Load Velocity Research Articles

The Impact of Velocity-Based Training on Load-Velocity Relationships in Leg Press and Chest Press for Older Persons.

Calaway, C, Mishra, S, Parrino, R, Martinez, KJ, Mann, JB, and Signorile, JF. Velocity-based training affects the load-velocity relationship in leg press and chest press for older persons. J Strength Cond Res 38(6): 1136-1143, 2024-This study examined the impact of 3 months of velocity-based training (VBT) on chest press (CP) and leg press (LP) maximal strength (1 repetition maximum [1RM]), peak power (PP), and percentage load where PP was achieved (%1RMPP) in older adults. Twenty-nine subjects were assigned to either a velocity-deficit (VD) group or a force-deficit (FD) group for each exercise depending on their load-velocity (LV) curves. Changes in load were determined by the ability to maintain either 90% (VD) or 70% (FD) of their PP during training. Subjects' powers were tested before and after the training intervention at loads between 40 and 80%1RM. Separate 2 (group) × 2 (time) ANOVA was used to examine changes in each variable by group for each exercise. Wilcoxon signed-rank tests were used to determine whether significant changes in %1RMPP for each exercise and group. For chest press 1 repetition maximum, there were no significant main effects or interaction. Significant main effects for time were observed for leg press 1 repetition maximum ( p < 0 .001, η2 = 0.547) and chest press peak power ( p = 0.009, η2 = 0.243). For LPPP, there were no significant main effects or interactions. For %1RMPP, CP median scores revealed no significant changes for either group. Significant declines in %1RMPP were observed for leg press velocity-deficit and leg press force-deficit ( p < 0.03) groups. Velocity-based training was effective at improving 1RM, PP, and shifting %1RMPP in the LP groups. These results have implications for targeting power improvements at specific areas of the LV curve. Health care providers and trainers should consider these findings when constructing exercise programs to counter age-related declines in older adults.

Influence of Load and Sliding Velocity on Abrasive Wear of Polyester Composites Reinforced with Bio-Particulates as Filler Material

Influence of Load and Sliding Velocity on Abrasive Wear of Polyester Composites Reinforced with Bio-Particulates as Filler Material

Forced and post-forced responses of multi-stepped composite cylindrical shell under general moving excitations

For the first time, this work presents a comprehensive analysis of the forced and post-forced vibration responses for the multi-stepped composite cylindrical shell (MSCCS) subjected to moving excitation with the general distribution. Based on the method of reverberation-ray matrix (MRRM) of the general connection conditions, the investigated structural system composed of several cylindrical shells having different lengths and thicknesses is modeled analytically by the inhomogeneous dynamic equations with introduced the continuous acting mechanism of the moving excitations precisely. In order to address the discontinuity problem of the moving excitation at the multi-stepped connections, a coupling technique involving the recombination of wave numbers and a matrix excitation coordinate transfer scheme is adopted. This approach allows for a flexible span of axial loading and arbitrary circumferential distribution. The verification results exhibit excellent accuracy for dealing with the transient responses under various moving excitations of the MSCCS. The novel parameters examples reveal that the post-forced vibration phenomenon can be eliminated within a certain parametric range instead of changing the load velocity. Furthermore, the thickness ratio, axial loading span and circumferential distribution also play an important role in the dynamic responses under moving excitations.

Green energy-sourced AI-controlled multilevel UPQC parameter selection using football game optimization

The power quality (PQ) has been significantly affected by the integration of intermittent non-conventional sources (NCS) into the local distribution system in addition to the adoption of power electronic technologies to regulate non-linear loads. This article combines the H-bridge cascade five-level unified power quality conditioner (5L-UPQC) with the wind power generation system (WPGS), solar photovoltaic power generation system (SPVGS), and battery storage system (BSS) as an effective approach to address PQ problems. The utilization of the Levenberg–Marquardt backpropagation (LMBP)-trained Artificial neural network controller (ANNC) in the UPQC is recommended for generating appropriate reference signals for the converters. This eliminates the requirement for conventional complex conversions, such as abc, dq0, and αβ. Moreover, the artificial neuro-fuzzy interface system (ANFIS) is recommended for achieving a DC-link balance. Football game optimization (FBGO) is utilized to determine the optimal shunt and series filter characteristics. The major objectives of the proposed system are to reduce the current waveform irregularities, resulting in a decrease in the total harmonic distortion (THD), an enhancement in the power factor (PF), the mitigation of supply voltage imbalances and disturbances, and the maintenance of a steady direct-current link capacitor voltage (DLCV), despite the variations in the load, solar irradiation, and wind velocity. The efficiency of the suggested strategy is assessed using four case studies that involve different loads, variable wind velocities, and source voltage balancing conditions. Based on the simulation studies and obtained results, the suggested method significantly decreases the THD to values of 2.91%, 3.63%, 3.75%, and 3.50%. Additionally, it achieves a power factor of unity, which is considerably lower compared to other multilevel schemes that use the traditional symmetrical reference frame (SRF) and instantaneous reactive power (pq) methods. This design has been executed using the MATLAB/Simulink program.

