Loads In Residential Buildings Research Articles

98/01555 Cooling and heating loads in residential buildings in Jordan: Shariah, A. et al. Energy and Buildings, 1997, 26, (2), 137–143

98/01555 Cooling and heating loads in residential buildings in Jordan: Shariah, A. et al. Energy and Buildings, 1997, 26, (2), 137–143

Effects of absorptance of external surfaces on heating and cooling loads of residential buildings in Jordan

Using the TRNSYS simulation program, the effect of the absorptance of external surfaces of buildings on heating, cooling and total loads has been studied. The meteorological data used in this study are for Amman and Aqaba, representing mild and hot climates, respectively, in Jordan. Two types of construction materials, namely, light weight concrete block and heavy weight concrete were used in the simulation. The effects of the absorptance on energy loads for insulated buildings were also calculated. The results show that, for not insulated buildings, as the absorptance was changed from one to zero, the total energy load decreases by 32%, while for insulated buildings, it decreases by 26% in Amman, whereas this decrease was about 47% for not insulated and 32% for insulated buildings in Aqaba.

Cooling and heating loads in residential buildings in Jordan

Cooling and heating load calculations for air-conditioned and heated buildings have been calculated for three different cities in Jordan, representing three climatic regions; namely, Irbid, Amman and Aqaba. To analyze the insulation effect of buildings, for each region four combinations of wall and ceiling insulation were considered: no insulation; only wall insulated; only ceiling insulated; and both ceiling and wall insulated. The results showed that the average monthly heating load was reduced when only walls were insulated; however, this has a negative impact on the average monthly cooling load. In the case where only the ceiling was insulated, both the monthly cooling and heating loads were reduced. A comparison showed that with both wall and ceiling insulated, the energy requirements could be reduced by more than 40%. In Aqaba, with both walls and ceiling insulated, there would be no need for any heating during the whole year and in both Amman and Irbid there were at least four months in which there would be no need for either heating or cooling.

Fire load in residential buildings

The results of afire load survey carried out in Kanpur, India are presented. Thirty-five residential buildings with a total floor area of 4256.6 m 2 were surveyed. Details of the survey methodology, data collection and processing are given. The statistical parameters of the fire load presented in this paper will be useful in the design of fire prevention and fire fighting measures of residential buildings.

室温・熱負荷計算における換気回路網計算法の実測データによる検証

This paper described the validation of the ventilation net work model for the estimation of the room temperatures and heat loads of residential buildings with the results obtained by measuring the three test houses. The air tightness of the three test houses were measured using a pressure method and the ventilation rates were measured by CO_2 tracer gas method. The ventilation rates were calculated with measured wind direction, wind speed, ourdoor temperature, room temperature and air tightness. The results of comparison between the calculation and the measurement showed good agreement within allowable range of error. Using the air flow velocity measured at the doors the room to room air flow rate were estimated and compared with calculated heat flow rates. The results showed the good agreement. Therefore, it was concluded that the ventilation net work model could be used for the simulation of the room temperatures and heat loads of residential buildings.

The Potential of Vegetation in Reducing Summer Cooling Loads in Residential Buildings

The potential of trees and other vegetation to reduce building cooling loads has been recorded in a number of studies but the meso- and microclimate changes producing such savings are not well understood. This paper describes a preliminary attempt to model the effects of landscaping on temperature, humidity, windspeed and solar gain in urban climates using information from existing agricultural and meteorological studies, with particular attention placed on quantifying the effects of plant evapotranspiration. The climate model is then used in conjunction with the DOE-2.1C building simulation program to calculate the net reductions in air-conditioning requirements due to trees and other vegetation. Preliminary results show that an additional 25% increase in the urban tree cover can save 40% of the annual cooling energy use of an average house in Sacramento, and 25% in Phoenix and Lake Charles. If this additional tree cover is located to optimize summer shading, the savings are further increased to more dun 50% in Sacramento and 33% in the other two cities. The calculated savings are minimal for Los Angeles because the base case cooling energy use is small (65 hours) on the assumption that window venting is used whenever possible in lieu of mechanical cooling. There are additional benefits in lowering peak power consumption, where the savings are as much as 34% in Sacramento, 18% in Phoenix, 22% in Lake Charles, and 44% in Los Angeles. Parametric analysis reveals that most of the savings can be attributed to the effects of increased plant evapotranspiration, and only 10% to 30% to shading. The energy penalties of reduced windspeeds are found to be small in all four locations. The preliminary results suggest that while the conservation benefits of planting trees are appreciable at the individual house level, equally dramatic savings can be realized at the urban level through modifications of the urban climate by increasing the total amount of vegetative cover. Such a conservation strategy may be elective in counteracting the summer heat island evident in cities and may improve ambient conditions as well as reduce summertime air-conditioning requirements.