Load Operating Conditions Research Articles

Data-driven internet of things and cloud computing enabled hydropower plant monitoring system

Hydropower is one of the renewable energy sources that can play a crucial role to fulfil the global energy demand. However, the performance of the hydro turbine is severely affected by silt erosion and cavitation problems which causes a reduction in the overall efficiency of the plant. Various studies have been carried out and are available in the literature to investigate silt erosion and cavitation issues in hydro turbines. It has been reported that cavitation and silt erosion varies with the variation in discharge under part load and overload operating conditions of the machine. However, very few studies are available to predict the performance of the machine under variable operating conditions. Hence, there is a scope of study for monitoring the performance under these conditions in real-time, as it is difficult to predict the behavior of the machine using the existing models. In view of the above, an architecture of a data-driven IoT-based cloud computing-enabled hydropower plant monitoring system has been proposed under the present study. In order to develop this system, historical plant data has been collected and correlations are developed, which are validated with real-time data on the ThingSpeak cloud. It has been found that the developed model can accurately predict the condition of the hydro turbine with an R2-value of 0.9693 having a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 0.67% at 0.89% of root mean square percentage error (RMSPE), and the power factor with an R2-value of 0.9503, having a MAPE of 0.798% at 0.91% of RMSPE.

Dynamic modelling and dynamic characteristics of wind turbine transmission gearbox-generator system electromechanical-rigid-flexible coupling

The design of large wind turbine drivetrain systems is trending towards light weight and integration. To ensure the safe operation of the drivetrain system, investigating the electromechanical–rigid–flexible interaction of wind turbine transmission systems is necessary. This study proposed an electromechanical–rigid–flexible coupling dynamic model that can be used for variable speed and load operating conditions. The model considered the time-varying mesh stiffness, structural flexibility, magnetic saturation characteristics, and electromagnetic radial force. The effects of the flexibility of the housing and high-speed shaft on the electromechanical interaction of the system under steady and unsteady conditions are discussed. There is a strong coupling between the gear system and the generator system. The resonance speed at the generator is affected by the gear excitation, and the vibration signal of the gear system is affected by electromagnetic excitation. The flexibility of the high-speed shaft and housing has apparent effects on the vibration characteristics of the integrated systems. It directly affects the stability and safety of the system particularly under gust conditions. Thus, studying the electromechanical–rigid–flexible coupling characteristics is significant for wind turbine drivetrain design.

Influence of desulfurization strategies for methane gaseous direct injection engine on carbon dioxide emissions

The use of fuels produced with renewable electricity from wind and solar energy and with CO2 from unavoidable sources or directly captured form the air (so called e-Fuels) is of great interest as a proposition for further limiting the climate impact of road transportation. One of the most efficiently producible e-fuels is e-methane. Feeding methane from renewable sources into the gas grid is one of the most promising pathways to achieve carbon neutral road transportation on a well-to-wheel (WTW) basis. Currently, the use of odorants is mandatory in the gas grid. It is common that sulfur compounds are used as odorants, which can lead to sulfur poisoning of the catalytic converters if an internal combustion engine is operated with it. Consequently, desulfurization will be necessary to maintain high catalyst efficiency over lifetime, which will increase the tank-to-wheel (TTW) CO2 emissions through increased fuel consumption. For desulfurization, it is necessary to increase the catalyst brick temperature to levels above 800 °C. This paper investigates how such high temperatures can be realized and derive implications on engine operation and gas grid regulation. To this end, experimental studies were conducted with a 1-liter 3-cylinder prototype engine from Ford-Werke GmbH featuring variable intake valve timing, a compression ratio of 14 and a turbocharger with variable turbine geometry (VTG). The engine was operated with gas direct injection at up to 16 bar pressure. The ECU software allowed to apply deliberate oscillations of the lambda signal (“wobbling” of the air/fuel ratio) and cylinder individual air/fuel ratios to achieve a sufficient exhaust aftertreatment. The three-way-catalyst for the investigations were particularly suitable for methane operation due to a high palladium loading and increased oxygen storage capacity of the washcoat. Different load points were used for the investigations, ranging from near idle to medium engine speed and load. The catalyst brick temperature was increased considerably by splitting the mean air/fuel ratio between lean and rich operation on different cylinders (so called “lambda spli”), which is limited by the ignition limits of air/methane charges. Furthermore, too extreme lambda split leads to unstable engine operation. Sufficient hydrocarbon reduction can be achieved at a catalyst brick temperature above 500 °C, which cannot be achieved for near idle load points without additional measures (e.g. electrically heated catalyst). Desulfurization of the catalyst requires brick temperatures above 800 °C and is accordingly not achievable with stable engine operation in a significantly large area of the low load operation conditions. In this case additional heating measures (as e.g. electrically heated catalysts or exhaust burner) or vehicle hybridization are required to avoid low load operating conditions and to comply with the emission targets. Furthermore, desulfurization causes 6 % additional CO2 emissions in the WLTP cycle for C-segment passenger cars.