A new theoretical method for torsional-flexural vibrations response of thin-walled beams with closed cross-sections under uniform distributed moving load

This article presents a new theoretical method for the torsional-flexural vibration response of a thin-walled beam with closed cross sections under a uniformly distributed moving load. Based on Vlasov’s theory and restrained torsion theory, a comprehensive equation of motion for torsional flexural vibration is established by considering the effects of additional torque caused by the change of the shear center and the center of mass and the warpage coefficient. Using the Fourier transform, Laplace transform, and their inverse transformations, the torsional-flexural vibration response expression of thin-walled beams with closed cross-sections under a uniformly distributed moving load was derived. The results calculated by the analytical solutions in this study were compared with those from finite element method, demonstrating the reliability and superiority of the analytical solutions. Compared with the method that ignores the warpage coefficient, the lateral displacement and torsion angle of the beam calculated by the proposed theoretical method decreased by more than 12.00%. The effect of the cross-sectional properties on the natural frequency of the torsional-flexural vibration of thin-walled beams is analyzed, and the results show that the moment of inertia and mass per unit length have a considerable influence on the torsional-flexural frequency, which increases with the moment of inertia and decreases with an increase in the mass per unit length. The influences of the load magnitude, load velocity, and load eccentricity on the dynamic response were further investigated. According to the results, the lateral displacement of the beam increased significantly with increases in the load eccentricity and load magnitude. In practical engineering, the conclusions of this study can be used to limit the torsional-flexural vibration response of simple maglev support bridges to ensure the safety of vehicles and passengers.

Quality of Mixedness Using Information Entropy in a Counter-Current Three-Phase Bubble Column

Knowledge of mixing phenomena is of great value in the mineral and other chemical and biochemical industries. This work aims to analyze the quality of mixedness (QM), the intrinsic mass transfer (MT) number, and the MT efficiency based on information entropy theory in the counter-current microstructured slurry bubble column. A thorough analysis is conducted to assess the effects of particle loading, gas and slurry velocity, and axial variation on the QM. The range of gas velocity, slurry velocity, particle size, and particle loading was 0.011–0.075 m/s, 0.018–0.058 m/s, 242.72–408.31 μm, and 15.54–88.94 kg/m3, respectively. QM is a time-dependent parameter, and the concept of contact time has been used for scale-up purposes. The maximum QM was achieved at dimensionless times of 0.40 × 10−3, 0.15 × 10−3, and 0.85 × 10−3 for the maximum superficial gas velocity, particle loading, and axial height, respectively. The gas velocity positively influenced both the intrinsic MT number and its efficiency. In contrast, the slurry velocity and particle loading had a negative effect. The present theoretical analysis will pave the path for industrial process intensification in counter-current flow systems.

Influence of rotor blade flexibility on the near-wake behavior of the NREL 5 MW wind turbine

Abstract. High-fidelity computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) 5 MW wind turbine rotor are performed, comparing the aerodynamic behavior of flexible and rigid blades with respect to local blade quantities as well as the wake properties. The main focus has been set on rotational periodic quantities of blade loading and fluid velocity magnitudes in relation with the blade tip vortex trajectories describing the development of those quantities in the near wake. The results show that the turbine loading in a quasi-steady flow field is mainly influenced by blade deflections due to gravitation. Deforming blades change the aerodynamic behavior, which in turn influences the surrounding flow field, leading to non-uniform wake characteristics with respect to speed and shape.

