The article describes the main mechanism for the recovery of silica in the furnace, presents one of the designs of the furnace and the technological scheme for the production of silicon. The author suggested studying the process of producing metallurgical silicon in RTP using the HSC Chemistry software package. A model of silicon smelting in RTP was formed, which adequately describes the technological process for producing metallurgical silicon.

Method of calculation of temperature parameters and servic life of cable lines with a voltage of 10 kV

RELEVANCE. The paper presents a method for calculating the temperature parameters and service life of cable lines (CL) with a voltage of 10 kV for various types of insulation and operating conditions. Dependencies have been developed that are recommended for clarifying the parameters of the CL, taking into account different operating modes. The results of the study can be used for practical application and will contribute to reducing the number of accidents resulting from thermal breakdowns of CL due to incorrect selection of CL parameters.PURPOSE. To investigate the temperature parameters of 10 kV CL, taking into account various methods of laying them and load factors for the climatic conditions of the Republic of Tatarstan.METHODS. Methods for calculating the temperature parameters of CL and their service life, methods of statistical data processing, and methods for approximating functions are used. The ELCUT software package is used to visualize the results obtained during calculations. results. The results of calculations of the temperature parameters of 10 kV CL with paper-impregnated insulation (BPI), polyvinyl chloride plastic (PVC) insulation and polyethylene (PE) insulation during their laying in air, in the ground, in the ground in a pipe, taking into account the load coefficients of cable lines, are presented. The results of calculations of the service life of the CL are shown. The values of the optimal load coefficients of the CL are determined to reduce the rate of thermal aging of insulation under various operating conditions. conclusion. The results of the conducted research and calculations can be used to evaluate and select the optimal load of 10 kV CL at the stages of operation and design of power supply systems.

Flexural behavior of over-reinforced beam with ECC layer: Experimental and numerical simulation study

To optimize the brittle failure of reinforced conerete (RC) over-reinforeed beams and enhance their flexural performance, a novel structural form is proposed. To be specific, the Engineered Cementitious Composite (ECC) layer is installed on top of the RC over-reinforced beam (ERCOB). A total of six test beams are prepared, comprising one unreinforced beam and five reinforced beams. The variables comprised the depth of the ECC, reinforcement ratio, and whether the ECC is configured at the bottom. The test findings are subsequently compared with simulation outcomes to validate the model's precision. Next, the influence of various variables on ERCOB flexural performance, such as load-deflection response, bearing capacity, etc., is deeply analyzed. The research indicates that the ECC applied to both the top and bottom of the specimen exhibits enhanced bearing capacity and ductility. In comparison to CB-1, the maximum load and deflection ductility coefficient of EB-2 increased from 45.73 kN to 2.63–48.52 kN and 3.85, representing increases of 6.1 % and 29.6 %, respectively. It reveals that ECC layer improves the defects caused by excessive reinforcement of over-reinforced beams, and optimizes the tensile capacity of the steel bars, thus improving the bending capacity and ductility of the specimens. Finally, the prediction model of ERCOB flexural capacity is proposed to further verify the effectiveness of ERCOB. This study not only verifies the effectiveness of ECC reinforcement, but also helps to delay the failure process of structures, provide reference for future engineering application design.

Data-Driven Radial Compressor Design Space Mapping

Abstract Estimates of turbomachinery performance trends inform system-level compromises during preliminary design. Existing empirical correlations for efficiency use limited experimental data, while analytical loss models require calibration to yield predictive results. From a set of 3708 radial compressor computations, this paper maps efficiency as a function of mean-line aerodynamics, and determines the governing loss mechanisms. An open-source turbomachinery design code creates annulus and blade geometry, then runs a Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes simulation for compressors sampled from the mean-line design space. Polynomial surface fits yield a continuous eight-dimensional representation of the design space for analysis, predicting efficiency with a root-mean-square error of 1.2% points. The results show a balance between surface dissipation in boundary layers and mixing loss due to casing separations sets optimum values for inlet Mach number, hub-to-tip ratio, de Haller number, and backsweep angle. Surface dissipation drives the effect of flow coefficient, with high surface areas at low values, and high velocities at high values. Compact compressor designs are achieved by increasing inlet Mach number, reducing hub-to-tip ratio, and minimizing the radial loading coefficient—all of which reduce efficiency approaching design space boundaries. An interactive web-based tool makes the results available to practising engineers, demonstrating large ensembles of automated designs and simulations as a higher-fidelity replacement for legacy empirical correlations in preliminary design.