Effect of diesel and pentanol blends on PAH formation and regulated pollutants

The necessity of using oxygenated fuel blends in diesel engines has become apparent in recent years as one of the leading emission reduction approaches. Among such fuels, high-carbon alcohols, including n-pentanol, may serve as potential additives to reduce regulated and unregulated emissions. The aim of this study is to understand the effects of diesel fuel and n-pentanol blends (5%, 20% and 35% by volume: DPen5, DPen20, DPen35) on regulated emissions and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). These blends were tested in a diesel engine under three different load conditions and regulated emissions were determined. The PAH emissions of the exhaust gases were collected at idle and quantified using the gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technique. Compared to neat diesel, the blended fuels, with their addition of n-pentanol, showed a significant reduction of up to 16.52% in nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions. Additionally, decreases of up to 42.02% in total PAH emissions were obtained with 35% pentanol addition. For all blends, a significant reduction in higher cyclic PAHs was noted. Overall, diesel-pentanol blends were effective in reducing nitrous oxides, carcinogenic pollutants, and further, the possibility of engine malfunction operating at low load or cold operating conditions.

Hardox 450 Weld in Microstructural and Mechanical Approaches after Welding at Micro-Jet Cooling.

The demand for high-strength steel welds, as observed in civil and transport engineering, is related to a mass reduction in vehicles. Container-type trucks are examples of this kind of transport means because their boxes are able to be produced using Hardox grade steels. Therefore, this study reflects on the properties of welds in the MAG welding of Hardox 450, obtained through an innovative micro-jet cooling process with helium. This joining technology aims to reduce the formation of defects and to obtain a joint with very good assumed mechanical properties. Structural components of grade steel require welds with acceptable mechanical parameters with respect to operational loading conditions. That is, this study focuses on selecting welding parameters for the Hardox 450 steel and determining the weld quality with respect to microstructural observations and mechanical tests, such as the Charpy, tensile and fatigue tests. Weld fracturing under increasing monotonic force was examined and was strongly related to both stress components, i.e., axial and shear. The joint response under fatigue was expressed through differences in the fracture zones, i.e., at a stress value lower than the proportional limit, and weld degradation occurred in the shear and axial stress components. The data indicate that the hourglass specimen, with the weld in the centre zone of the measurement section, can be directly used to determine a weld response under cyclic loading. The impact test results showed attractive behaviour in the tested joint, as represented by 47 J at −20 °C. The recommended MAG welding parameters for Hardox 450 steel are low-oxygen when using an Ar + 18% CO2 shielding mixture. The collected results can be directly used as a guide to weld thin-walled structures (6 mm) made of Hardox grade steel, while the data from mechanical tests can support the modelling, designing and manufacturing of components made from this kind of steel grade.

A simplified beam model for the numerical analysis of masonry arch bridges –A case study of the Veresk railway bridge

This paper presents the development of a simplified analytical model, able to substitute high fidelity-three-dimensional (3D) finite element (FE) models, for the analysis of complex mechanical and civil structures such as masonry arch bridges. The non-uniform mass and stiffness distribution along the length of masonry arch bridges presents significant challenges when used for the development of beam models. Such models can be coupled with structural health monitoring schemes for the development of quick online decision-making tools and the optimal structure operation and management. As a case study, the behavior of the Veresk railway masonry arch bridge located in north Iran was investigated. Initially, the dynamic behavior of the bridge has been structurally assessed using a complex 3D FE model under operational load conditions. The 3D FE model was calibrated against field data from sensors placed in the bridge. Later, a simplified model using the dynamic parameters equivalent to the bridge has been developed and subjected to operational moving loads, masses and oscillators. The results of maximum displacement spectra were derived under the passage of different in mass and speed trains using an undamped/damped beam model. The analytical results of the beam model present good accuracy when compared with those from the three-dimensional finite element model.