Crashworthiness analysis of novel cactus-inspired multi-cell structures under axial crushing

This study introduces an innovative cactus-inspired bionic tube (CBT) designed for enhanced energy absorption, drawing inspiration from the ribbed structure of cacti. Validation is achieved through quasi-static crushing experiments, confirming the numerical model's accuracy. Numerical simulations investigate critical factors, including structural mass, wall thickness, loading velocity, and cross-sectional configuration, revealing that proper cross-section design can boost the specific energy absorption (SEA) of the original CBT by 15.84 %. Additionally, a theoretical model is developed to forecast the mean crushing force of CBTs. Comparative analysis demonstrates the superior crashworthiness of CBTs over contemporary bionic and widely adopted multicell structures with the same mass, achieving a remarkable SEA of 11.44 J/g—exceeding maximum and minimum SEA values of these structures by 28.3 % and 127.9 %, respectively. This research significantly contributes to advancing the development of high-performance bionic energy-absorbing structures for crash applications.

Vastus Lateralis Muscle Size Is Differently Associated With the Different Regions of the Squat Force-Velocity and Load-Velocity Relationships, Rate of Force Development, and Physical Performance Young Men.

Cornejo-Daza, PJ, Sánchez-Valdepeñas, J, Rodiles-Guerrero, L, Páez-Maldonado, JA, Ara, I, León-Prados, JA, Alegre, LM, Pareja-Blanco, F, and Alcazar, J. Vastus lateralis muscle size is differently associated with the different regions of the squat force-velocity and load-velocity relationships, rate of force development, and physical performance young men. J Strength Cond Res 38(3): 450-458, 2024-The influence that regional muscle size and muscle volume may have on different portions of the force-velocity (F-V) and load-velocity (L-V) relationships, explosive force, and muscle function of the lower limbs is poorly understood. This study assessed the association of muscle size with the F-V and L-V relationships, rate of force development (RFD) and maximal isometric force in the squat exercise, and vertical jump performance via countermovement jump (CMJ) height. Forty-nine resistance-trained young men (22.7 ± 3.3 years old) participated in the study. Anatomical cross-sectional area (ACSA) of the vastus lateralis (VLA) muscle was measured using the extended field of view mode in an ultrasound device at 3 different femur lengths (40% [distal], 57.5% [medial], and 75% [proximal]), and muscle volume was estimated considering the VLA muscle insertion points previously published and validated in this study. There were significant associations between all muscle size measures (except distal ACSA) and (a) forces and loads yielded at velocities ranging from 0 to 1.5 m·s -1 ( r = 0.36-0.74, p < 0.05), (b) velocities exerted at forces and loads ranging between 750-2,000 N and 75-200 kg, respectively ( r = 0.31-0.69, p < 0.05), and (c) RFD at 200 and 400 milliseconds ( r = 0.35-0.64, p < 0.05). Proximal and distal ACSA and muscle volume were significantly associated with CMJ height ( r = 0.32-0.51, p < 0.05). Vastus lateralis muscle size exhibited a greater influence on performance at higher forces or loads and lower velocities and late phases of explosive muscle actions. Additionally, proximal ACSA and muscle volume showed the highest correlation with the muscle function measures.

Sex differences in the determination of prescribed load in ballistic bench press.

Introduction: The objectives of the present study were twofold: first, to identify the specific relative load at which the concentric motion transforms into a purely propulsive action among women, and second, to compare the load-velocity relationships between men and women during the bench press throw. Methods: Fourteen men and fourteen women participated in a test where they progressively increased the load until reaching their one-repetition maximum (1RM) in the bench press exercise. Linear regression models were employed to elucidate the relationships between load and velocity, as well as load and the propulsive phase (% of total concentric time). Additionally, ANCOVA was utilized to compare the linear regression models between men and women. Results: The results revealed strong and linear associations between load and mean propulsive velocity (MPV) for both men and women, as well as between load and the propulsive phase. Notably, there were significant differences in MPV and the propulsive phase concerning load between men and women. Women transitioned into a fully propulsive concentric phase at approximately 80% of their 1RM, while men achieved this entirely propulsive phase at around 85% of their 1RM. Furthermore, women exhibited reduced velocities when handling lighter relative loads compared to men. Conversely, women demonstrated higher velocities when dealing with loads exceeding 85% of their 1RM in contrast to their male counterparts. Discussion: These findings hold notable implications for prescribing bench press throw loads for women, which should differ from those recommended for men. Further studies are necessary to validate the efficacy of the proposed load recommendations.

