Load Power Control Research Articles

Analysis of power load composition and study on countermeasures for orderly use of electricity

The electric power industry is the foundational industry of national economic construction and is closely associated with people's lives. The development and improvement of the economy have led to this. Moreover, society has increasingly higher demands for the reliability of power supply and the qualification rate of voltage. Power load control technology is a comprehensive use of modern management, automatic control, computer application and other disciplines to carry out power marketing management, power marketing monitoring, business copy and collection, data collection and other activities of a technology, and substation as a local industrial and agricultural production, life power supply base, the rationality of its design will directly affect the local economic development. To build a new type of power system, achieve the goal of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality, realize the flexible interaction of the new type of power system load, and meet the requirements of the digital transformation of power load management, this paper examines the architecture of the new type of power load management system from the perspective of the concept of the new type of power load management system. Then it focuses on the analysis of several key information and communication technologies, including cloud computing technology and artificial intelligence technology, which support the new power load management system in the power load management system, and introduces the composition of the load management system and the application algorithm, and finally puts forward the future development of the new power

Flexible heat and power load control of subcritical heating units based on energy demand-supply balance

To fulfill the requirement for enhancing the flexibility of heating units within the framework of renewable energy grid integration. In this study, a proposed optimal control strategy for heating units borrows the heat extraction output to perform rapid load changes; the boiler heat supply within the unit is clearly differentiated from the turbine energy demand, and formulate corresponding control signals. The coordinated control of the boiler and turbine based on the energy demand-supply balance of the unit as secondary control for the final load accuracy, ensuring its safe and stable operation. To further enhance the control performance, an improved sparrow optimization algorithm with butterfly search is designed to adjust the controller parameters. Finally, field tests on a 300MW subcritical heating unit reveal that the automatic generation control performance index is improved by 32.16% compared to the traditional coordinated control strategy, while taking less impact on the heat user. These results validate the exceptional performance and significant practical value of the optimized control strategy.

Disturbance observer‐based finite‐time control of a photovoltaic‐battery hybrid power system

AbstractHerein, the load power control of the stand‐alone photovoltaic‐battery hybrid power system (HPS) has been investigated. The underlying HPS consists of a boost DC‐DC converter, a non‐isolated bidirectional half‐bridge converter, a photovoltaic (PV) panel, and a battery pack. On the PV side, a disturbance observer‐based finite‐time terminal sliding mode control (FTSMC) is used to regulate the DC bus to the desired voltage, in the presence of irradiation variation and load changes. On the battery side, the load power control system is constructed, based on a model predictive control (MPC) algorithm, with constraints on state‐of‐charge (SOC) and maximum current value of the battery to improve the battery life cycle and high reliability of the system. To highlight the benefits of the closed‐loop system, the analytical proofs and numerical analysis are presented from a comparative viewpoint. The experimentally derived results, by implementation on TMS320F28335 digital signal processing (DSP), are also presented and discussed for practical justification.

Transient and steady‐state performance improvement of two interconnected areas through VSC‐based HVDC transmission line using multi‐purpose control strategies

AbstractThis paper presents various control strategies to improve operations in two interconnected areas connected by a VSC‐HVDC transmission line. The main focus is on designing a central control system (CCS) that coordinates control units in both areas. In area 1, an AC voltage control unit is connected to the CCS. In area 2, three control units including a load power control unit, a fault detection unit, and an AC voltage control unit are also connected to the CCS. The CCS receives inputs from these units and generates commands for the DC voltage and active/reactive power control units on both sides of the DC line. The first proposed strategy addresses permanent voltage drops caused by load fluctuations in area 2. It adjusts the transmitted power from area 1 based on voltage variations in area 2. The second strategy focuses on mitigating faults in area 2 by injecting active and reactive power from area 1 during such events. The third strategy resolves transient voltage oscillations in both areas by controlling the reactive power of stations on either side of the DC line. Simulations using MATLAB‐SIMULINK demonstrate that these mechanisms successfully achieve their objectives.