Badania eksperymentalne zestawu cienkościennych konstrukcji lotniczych

Contemporary aircraft structures, and especially their load-bearing structures, are made almost exclusively as thin-walled structures, which perfectly meet the postulate of minimizing the weight of the structure. While local loss of roofing stability is acceptable under operational load conditions, exceeding the critical load limits of structural elements (frames, stringers) is practically tantamount to the destruction of the structure. The effectiveness of these ideas is influenced by the development of science about materials, processing, and machining processes, as well as the continuous improvement of technological processes. These disciplines allow for the construction of complex, geometrically integral structures that create opportunities not only for a more rational use of material characteristics, but also by their appropriate shaping, significantly increasing the mechanical properties of the supporting structure. The most important advantage in favor of the use of integral systems is economic efficiency, gained by eliminating or limiting assembly operations. Densely ribbed roofing elements belong to the category of load-bearing structure elements which, by reducing the weight which they must support, increase the strength parameters of the load-bearing structure. By reducing the thickness of the coating and, at the same time, introducing sufficiently dense stiffening longitudinal elements, it is possible to obtain a structure with significantly higher critical load values, and consequently a more favorable distribution of gradients and stress levels, which translates directly to an increase in fatigue life. The use of new technologies requires research for evidence purposes, showing that structures manufactured in this way are as safe as those manufactured using conventional methods. For this purpose, the authors conducted tests of the selected structure and performed FEM and experimental verification on the test stand. The results of the tests showed positive results, which confirmed that the method of manufacturing integral structures meets even the stringent requirements set by aviation.

Towards Optimised Cell Design of Thin Film Silicon-Based Solid-State Batteries via Modelling and Experimental Characterisation

To realise the promise of solid-state batteries, negative electrode materials exhibiting large volumetric expansions, such as Li and Si, must be used. These volume changes can cause significant mechanical stresses and strains that affect cell performance and durability, however their role and nature in SSBs are poorly understood. Here, a 2D electro-chemo-mechanical model is constructed and experimentally validated using steady-state, transient and pulsed electrochemical methods. The model geometry is taken as a representative cross-section of a non-porous, thin-film solid-state battery with an amorphous Si (a-Si) negative electrode, lithium phosphorous oxynitride (LiPON) solid electrolyte and LiCoO2 (LCO) positive electrode. A viscoplastic model is used to predict the build-up of strains and plastic deformation of a-Si as a result of (de)lithiation during cycling. A suite of electrochemical tests, including electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, the galvanostatic intermittent titration technique and hybrid pulse power characterisation are carried out to establish key parameters for model validation. The validated model is used to explore the peak interfacial (a-Si∣LiPON) stress and strain as a function of the relative electrode thickness (up to a factor of 4), revealing a peak volumetric expansion from 69% to 104% during cycling at 1C. The validation of this electro-chemo-mechanical model under load and pulsed operating conditions will aid in the cell design and optimisation of solid-state battery technologies.

A modelling technique to investigate the effects of quasi-static loads on guided-wave based structural health monitoring systems

Guided wave-based methods for damage detection have been widely investigated as techniques to identify damages and their dimensions in structures. Most of the research activities presented in literature have been performed focusing on simple case studies in a laboratory environment, whereas Structural Health Monitoring systems should be investigated under operational loading conditions. When subjected to an operational load, propagation mechanisms can change, suffering from the interaction between propagating signal and scattered waves due to an initial stress-strain state, and so leading to errors in damage sites estimation. In this work, a numerical model, based on Finite Element approach, is proposed to investigate the effects of an initial stress-strain state, induced by a quasi-static load, on guided-wave propagation mechanisms. The case study consists of a real structure, a blended winglet of a general aviation aircraft. The methodology was assessed with reference to different scenarios.