Nonlinear vibrations of a slightly curved Maxwell viscoelastic pipe conveying two phase flow under various boundary conditions

Two phase flows are common in pipeline engineering, and most times, the assumption of single phase flow is usually assumed. In this paper, the dynamics of a slightly curved Maxwell viscoelastic pipe conveying two phase flow under four boundary conditions; cantilever, simple supported, clamped simply supported and clamped clamped supported is investigated. Eigenfunction expansion was used to discretize the PDE into four modes. The linear analysis results show that the Maxwell viscoelastic parameter has no significant effect on the first and the second modes of the vibration, but on the third and fourth modes for the three boundaries conditions considered. The void fraction has effects on the frequency and critical velocity only if the densities of the components of the two phase fluid are significantly large. The nonlinear dynamics shows that Maxwell viscoelastic parameter reduces the bifurcation position and changes the bifurcation point from being sharp to a gentle curve at the bifurcation point. Further results were presented for the Maxwell parameter and velocity of fluid and temperature loading on the pipe, which are very important to understanding the behavior of Maxwell viscoelastic pipe conveying two phase flow.

Vibration monitoring of structures with indirect load identification and Kalman update

The German Research Foundation (DFG) has launched in September 2022 the priority program SPP 2388 100+ to develop new methods for digital representation, SHM and lifetime management of complex structures, due to the continuously increasing amount of old infrastructure buildings. The present contribution is prepared within the LEMOTRA project as a part of SPP 2388 100+. Among various SHM methods, the approach based on the Kalman update for data assimilation between model and measurement is applied and further developed to create a kind of functional digital twin for SHM. For this purpose, a sound numerical model and a measurement system with a continuous data flow are introduced to provide online predictions of the state and response parameters of the structure. System changes resulting from damage or aging processes can be detected and localized, provided the measurement and the model prediction deal with the same cause. Thus, the load identification is a necessary prerequisite for reliable data assimilation techniques. A two-step update procedure is proposed and applied in this context. At first, one part of the measurement system is used for the load identification. A cluster structure of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) was developed, trained and calibrated to extract load characteristics such as load magnitudes, load velocities or the number of vehicles on the bridge from multiple acceleration signals. This information is then used to reconstruct the actual load. In the second step, a different set of sensors is used for the data assimilation. In contrast to the first set of measurement locations, the measurement data from these sensors should be sensitive to potential system changes or damage. Here, the identified load is used as input for the model predictions which are then compared to the measurement data. A combination of different ensemble based Kalman filters (KF) provides a sequential update of the state parameters (e.g. displacement, velocity, acceleration) and the model parameters (e.g. stiffness, mass, damping). The cluster CNN approach is tested numerically, and the data assimilation technique is tested on a laboratory structure.

Effects of Cutting Parameters on the Shearing Properties of Oilseed Rape (Brassica Napus L.) Shoots in Harvesting

Highlights Cutting parameters affect the shearing properties of ultimate shear stress and specific shear energy of oilseed rape shoots harvesting. The oilseed rape shoots harvester blade was optimized using a central composite design (CCD) experimental test. The interaction term of blade thickness and oblique angle significantly affect the ultimate shear force and specific shear energy. Provide a reference for designing oilseed rape shoots harvesting machinery. Abstract. Oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) shoots are used as an edible nutritious and healthy vegetable. However, there is little information for the effects on cutting parameters on the oilseed rape stalk shearing properties to harvest fresh shoots. This study used the single factor method and response surface methodology (RSM) along with central composite design (CCD) to examine the effects of the blade operating and structural parameters, such as the blade loading velocity, the bevel angle, the oblique angle, and the thickness, on the response variables of ultimate shear stress and specific shear energy. The RSM analysis results demonstrated that the interaction term of blade oblique angle and thickness affect the response variables. Optimized operating and geometry parameters for minimizing response variable values were 195 mm min-1 for loading velocity, 16.4° for bevel angle, 16.3° for oblique angle, and 3.2 mm for thickness. Moreover, under these optimal parameters, the ultimate shear stress and specific shear energy were reduced by 31.37% and 40.95%, respectively, compared to the cutting parameters of the prototype harvester. This study concluded that the appropriate cutting parameters could effectively decrease the shear force and energy requirements, which provided a vital basis for designing and developing the cutting device for the oilseed rape shoots harvester. Keywords: Cutting parameters, Oilseed rape shoots, Shearing experimental test, Specific shear energy, Ultimate shear stress.