Construction of power load control and management terminal operation system based on machine learning technology

With the increasing Power Load (PL), the operation of the power system is facing increasingly severe challenges. PL control is an important means to ensure the stability of power system operation and power supply quality. However, traditional PL control methods have limitations and cannot meet the requirements of load control in the new era of power systems. This is because with the development of modern industry and commerce, the demand for electricity is gradually increasing. This article constructed a PL control and management terminal operating system based on machine learning technology to achieve intelligent management of PL, so as to improve the operational efficiency and power supply quality of the power system. This article identified the design concept of a PL control management terminal operating system based on machine learning technology by reviewing the current research status of PL control technology. Based on the operational characteristics and data characteristics of the power system, this article selected suitable machine learning algorithms to process and analyze load data, and established a prototype of a PL control and management terminal operating system based on machine learning technology, so as to realize intelligent processing and analysis of load data and conduct experimental verification. The experimental results show that through the comparative study of 6 sets of data in the tertiary level, the difference between the system and the real tertiary level is 0.079 kw, 0.005 kw and 0.189 kw respectively. Therefore, therefore, the average difference between the predicted value and the measured value of the PL system is about 0.091 kw. This indicated that the system had high accuracy and real-time performance in predicting PL, which could effectively improve the load control efficiency and power supply quality of the power system. The PL control management terminal operating system based on machine learning technology constructed in this article provided new ideas and methods for the development of PL control technology. In the future, system algorithms can be further optimized and a more intelligent PL control and management terminal operating system can be constructed to cope with the growing PL and increasingly complex power system operating environment.

Multi-objective coordinative scheduling of system with wind power considering the regulating characteristics of energy-intensive load

Energy-intensive load (EIL) has excellent regulating potential in the utilization of wind power: it not only offers high flexibility and large power capacity but also features significant price sensitivity. Without considering the production tasks and the regulating characteristic of energy-intensive load, the current scheduling approach is difficult to implement. A novel multi-objective coordinative scheduling approach is proposed in this paper for wind-power utilization considering the regulating models of energy-intensive load to guarantee the benefits of both power system and energy-intensive load, which can greatly improve the willingness of energy-intensive load to participate in scheduling. Firstly, A general model of regulating characteristics for energy-intensive load is given based on production process. Next, based on this modeling, a coordinative scheduling model is established with three layer. Layer A determines the total tasks of load side and generating side with the goal of minimizing the wind curtailment. Layer B and layer C make decomposition optimization to thermal power units and load control units with the goal of minimizing the generation cost and load-adjustable cost, respectively. Finally, a case study to verify the modeling is presented. The study shows that the proposed method can significantly improve the utilization of wind power at lower cost on the basis of ensuring the production requirements and benefits of energy-intensive load.

Prototype of Electric Power Monitoring System and Load Control in Residential Houses Using IoT-Based ESP8266

The use of the Internet of Think (IoT) for a system that can monitor the use of load and electrical power in a residential house will be very necessary. This is because homeowners who often go out and leave their homes with loads that are still active, for example, house lights that are always turned on will be a waste of electrical energy. The purpose of making this article is to create a system that can control electricity use automatically using the Internet Of Think (IoT) and monitor the electricity data in real time, calculate the amount of current, voltage, and power in an entire load. Calculating the comparison of sensor and manual values by looking at the percentage of errors on the sensor, and analyzing whether the sensor is suitable for use or not. The systems used are: Pzem 004t as an overall reader of electrical power, LDR sensor as light input to turn on the lights automatically when it is dark, and nodemcu esp8266 as input/output process and sends data to the internet via a wifi network which will be monitored through the application. Blynk Iot 2.0 ABSTRAKPenggunaan Internet of Think (IoT) untuk sistem yang dapat memonitoring penggunaan beban dan daya listrik  pada sebuah rumah tinggal akan sangat diperlukan. Hal tersebut karena pemilik rumah yang sering berpergian keluar dan meninggalkan rumahnya dengan beban yang masih aktif contohnya lampu rumah yang selalu dihidupkan akan menjadi pemborosan energi listrik tersebut. Tujuan dari pembuatan artikel ini adalah yaitu membuat sistem yang dapat mengontrol penggunaan listrik secara otomatis menggunakan Internet Of Think (IoT) serta memonitoring data listrik tersebut secara realtime, menghitung jumlah arus, tegangan, dan daya pada suatu keseluruhan beban yang ada. Menghitung perbandingan nilai sensor dan manual dengan cara melihat persentase kesalahan pada sensor tersebut, dan menganalisa pada sensor tersebut layak digunakan atau tidak. Adapun sistem yang digunakan yaitu: Pzem 004t sebagai pembaca keseluruhan daya listrik, sensor LDR sebagai input cahaya untuk menghidupkan lampu secara otomatis ketika hari sudah gelap, dan nodemcu esp8266 sebagai proses input/ouput dan pengirim data ke internet melalui jaringan wifi yang akan dimonitoring lewat aplikasi Blynk Iot 2.0.