Dynamic Model and Parameter Identification of Magnetic Liquid-Double-Suspension Elastic-Supported Thrust Bearing

In terms of the heavy load and low viscosity operation conditions of the marine rim-driven thruster (RDT), a novel Magnetic Liquid-double-suspension Elastic-supported Thrust Bearing (MLETB) is designed. The MLETB combines the structural features of the Rubber-supported Water-lubricated Thrust Bearing (RWTB) and Permanent Magnet Bearing (PMB). To investigate the axial stiffness and damping of the bearing, the dynamic model of MLETB incorporating a multi-layer structure is developed. Simulation indicates that the dynamic performance of the MLETB is close to that of the RWTB, but the load capacity of the MLETB is better. Besides, the load is not the most important factor to affect the dynamic performance. The parameter identification method is proposed to analyze the experiment results based on the water-lubricated bearing test rig, which show that the MLETB has a dilemma between the load capacity and dynamic performance that its stiffness and damping will be seriously affected by the specific rubber structure.

A Reduced-Order Modeling Framework for Simulating Signatures of Faults in a Bladed Disk

This paper reports a reduced-order modeling framework of bladed disks on a rotating shaft to simulate the vibration signature of faults like cracks in different components aiming towards simulated data-driven machine learning. We have employed lumped and one-dimensional analytical models of the subcomponents for better insight into the complex dynamic response. The framework seeks to address some of the challenges encountered in analyzing and optimizing fault detection and identification schemes for health monitoring of rotating turbomachinery, including aero-engines. We model the bladed disks and shafts by combining lumped elements and one-dimensional finite elements, leading to a coupled system. The simulation results are in good agreement with previously published data. We model the cracks in a blade analytically with their effective reduced stiffness approximation. Multiple types of faults are modeled, including cracks in the blades of single and two-stage bladed disks, Fan Blade Off (FBO), and Foreign Object Damage (FOD). We have applied aero-engine operational loading conditions to simulate realistic scenarios of online health monitoring. The proposed reduced-order simulation framework will have applications in probabilistic signal modeling, machine learning toward fault signature identification, and parameter estimation with measured vibration signals.

Thermo-economic analysis of a solid oxide fuel cell-gas turbine hybrid with commercial off-the-shelf gas turbine

The thermodynamic and economic performance of a natural gas-fueled solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC)-gas turbine (GT) hybrid system with a commercial off-the-shelf GT is investigated. Until today, commercial GTs are primarily engineered for the direct use of energy dense fuels, such as natural gas, and the integration of commercial GTs into a SOFC-GT hybrid remains challenging. In this work technically feasible and economically viable GT operating modes are identified to gauge the technology’s competitiveness on the free market. Steady state, full load operating conditions were established for various GT operating modes: I) constant spool speed operation, II) variable spool speed operation and III) partially closed compressor inlet guide vanes. For each GT operating mode, the performance was investigated over a range of SOFC fuel utilization factors, while considering physical constraints inside the SOFC, such as local temperature gradients in flow direction as well as overall cell temperature differences. The results of the thermodynamic evaluation served as inputs for the economic analysis of the SOFC-GT hybrid power plant. The results show that the integration of an off-the-shelf GT not only results in a significant derating of the GT, but also substantially impacts the SOFC operation, the main power producer in this SOFC-GT hybrid. To maximize the SOFC power output it is desirable operate the GT in a region of high air mass flow rates and low pressure ratios, which increases the number of stacks that can be accommodated and reduces the SOFC cooling requirement. The lowest costs of electricity are obtained at constant spool speed operation, while the highest efficiencies are reached at variable spool speed operation. Critical for the integration of off-the-shelf GTs, which historically have been designed for natural gas, is the surge margin. The largest surge margins are obtained by closing the compressor inlet guide vanes. Furthermore, higher SOFC fuel utilization factors are shown to increase the surge margin as the turbine firing temperature is decreased.