Evaluation of the Vmaxpro sensor for assessing movement velocity and load-velocity variables: accuracy and implications for practical use.

We investigated the ecological validity of an inertial measurement unit (IMU) (Vmaxpro) to assess the movement velocity (MV) during a 1-repetition maximum (1RM) test and for the prediction of load-velocity (L-V) variables, as well as the ecological intra- day and inter-day reliability during free-weight bench press (BP) and squat (SQ). Furthermore, we provide recommendations for the practical use of the sensor. Twenty-three strength-trained men completed an incremental 1RM test, whereas seventeen men further participated in another 3 sessions consisting of 3 repetitions with 4 different loads (30, 50, 70 and 90% of 1RM) to assess validity and intra- and inter-day reliability, respectively. The MV was assessed using the Vmaxpro and a 3D motion capture system (MoCap). L-V variables and the 1RM were calculated based on submaximal velocities. The Vmaxpro showed high validity during the 1RM test for BP (r = 0.935) and SQ (r = 0.900), but with decreasing validity at lower MVs. The L-V variables and the 1RM demonstrated high validity for BP (r = 0.808-0.942) and SQ (r = 0.615-0.741) with a systematic overestimation. Coefficients of variance for intra- and inter-day reliability ranged from 2.4% to 9.7% and from 3.2% to 8.6% for BP and SQ, respectively. The Vmaxpro appears valid at high and moderately valid at low MVs. Depending on the required degree of accuracy, the sensor may be sufficient for the prediction of L-V variables and the 1RM. Our data indicate the sensor to be suitable for monitoring changes in MVs within and between training sessions.

Understanding the torsional mechanical behavior of twisting carbon nanotube ribbon with different boundary conditions

Twisting can generate internal stress and store torsional energy, which is widely used as actuators and energy harvesters in electronic and biomedical fields. However, uncovering the effect of internal stress remains unclear. Herein, the experimental and theoretical mechanical model of the twisted ribbon with different boundary conditions was derived and analyzed. The dynamic experimental results indicate that the polymer inclines to constrain the unraveling process of carbon nanotube fiber. Then the elastic/plastic theoretical equations reveal that the internal stress gradually increases as the twisted angle, and the simulated internal stress agrees well with the theoretical results. The simulation results also indicate that the twisting-induced deformation and failure behavior of twisted ribbons are affected by the strain-rate sensitivity of the matrix and the loading velocity. Then, the releasing of the stored energy for twisted ribbons with different boundary conditions demonstrates the contraction and repulsion behaviors. This work investigating the mechanical behavior of twisted ribbons could provide a better guideline for designing twisted actuators with high reliability.

Experimental study of dynamic mechanical properties and damage mechanism of textile reinforced concrete

The flexural characteristics of alkali-resistant (AR) glass textile reinforced concrete slabs (GTRC) at static-to-dynamic loading rates are investigated in the present study. The fabricated GTRC slabs were manufactured with four and six textile layers as reinforcement. Static flexural testing is conducted at 0.5 mm/min, while dynamic flexural tests are conducted at five loading velocities of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 4.5 m/s. The corresponding strain rates at selected impact velocities are 4, 8, 12, 16, and 18 s-1. Two separate mechanical setups, including (i) the MTS load frame and (ii) Instron drop-weight impact system, are used for distinct experimental testing. Furthermore, the mechanical properties of flexural strength, maximum strain, ultimate strain, flexural modulus, and toughness are calculated by using mathematical relations. In addition, failure patterns and the load-bearing intrinsic mechanisms of GTRC samples are analyzed in detail. Flexural experiments at various loading rates revealed that the loading rate and the number of reinforcing layers significantly influence the bending characteristics and mechanical properties of GTRC samples. In addition, the mechanical response is comparatively reduced at six layers of reinforcement than GTRC with four layers, proving better mechanical properties in flexural load at static and dynamic loading conditions.