Identification of urban street trees for green belt development for optimizing pollution mitigation in Delhi, India.

The current study evaluated the effects of air pollution on selected street trees in the National Capital Territory during the pre- and post-monsoon seasons to identify the optimally suitable tree for green belt development in Delhi. The identification was performed by measuring the air pollution tolerance index (APTI), anticipated performance index (API), dust-capturing capacity (DCC) and proline content on the trees. The APTI of street trees of Delhi varied significantly among different tree species (F11,88.91 = 47.18, p < 0.05), experimental sites (F3,12.52 = 6.65, p < 0.001) and between seasons (F1,31.12 = 16.51, p < 0.001), emphasizing the relationships between trees and other types of variables such as the climate and level of pollution, among other factors. This variability emphasizes the need to choose trees to use for urban greening in the improvement of air quality in different environments within cities. Ascorbic acid (AA) concentration and relative water content (RWC) had a strong influence on APTI with an extremely significant moderate positive correlation between AA concentration and APTI (r = 0.65, p < 0.001) along with RWC and APTI (r = 0.52, p < 0.001), indicating that higher levels of AA concentration and RWC are linked to increased air pollution tolerance. The PCA bi-plot indicates AA has poor positive loading coefficients with PC1 explaining 29.49% of the total variance in the dataset. The highest APTI was recorded in Azadirachta indica (22.01), Leucaena leucocephala (20.65), Morus alba (20.62), Ficus religiosa (20.61) and Ficus benghalensis (19.61), irrespective of sites and seasons. Similarly, based on API grading, F. religiosa and F. benghalensis were identified as excellent API grade 6 (81-90%), A. indica and Alstonia scholaris as very good API grade 5 (71-80%), M. alba, Pongamia pinnata and Monoon longifolium as good API grade 4 (61-70%) and Plumeria alba as moderate API grade 3 (51-60%) in different streets of Delhi. As these plants are indigenous to the region and hold significant socio-economic and aesthetic significance in Indian societies, they are advisable for avenue plantations as part of various government initiatives to support environmental sustainability.

Parametric instability analysis of rotors under anisotropic boundary conditions

Ensuring rotor stability is a major concern in engineering, as instabilities can lead to catastrophic failures. Existing literature shows that anisotropic boundary conditions significantly affect the parametric instability characteristics of rotors under periodical axial loads. However, there is little literature systematically analyzing the formation mechanism of parametric resonance under these boundary conditions or providing a detailed classification of the parametric instability regions. Therefore, this paper presents a comprehensive parametric instability analysis of a rotor subjected to periodic axial loads under anisotropic boundary conditions. A novel approach based on the multiple scales method is proposed to address anisotropy in the boundary conditions. Using this approach, the analytical boundaries of the parametric instability regions are derived, and a proof regarding the absence of certain parametric resonances is presented. These analytical solutions are validated by numerical results obtained from the discrete transition matrix method, which form the basis for systematically investigating the effects of anisotropy in direct or cross-coupling stiffness/damping coefficients on the rotor instability. The key scientific contributions of this work include: Deriving analytical instability boundaries, providing a more efficient alternative to purely numerical methods while maintaining high accuracy; Demonstrating the absence of parametric resonance of difference type under both isotropic or anisotropic boundary conditions; Discovering that anisotropy in stiffness coefficients can induce self-interaction within a given forward or backward whirl mode, as well as interaction between two forward or two backward whirl modes, leading to additional instability regions; Reducing anisotropy in direct damping coefficients may increase critical dynamic load coefficients, potentially enhancing rotor safety; If the cross-coupling stiffness coefficients exceed the threshold for triggering intrinsic instability, the rotor may become unstable in all operating conditions. All these findings offer insights into the stability management of rotors under various operating conditions and provide valuable guidance for designing and operating safer, more efficient rotor systems.