Fuel effects on PAH formation, toxicity and regulated pollutants: Detailed comparison of biodiesel blends with propanol, butanol and pentanol

Blends of biodiesel and high-carbon alcohols have the potential to increase the rate of biofuel use in diesel engines, while reducing harmful and toxic compounds such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Since biodiesel and alcohols do not contain aromatic ingredients in their chemical structures, this study examined biodiesel blends with propanol, n-butanol, and 1-pentanol (5 %, 20 % and 35 % by vol.) and the effects of these aromatic-free fuels on regulated emissions, PAH formation and toxicity as compared to straight diesel fuel in a diesel engine operating at a constant speed and varying engine loads. PAH samples were meticulously processed and extensively analyzed using rigorous analytical chemistry methodology (gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS)). Biodiesel and biodiesel-alcohol blends significantly reduced NOx emissions and the level of formation of PAHs and toxicity levels when compared to diesel fuel. Overall, adding 5 % alcohol to biodiesel decreased total PAH emissions. However, with the exception of 20 % propanol, adding 20 % and 35 % alcohol to biodiesel increased total PAH emissions as compared to neat biodiesel. In contrast, all blended fuels resulted in a decrease in the toxicity of PAH compounds (up to 70 %) and the percentage of higher-ring PAHs. Among higher alcohols, propanol blends stood out as reducing PAH formation as compared to n-butanol and pentanol blends. Overall, biodiesel-alcohol blends that emit less carcinogenic pollutants and primarily low-rings PAHs were found to be advantageous for reducing the likelihood of wetstacking in diesel engines under low load or cold operating conditions.

Research on condition monitoring and fault diagnosis technology of dynamometer in aero-engine test bed

In the process of engine development, production, improvement and renewal, engine bench test is an indispensable and important link, dynamometer is the main component of the test bed, in the test process the dynamometer will bear a large load, so it will produce violent vibration, easy to produce mechanical failure. The implementation of engine test bed condition monitoring and fault diagnosis can evaluate the health status of mechanical transmission components of the bend and the dynamic performance of the engine under test. This paper implements monitoring and diagnosis of key mechanical parts, through comprehensive analysis of time domain, amplitude domain, frequency domain characteristic information under no-load, low load, high load and other operating conditions to determine the health / unhealthy condition, fault type and fault severity, validity and accuracy of diagnostic conclusions such as rotor imbalance, bearing outer ring failure were verified by the equipment open and maintenance. This case provides practical guidance for the status monitoring and accurate fault location of aero-engine test bed.

Model Investigation of Natural Gas Engine Performance to Achieve Variable Heat/Electricity Ratios for a CCHP System by Varying Spark Ignition Timings

For electric reliability and to save energy, the distributed power generation combining cooling and heating supply called a CCHP system for architectures has many potential advantages and is widely adopted to provide electric power and to satisfy local heating and cooling loads by waste heat recovery with low carbon intensity. However, the current CCHP system usually has a fixed ratio of the power and heat due to the features of its power unit, which leads to difficulties in the load management. In this paper, based on the operation of an internal combustion engine fueled with natural gas, a novel method is proposed and studied to achieve a controllable rate of heat/power to meet different load requirements of the electricity and heat (cooling or heating loads). By varying the ignition timing of the spark ignition engine, the combustion process within the cylinder can be adjusted to occur at different crank angles so that the engine crank shaft output power (related to the generated electricity) and the heat from the exhaust gas are changed accordingly. To study the effects of ignition timing on engine power and exhaust heat energy, a two-zone model was established with a predictive combustion model. The changes in the combustion process, output power, exhaust gas temperature, and heat energy were mostly our concern. The results show that the heat/electricity ratio can be adjusted from normally 1.0 to 1.6, and they can be controlled independently under partial load operating conditions. To solve the potential thermal failure of the turbine, the extraordinarily high exhaust temperature will be adjusted by compressed air.

Research on bearing capacity and sealing contact characteristics of the subsea wellhead connector

This paper analyzed the bearing capacity of a subsea wellhead connector when exposed to external pressure and the bending moment in different operational modes and load conditions to determine the possible areas prone to failure. The contact between certain parts during the pre-tightening process impacts other areas, affecting the sealing performance. A symmetrical, three-dimensional periodic contact model was established via Finite Element Method (FEM) to simulate and analyze the sealing performance of the subsea wellhead connector. Furthermore, this study examined the variation laws governing contact form, preload, contact width, radial compression, and internal pressure, as well as their influence on the contact stress of the metal sealing ring. The results indicated that effective sealing was achieved at radial compression levels ranging from 0.1045 to 0.2089 mm. The preload contact stress was directly proportional to the preload and radial compression and inversely proportional to the contact width. The operational contact stress initially decreased, then increased at a higher internal pressure.