RANCANG BANGUN ALAT KENDALI BEBAN DAYA LISTRIK PADA MESIN PRODUKSI DENGAN SCADA BERBASIS PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER DAN SMARTPHONE

Abstract
 With limited electrical resources and the increasing use of loads on the industry, it is required to optimize the use of electrical power. Thus, it requires continuous monitoring and automatic load control. Overall monitoring of power loads, and electrical control settings in the optimization of production machines that can be monitored remotely and comprehensively. To overcome this problem, the design of the electrical power load control device on production machines with scada based on programmable logic controllers and smartphones is made.
 This study uses an experimental method to obtain a suitable machine simulator, then the following steps are carried out: collecting data and information, determining the controller and communication system, making hardware design, wiring simulator, software controller design, android smartphone software design and HMI software design. As for the control of the electric power control system in optimizing the operation of production machines with scada and smartphones.
 From the test results obtained a system that can work well. This is evidenced by looking at the measurement data for testing the input/output signal from the controller by looking directly at the controller, as well as on the HMI monitor by displaying the amount of electrical power used and the amount of available electrical resources, which is done by simulating analog input/output. with a scale of 0-100% (0-10 V), 0-1000 KW (0-10 V).
 
 Keywords: PLC Control, Android, Mobile HMI, WiFi, SCADA.

RANCANG BANGUN ALAT KENDALI BEBAN DAYA LISTRIK PADA MESIN PRODUKSI DENGAN SCADA BERBASIS PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER DAN SMARTPHONE

Abstract
 With limited electrical resources and the increasing use of loads on the industry, it is required to optimize the use of electrical power. Thus, it requires continuous monitoring and automatic load control. Overall monitoring of power loads, and electrical control settings in the optimization of production machines that can be monitored remotely and comprehensively. To overcome this problem, the design of the electrical power load control device on production machines with scada based on programmable logic controllers and smartphones is made.
 This study uses an experimental method to obtain a suitable machine simulator, then the following steps are carried out: collecting data and information, determining the controller and communication system, making hardware design, wiring simulator, software controller design, android smartphone software design and HMI software design. As for the control of the electric power control system in optimizing the operation of production machines with scada and smartphones.
 From the test results obtained a system that can work well. This is evidenced by looking at the measurement data for testing the input/output signal from the controller by looking directly at the controller, as well as on the HMI monitor by displaying the amount of electrical power used and the amount of available electrical resources, which is done by simulating analog input/output. with a scale of 0-100% (0-10 V), 0-1000 KW (0-10 V).
 
 Keywords: PLC Control, Android, Mobile HMI, WiFi, SCADA.

Control and Dynamic Characteristics Analysis for the Double-Compound Axial Piston Pump Based on Working Conditions

The periodic flow and pressure pulsation of the axial piston pump can lead to periodic vibration, noise, and even damage to various components in the hydraulic system. Therefore, the dynamic characteristics analysis of the axial piston pump in the hydraulic system is of great significance for reducing vibration and noise in the hydraulic system and improving efficiency. The double-compound axial piston pump is the key component of a high power and large flow hydraulic power system, which has a special power control mode. In this paper, the working and control principles of the double-compound axial piston pump are analyzed, the numerical model of the double-compound axial piston pump is established, and the effectiveness of the model is verified through experimental tests. The constant power control characteristics of the double-compound axial piston pump under different power settings and the variable power control characteristics under the rated load pressure are analyzed. By analyzing the dynamic characteristics of the double-compound axial piston pump, the influence of different working conditions on the dynamic characteristics is investigated. The results show that the output efficiency of the double-compound axial piston pump is higher when the output flow is larger. When the piston chamber works in the closed pre-compression pressure zone and the closed pre-release pressure zone, oil backflow occurs. The oil backflow in the piston chamber seriously intensifies the outlet flow pulsation of the double-compound axial piston pump. The flow pulsation rate is positively correlated with load pressure and power control pilot pressure, while negatively correlated with spindle speed. The paper provides a basis for the analysis and optimization of power control, flow pulsation, fluid vibration, and noise of the double-compound axial piston pump.