Development and Validation of 3D Commercial Vehicle Multibody Dynamics Model to Assess Dynamic Load Coefficient

Development and Validation of 3D Commercial Vehicle Multibody Dynamics Model to Assess Dynamic Load Coefficient

Examination of the Resistance Components of an Energy-Efficient Electric Vehicle

Abstract The paper presents a comprehensive examination of measurement-based modelling regarding resistance forces. This work offers a detailed explanation of the experimental techniques employed to measure the resistance forces experienced by a lightweight vehicle. The modelling approach is particularly beneficial for characterizing vehicle with low resistance values. Our investigation encompasses key vehicle motion states, including cornering and straight-line motion, making it greatly useful for optimization purposes. The measurements were conducted in a proving ground and laboratory environment. The road load coefficients can be breakdown into components from total resistance force measurement. Based on breakdown, future vehicle development goals can be addressed with a focus on reducing resistance forces.

Field measurements of wind load effects in a photovoltaic single-axis tracker mounting rail

The demand for solar photovoltaic power installations has resulted in a highly competitive industry. Equipment suppliers are under pressure to reduce design margins for projects to be feasible. Single-axis trackers are widely used to increase yield and reduce the levelised cost of energy compared to fixed-tilt installations. Load coefficients on tracker arrays are usually quantified using model-scale studies conducted in atmospheric boundary layer wind tunnels. These dynamically sensitive structures have been known to suffer wind damage despite the use of modern design methods. Ongoing research into the support structure design is deemed important to ensure long-term reliability. The current study presents full-scale field data acquired over 109 days on an experimental one-in-portrait single-axis tracker facility located in the Western Cape, South Africa. The purpose of these measurements was to quantify wind load effects in two instrumented PV module mounting rails. Frequency domain data showed modal participation of both the torsional and bending modes of the torque tube. The effect of the bending mode was more pronounced for the rail furthest from a pile. Load coefficients calculated using experimental data were generally lower than those presented in ASCE 7-22. Fluctuating stresses at critical locations led to negligible fatigue damage.

Optimized identification process of equivalent wind load calculations for offshore wind turbines under standstill conditions

In engineering, the wind excitations acting on the offshore wind turbine (OWT) structure cannot be obtained directly by the measured method. The traditional load simulation way may lead to poor accuracy because of the deviation between actual operational conditions and simulation environment parameters or load coefficients, which are always selected based on load spectrums, small scale model tests and engineering experience. To solve this project problem, an equivalent wind load optimization model and parameter identification process of OWT was established under the standstill conditions. Afterwards, two key load parameters in load model respectively called constant drag coefficient and unsteady lift coefficient can be obtained through recursive call on numerical model and feedback analysis using particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm based on measured vibration data. The applicability and accuracy of proposed calculation process was verified through an equivalent numerical model of OWT considering different particle position and wind speed. Further, the optimization identification on equivalent wind load and the drag and lift coefficients of one OWT was achieved based on measured data. It is illustrated that the identified drag coefficients show a drop trend from 0.629 to 0.154, consistent with the parameter range of 0.20–0.60 obtained from model experiments, before the wind speed reaches 6.0 m/s and then rise obviously with the increase of wind speed. On the contrary, the range of optimized lift coefficients form 0.133–0.480, which is as familiar as the experimental parameter range of 0.10–0.30, reflects a certain increase trend. Finally, the comparison between identified wind excitations and calculated loads based on the measured strain data explain that the proposed load optimization identification process have a good credibility on actual OWT.

The Correlation between Water–Sediment Index and Floodplain Transverse Slope Based on Wavelet Analysis

The floodplain transverse slope is a significant parameter reflecting the degree of development of a secondary suspended river, as well as a crucial index of the flood risk in the river channel. Clarifying the factors that influence the evolution of the floodplain transverse slope has always been a hot and difficult topic for researchers working on the Yellow River management. We took the severe section of the secondary suspended river from Dongbatou to Gaocun in the lower Yellow River as the research object, selecting the annual runoff, annual sediment load, annual sediment coefficient, and the intensity of flood-season flow scouring at the Huayuankou station in the downstream as the water–sediment indexes. The correlation between different water–sediment indexes and the floodplain transverse slope under three modes: interannual, flood season, and flood-season overbank was studied through methods such as cross-wavelet transform and wavelet coherence analysis. The results showed that under the three modes, the annual sediment load and annual sediment coefficient had a high correlation with the evolution cycle of the transverse slope, followed by the intensity of flood-season flow scouring, and the annual runoff had the lowest correlation. Meanwhile, the change in the transverse slope had a good correlation with the flood-season overbank mode, indicating there was a high similarity between the water–sediment characteristics of floodplain flooding and the evolution cycle of the transverse slope; that is, the change in the transverse slope is greatly influenced by floodplain flooding events.