Effect of Rotor-Stator Spacing on Compressor Performance at Variable Operating Conditions

This paper investigates the effect of rotor-stator spacing and operating conditions on compressor performance and the rotor-stator interaction mechanism. We focus on the interaction between the rotor wake and the stator’s flow field through several unsteady numerical simulations aiming at a transonic compressor stage in the equal radius flow path with two-axial spacing at three operating conditions. The simulation results indicate that the time-averaged efficiency almost declined by 0.6 points due to mixing loss in the spacing ranging from close to far at nominal and low load operating conditions. The deep upstream wake leads to corner separation at high load conditions due to close spacing, imposing a fluctuating efficiency at the frequency where the stator wake near the shroud oscillates, as found by the dominant frequency screening method. Under all conditions, the wake transport can reduce the static pressure on the pressure surface and weaken the hub leakage flow afterward.

Optimal Reference Primary Flux Based Model Predictive Control of Linear Induction Machine With MTPA and Field-Weakening Operations for Urban Transit

The linear induction machine (LIM) in urban transit suffers from poor efficiency and thrust decay due to the large air-gap length, longitudinal end effect, and the light load operating conditions. Maximum thrust per ampere (MTPA) is one of the effective methods to improve the motor efficiency by minimizing the conduction loss. However, when MTPA is introduced in model predictive control as an additional constraint, traditional methods inevitably need to add more weighting factors in the cost function. To further improve the performance of LIM drives and eliminate the weighting factors, this article proposes an optimal reference primary flux based model predictive control (ORPF-MPC) for LIM. The ORPF containing MTPA condition is derived and introduced as the only criterion in cost function to achieve the control goal without using any weighting factors. Furthermore, the ORPF is extended to the field-weakening operation, which significantly widens the operating range and nearly achieves the optimal thrust capability to mitigate the thrust decay of LIM. Finally, the proposed ORPF-MPC is implemented with simplified arbitrary double vectors to remove the restriction on the selection of voltage vector pairs and further reduce the flux and thrust ripples. The proposed method is comprehensively investigated on one 3 kW arc induction machine, and its effectiveness is fully validated through both simulation and experimental results.

Fuzzy Logic Based Load Frequency Control of Hybrid Power System Integrated with SMES

The use of a Fuzzy logic-based controller for automatic generation control (AGC) and load frequency control (LFC) of two area power plants in an interconnected power system is proposed in this paper. In addition, a superconducting magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) unit is being considered in two areas. After a sudden load disturbance, the implementation of SMES combination arrests the initial fall in frequency deviation and tie-line power deviation. The simulation results show that the proposed SMES unit improves system performance significantly. The system's sensitivity analysis is carried out by altering the parameters and operating load conditions from their nominal values. Even when the system is subjected to wide variations in loading conditions and system parameters, the optimised gains of the proposed fuzzy logic- based controller and fuzzy controller along with SMES controllers do not need to be reset. Finally, different types of load patterns are used to test the effectiveness of the proposed controller design. The simulation results show that the Fuzzy PID controller combined with SMES outperforms the Fuzzy PID controller alone. The simulations were run using the MATLAB software.

Detailed versus simplified representation of a pipeline for assessment of inductive and conductive couplings to an overhead transmission lines during steady-state and fault conditions

Electric power systems influences on nearby structures have been widely investigated in the last decades. Generally, the practical projects contemplate simplified studies that calculate just part of the system. The literature is vague regarding whether this standard procedure may cause a difference in the calculated results. This paper investigates inductive and conductive influences along a buried pipeline from an overhead transmission line during normal load operation and fault conditions. Two situations are compared: only part of the pipeline stretch near the interfering system and its total length. A case study investigates the influences from an overhead transmission line on a buried pipeline for parallelism and crossing approaches by proposing an accessible methodology, whose results are compared with commercial programs widely used by design engineers and with good accuracy. The main focus of this work is to show that the most common practice of considering only the region where an overhead line is closest to the pipeline may lead to underestimating the induced voltage. Instead, to correctly assess pipeline-induced voltage, one may need to represent in detail the whole pipeline. High deviations indicate that a pipeline may suffer corrosion and put personal safety at risk if mitigation measures are not implemented. Computations considering the whole pipeline path are essential for structural and personal integrity. Besides, the proposed accessible methodology is useful, given alternatives to the few commercially available software.