Design of Monitoring Battery Solar Power Plant and Load Control System based Internet of Things

Internet of Things technology in this research is utilized on solar power plant (Case Study: Electrical Engineering Department of Trunojoyo Madura University) as a battery power monitoring and load control system. All of these systems were built to make it easier for users to manage the power consumption while preventing battery damage so that lifetime can last longer and the use of PLTS than more optimal. All of these systems are designed to use several integrated components with their respective functions, including Raspberry as a data processing, smartphone as an interface, and sensors actuator as input-output. From the results of the monitoring accuracy test, the average error value is 1.56%. After ensuring the system has a high level of accuracy, The charge-discharge test is conducted in real-time for 7 days, which shows that the system works according to the research objectives as evidenced by the nothingness of power consumption exceeding the SOC standard limit battery used by 30%. Meanwhile, for the control system test, the wifi connection has the fastest average delay for 10,30 s, provider A 11,17 s, and provider B 12,60 s.

A multi-source data collection and information fusion method for distribution network based on IOT protocol

With the construction of Global Energy Internet, Intelligent distribution network has more and more characteristics of multi scene, multi service and changeable measurement and control objects. In order to realize data collection and information exchange among the intelligent terminal and energy, power grid, load, energy storage and other control resources in distribution network, we should research an architecture which can adapt to various data sources Based on dynamic self describing protocol.

Sequence Impedance Modeling and Stability Analysis for Load Converters With Inertial Support

Load converters with inertial support are used to enhance the system inertia. However, these converters may fail to operate stably in the weak grid. In this article, sequence impedance modeling and stability comparison analysis are proposed for the load virtual synchronous machine (LVSM) and the load converter with virtual inertia control (LCVIC). First, the universal sequence impedance formulas are derived by considering dc-link voltage dynamics and frequency-coupling effects. Then, the precise sequence impedance models are built for impedance characteristics analysis of LVSM and LCVIC. The analysis shows that the positive-sequence impedance of LVSM is generally inductive in the middle-frequency band, which is basically consistent with the grid impedance. In contrast, the positive-sequence impedance of LCVIC is negative-resistive-capacitive (i.e., phase angle is between -180° and -90°) in the middle-frequency band, which may lead to harmonic oscillation in the weak grid. Furthermore, the effects of grid impedance, load power, and other control parameters on the stability are analyzed for the two load converters based on the derived model and Nyquist stability criterion. The analysis results reveal that LVSM has better stability than LCVIC in the weak grid. Finally, the experimental results validate the correctness of the theoretical analyses.

Системы управления электрическими нагрузками на базе беспроводных сетей с самоорганизующейся топологией

Системы управления электрическими нагрузками на базе беспроводных сетей с самоорганизующейся топологией

A power demand resilience analysis of the residential and commercial areas for Fengshan smart green community in Taiwan

As global climate change intensifies, extreme catastrophic weather. As a result, the vulnerability of power infrastructure gradually worsens, leading to an increased threat of power supply disruption. In order to cope with the threat of possible power supply disruption and to accommodate more residents in the event of a disaster, backup power generation and storage facilities are necessary should establish in residential and commercial areas. This study establishes a software analysis model of power demand resilience in the residential area, analyzes various power demand resilience scenarios, and discusses the operation of reasonable backup power generation and energy storage facilities, and power load management and control strategies. In the future, these software tools will be used to analyze the rational allocation and operation strategies of disaster prevention at power facilities in similar situations. This study takes the Fengshan Smart Green Community as the reference field, and extends the simulated facilities as the area of power demand resilience analysis, in an integrated residential area and a commercial area. This study has completed four case studies, including: (1) baseline scenario, (2) “use of diesel generators” scenario, (3) “expanding lithium battery capacity” scenario, and (4) “expanding lithium battery capacity and controlling lithium battery power output in the integrated residential area” scenario. The conclusions of this study include: (1) To cope with the intensified global climate change, adequate deployment of various backup power generation and storage facilities to enhance power resilience can effectively mitigate the threat of power supply disruption. (2) According to the case study results, there is sufficient solar photovoltaic in the residential area of Fengshan Smart Green Community. However, the energy storage and power supply capacity of lithium batteries are insufficient, and it is challenging to perform the backup power function. (3) To supply electricity to the power management system and the medical and shelter area adequately, this study suggests Fengshan Smart Green Community strengthens the power storage and power supply capacity of lithium batteries. (4) Solar photovoltaics are zero-carbon power; it can be a priority backup for power demand resilience. However, solar power is not available when there is insufficient sunshine. (5) The use of a diesel generator can flexibly assist the solar photovoltaic and lithium batteries to ensure the adequate power supply. (6) The use of diesel generators for power generation during a time of crisis is not pollution-free. However, their use for management in a crisis or disaster situation is in order when other power supply backups are insufficient or have failed. The critical findings include: (1) Solar photovoltaics are zero-carbon power; it can be a priority backup for power demand resilience. However, solar power is not available when there is insufficient sunshine. (2) The use of diesel generators for power generation during a time of crisis is not pollution-free. However, their use for management in a crisis or disaster situation is in order when other power supply backups are insufficient or have failed.