Study on the motion characteristics of continuously generated bubbles and power generation performance in the power generation channel of the liquid metal magneto-hydro-dynamics system

The motion characteristics of continuously generated bubbles and their influence on the power generation performance of the liquid metal magneto-hydro-dynamics system are numerically investigated under different surface tension coefficients and load coefficients based on the volume of fluid model. The results show that bubbles split and coalesce more frequently in the presence of a magnetic field, resulting in an oscillatory velocity distribution along the flow direction. Due to the wake effect, bubble splitting causes an uneven distribution of current density throughout the channel, reducing the stability of power generation. As surface tension inhibits bubble deformation, increasing the surface tension coefficient of the fluid reduces fluctuations in peak velocity and current density in the channel, thus enhancing the stability of power generation, but to some extent, it reduces the overall power generation. The shape of the bubbles shows anisotropy: in the plane perpendicular to the magnetic field, the bubbles are cap-shaped, whereas in the plane parallel to the electrode wall, the bubbles elongate in the direction parallel to the magnetic field as the load coefficient decreases, transitioning from elliptical to cap-shaped. Additionally, there exists an optimal load coefficient that maximizes the output power.

Establishment of a new vault prediction formula after implantable collamer lens implantation based on factor analysis of multi-modal ophthalmic parameters of anterior and posterior chamber.

To establish a novel vault prediction formula after implantable collamer lens (ICL) implantation that considers both anterior and posterior chamber characteristics with multi-modal parameters. A total of 103 and 65 eyes were included in the development and validation groups, respectively. Exploratory factor analysis was performed using data from optical coherence tomography and ultrasound biomicroscopy in the development group to synthesise summative factors with different clinical significance. Dominant original metrics with heavy loadings on significant factors (absolute value of the loading coefficient >0.5) were screened for multivariate linear regression models using a stepwise method. The newly derived formula was evaluated and compared to the NK and KS formulas in the validation group. Six factors (anterior chamber angle, horizontal width, lens, iris, iridociliary complex and ciliary body) were generated after dimension reduction via factor analysis. Factors 2 (horizontal width), 3 (lens), and 5 (iridociliary complex) had a significant influence on the vault. When dominant metrics on these factors were screened for further model building, ICL size, anterior chamber width, crystalline lens rise, iris curvature, and iris-ciliary process distance were retained in the final formula, with an adjusted R2 of 0.698, a median absolute error of 81.97 mm, and a root-mean-square error of 103.35 mm. Multiple intraocular components, including the lens, iris, and ciliary body, play important roles in vault determination. The new formula exhibits good accuracy for vault predictions and ICL size recommendations.

Entrance process and interface distribution of nanoparticles in point contact

Nanoparticles have proven to be effective in reducing friction and wear in tribological systems. Previous research mainly focused on the behavior of nanoparticles within the contact region, often overlooking the dynamics of particle's ingress into the interface. This study introduces an innovative model to elucidate the entry process of particles in point contact, grounded in mechanical analysis. The model is employed to investigate the distribution and load-bearing capacity of nanoparticles within the interface, considering variables such as velocity, applied load, particle concentration, particle size, and friction coefficient. Relative ball-on-disk experiments were conducted to verify the model’s prediction, with particular attention to the elemental distribution of particles along the wear tracks. Both theoretical and experimental results indicate that the distribution of particles shifts from covering the whole contact interface to concentrating at the edge in the movement direction as the external load increases and the velocity decreases. Additionally, while the spatial distribution of particles remains constant, the particle concentration within the interface significantly increases with higher nanoparticle concentrations. The enhanced tribological performance of nanofluid is attributed to a greater number of particles entering the contact region.