Application of dynamic complex stiffness modulus master curves of HMA with recycled materials in the mechanistic-empirical design of road pavement structures

The main objective of the paper is to present the possibilities and advantages of advanced methods for determining the viscoelastic properties of asphalt mixtures produced using recycled materials in individual mechanistic-empirical pavement design. The use of various types of materials in asphalt mixture production can significantly alter their functional parameters, such as the dynamic stiffness modulus. In addition, this parameter changes with the change in the temperature of the road pavement and the speed of vehicles. In order to determine the durability of the pavement structure in an informed manner and minimize the risk of error, it is necessary to investigate and describe as precisely as possible this variability in the behavior of asphalt layers as a result of changes in the properties of input materials, e.g. by the addition of recycled materials and under the influence of changes in temperature and load velocity of the pavement. The most effective approach involves the application of master curves of the dynamic complex stiffness modulus of asphalt mixture, constructed based on research results conducted at different temperatures and loading frequencies. This allows for the determination of stress and deformation states of the pavement construction under various climatic conditions, utilizing seasonal or average monthly temperatures and considering the specific characteristics of pavement operation, such as different vehicle speeds for main routes, connectors, or street intersections. The paper compares the changes in dynamic modulus master curves for different types of asphalt mixtures with and without the addition of waste or recycled materials such as reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP), rubber from used tires, or synthetic fibres and changes impact on the estimated durability of the pavement structure due to different approaches to determining climatic conditions and movement speed.

A two-stage based model for partially-buried pile group response in cross-anisotropic saturated media adjacent to moving harmonic loads

The pile foundations are frequently affected by adjacent traffic loads except for general active loads. However, the dynamic responses of the pile groups under moving loads have been rarely reported before. In addition, the influence of material anisotropy is often neglected. In this paper, a three-dimensional (3D) analytical model for the dynamic analysis of partially buried pile groups in stratified saturated cross-anisotropic media under adjacent moving harmonic loadings is developed. Specifically, a 3D Bernoulli–Euler beam theory is adopted to simulate the monopile and then superimposed into the finite element (FE) formulation for the partially embedded pile groups. Subsequently, the basic solutions of layered saturated cross-anisotropic soils are derived by the analytical layer-element approach (ALEA). By combination with ALEA, the two-stage based boundary element (BE) equations for the pile-soil interface are obtained. Finally, by coupling the FE and BE formulations, the dynamical response equation of pile-soil is established. Based on the verification of the accuracy of the proposed methodology by comparisons with existing solutions and FE results from ABAQUS, the impacts of material anisotropy, pile buried length, loading velocity, and pile stiffness on the time-domain dynamic behavior of pile groups are analyzed. The results show that increasing the pile-buried ratio or pile stiffness reduces the magnitude of the dynamic response. Moreover, with the increase of material anisotropic parameters, the peak pile response decreases. And the peak dynamic response first increases and then reduces as the loading velocity increases.

Dynamic Topology Optimization of Constrained Layer Damping Structure Considering Non-Uniform Blast Load

The non-uniform distributed pressure of impact wave is usually simplified into concentrated or uniform load equivalently in the optimization design of constrained layer damping structure. However, for the thin-walled structure, it becomes necessary to regard the load as a non-uniform distribution. In this paper, a topology optimization approach is proposed considering the blast load with non-uniform distribution, aiming to unveil its impact on optimization layouts and dynamic responses. Initially, the smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) algorithm is used to obtain the blast pressure what are extracted and integrated into the optimization model. Subsequently, the relative density is regarded as design variable. The construction of material penalty model and the topology optimization model are based on polynomial interpolation scheme (PIS). The sensitivity of objective function is deduced employing an improved adjoint variable method (AVM) to fit the load forms, and the Newmark-[Formula: see text] method is used to calculate the dynamic response. The optimization criterion (OC) is adopted to update the design variables. Finally, two numerical examples are used to exhibit the validity and accuracy of the presented methodology. The findings indicate that the distributed form, spread velocity, excited position and excited amplitude of the blast load all exert a notable influence on optimization results and dynamic response. These results underscore the valuable engineering application of this research and introduce a fresh perspective to the challenge of topology optimization under the blast case.

Differential-integral quadrature numerical solution for free and forced vibration of bidirectional functionally graded Terfenol-D curved beam

The dynamic behaviour of a bidirectional functionally graded Terfenol-D curved beam under a moving load is the focus of this study. Combined differential and integral quadrature solve the curved beam boundary value problem. A bidirectional functionally graded Terfenol-D curved beam's damping, damped frequencies for different boundary conditions, and mode shapes were examined in free vibration investigations. Based on accessible literature data, the findings are reliable. Furthermore, DQ-IQ numerical technique findings examine the impact of many factors, including control gain, thickness, moving load velocity, bidirectional gradation index, and multi-moving load.