The Interruptible Load Control Strategy of Distribution Network in Integrated Energy Service System

In the integrated energy service system, distribution network shall manage to settle its own power balance issue. The market competition that grid corporations open the sale services of electricity to the society and interruptible load is encouraged to participate in ancillary services becomes a development tendency. At this time, a corresponding control strategy was required to instruct interruptible loads scheduling. In this paper, a control strategy using discrete Fourier transform is proposed in combination with the requirements of the electricity market. Under the constraint of the new evaluation criteria, different types of resident interruptible loads were on-demand dispatched in different periods. The root mean square error (RMSE) of the feeder daily forecast could improves the power load control capability of distribution network as well as the quality of power supply.

Load Management, Power and Admission Control in Downlink Cellular OFDMA Networks

We present a resource management framework for load-coupled downlink cellular OFDMA networks considering the load factor of an individual base station (BS) per resource block (RB), i.e., the number of adjacent sub-carriers (SCs), as the variable of interest in the resource management problem. The load factor of a BS per RB, which corresponds to the fraction of active SCs in the BS per RB, is an indicator of the level of resource consumption, and it affects the interference caused to that RB reused in other BSs, and thereby, results in a load-coupled OFDMA system. We first propose two distributed schemes to minimize: (i) the total load factor of the BSs (which would in turn increase the number of supportable users in the system), and (ii) the total downlink transmit power level of the BSs. Then, we derive the necessary and sufficient conditions for checking the feasibility of given target-rate requirements (also referred to as demand vector) for users. Accordingly, an iterative and distributed scheme is proposed to check the feasibility of a given demand vector. Next, for a priority-based load-coupled network, we propose a priority-based gradual removal algorithm to support the maximal number of low-priority users while satisfying the demands of the high-priority users. To evaluate the performance of our proposed schemes for resource management and admission control in load-coupled OFDMA networks, the theoretical investigations are complemented with Monte Carlo simulations.

Asymmetrical Noncomplementary Modulation Strategies for Independent Power Control in Multioutput Resonant Inverters

Domestic induction heating (IH) design trends aim at improving user experience by increasing the cooking surface flexibility while maintaining a cost-effective implementation. The design of multioutput topologies is a key development for this purpose. However, due to their complexity, output power control usually relies on low-frequency pulse density modulations that, in addition to the slow response due to significant power averaging times, present severe restrictions as a consequence of power pulsation regulations. This article proposes two different noncomplementary asymmetrical modulation strategies that allow continuous operation avoiding both flicker and heating performance issues and obtaining a fast-response load power control. In order to prove the feasibility of the proposed modulations, a prototype featuring 12 IH loads of 2000-W maximum rated power has been built, and both strategies have been tested.

Managing Power Flow and Support Provided by SVCS/STATCOMS in Maintaining Grid Stability: A Case Study and Learnings there off

Call requested by Prime Minister of India to switch of domestic lights from 9pm to 9.09 pm on 05/04/2020.The call was an expression of Solidarity, Integrity cum Discipline towards Nation to fight against the COVID-19 epidemic. The time chosen was so crucial when each household, public places power requirement is almost at full. It was a heroic task and a challenge for electric power grid operators to maintain grid stability during the period i.e such a small spell of time. Failing which if collapsed would be difficult to restore and normalize. It was a great challenge for the National power load control center to maintain stability and continuity with quality of power electricity parameters like V, F. In this paper, efforts had been made to understand how Indian power could remain stable during the period without fear and behavior of regional load patterns during the period.

Modeling and flexible load control of combined heat and power units

The electric load change of a power unit must be regulated rapidly to achieve power system stability, and it is increasingly becoming urgent especially that large-scale renewable energies are connected to power grids. Combined heat and power units hardly improve their power ramp rate because they commonly operate in heat-led mode. This paper presents a coordinated boiler–turbine heating model, describes the dynamics between the heat source mass flowrate and electric power output, and furthermore provides a strategy for heat and power control. Simulation results show that with the heat and power control strategy, the change of electric power can instantly respond, the power ramp rate can reach 2.9% of the rated power per minute, and the stable controls of the main steam pressure and heat supply can remain unaffected. The findings demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed strategy for flexible heat and power load control.