Loads In Office Buildings Research Articles

Ventilated Airflow Windows for Comfort in a Hot and Humid Climate

Hong Kong's climate is sub-tropical. It has hot and humid weather during summer and more temperate weather during the winter. The façade accounts for more than 50% of the peak cooling load in office buildings. This makes an integrated façade design important. This paper reports continuing research into optimising the design of a ventilated façade system by controlling the exhaust airflow. The first step was to analyse the ventilation system in a simple office room. This resulted in further integration of a climate responsive façade and an energy efficient MVAC system. This paper reports on the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations carried out for two identical detailed rooms with different façade systems. This determined the advantages in terms of improved thermal comfort of a room with ventilation airflow through a double-skin façade.

Measures to weaken the influence of solar radiation on peak cooling load in office buildings

Using the building energy simulation program EnergyPlus, the authors studied and analysed measures to weaken the influence of solar radiation on peak cooling load in office buildings. The peak cooling reduction effect on exterior wall outside surface solar radiant absorptance and different kinds of exterior window constructions were analysed by simulation. The results show that using a low solar radiant absorptance dope on the exterior wall of old buildings will have a good effect on peak load reduction. Its utilisation in new buildings also has a considerable effect. The results can offer important information to building designers.

Analysis of annual heating and cooling energy requirements for office buildings in different climates in Turkey

A great amount of world energy demand is connected to the built environment. Electricity use in the commercial buildings, accounts for about one-third of the total energy consumption in Turkey and fully air-conditioned office buildings are important commercial electricity end-users since the mid-1990s. In the presented paper, the interactions between different conditions, control strategies and heating/cooling loads in office buildings in the four major climatic zones in Turkey – hot summer and cold winter, mild, hot summer and warm winter, hot and humid summer and warm winter – through building energy simulation program has been evaluated. The simulation results are compared with the values obtained from site measurements done in an office building located in Istanbul. The site-recorded data and simulation results are compared and analyzed. This verified model was used as a means to examine some energy conservation opportunities on annual cooling, heating and total building load at four major cities which were selected as a representative of the four climatic regions in Turkey. The effect of the parameters like the climatic conditions (location), insulation and thermal mass, aspect ratio, color of external surfaces, shading, window systems including window area and glazing system, ventilation rates and different outdoor air control strategies on annual building energy requirements is examined and the results are presented for each city.

Impacts of lighting density on heating and cooling loads in different climates in China

Changes in lighting load density affect not only energy use for electric lighting but also energy requirements for space heating and cooling. In general, a reduction in electric energy use would tend to increase space heating during the winter months and lower the cooling requirement in the summer. The implications for total building energy use, however, would vary, depending on the building and building services designs, its operation and the prevailing climates. This paper presents an analysis of the interactions between lighting and space heating/cooling loads in office buildings in the five major climatic zones—severe cold, cold, hot summer and cold winter, mild, and hot summer and warm winter—in China through building energy simulation using DOE-2.1E.

04/03037 Influence of the coupling between daylight andartificial lighting on thermal loads in office buildings: Franzetti, C. et al. Energy and Buildings, 2004, 36, (2), 117–126

04/03037 Influence of the coupling between daylight andartificial lighting on thermal loads in office buildings: Franzetti, C. et al. Energy and Buildings, 2004, 36, (2), 117–126

Influence of the coupling between daylight and artificial lighting on thermal loads in office buildings

The analysis of the global energetic needs in an office building has to take into account the daylight and artificial lighting which are tightly coupled. The luminous and thermal behaviours of a room are influenced by the artificial lighting that generates thermal loads and by the natural lighting coming from the windows. This paper deals with the foreseen energy balance of an office building with regards to the technological and architectural solutions. This study has been conducted with EDF Research and Development, Services, energies and living spaces Department. A global analysis is needed for a consistent approach of Energy Demand Save Management [Etude de l’influence de la complémentarité entre l’éclairage naturel et l’éclairage artificiel sur le comportement thermique des bâtiments tertiaires, Thèse Université de Savoie, March 2001, 213 pages].

東京とヨーロッパ5都市における空調機負荷特性の比較

This paper describes the simulation results of annual air conditioning load in the model office building in Tokyo and five European cities, Rome, Zurich, Paris, Frankfurt and London. The purpose of this study is to describe the characteristic of heating and cooling energy consumption in Japan in comparison with Europe where space heating is considered more important than cooling. From the comparison of annual air conditioning loads in the office building, the total load in Tokyo showed the greatest value which is 1.4 times of the total load in Paris. Since the space cooling load of office buildings is affected by solar radiation through windows and internal heat gains, the annual space cooling load is much greater than the space heating load in all cities. However, for the air conditioning coil loads, the heating load is greater than the cooling load in the most European cities due to cooling effect of outdoor air for ventilation reauirment. From the simulation results, it was confirmed that cooling is primarily important in Tokyo in comparison with the European cities where the heating shared the largest portion even for the office building.

Live loads in office buildings: point-in-time load intensity

This is the first of two papers that describe a study on live loads in office buildings. Eight office buildings with a total floor area of 11 720 m 2 were surveyed in Kanpur, India. Point-in-time load intensity is analyzed and the results are compared with those of other similar surveys. A definite relationship was observed between the use of the room and the load, and also between the size of room and the load. Analyses have been made to determine the variation of live loads with building height. The mean occupancy duration for offices of 17.7 years was obtained. The composition of live load is also discussed in the paper.

Live loads in office buildings: lifetime maximum load

This is the second of two papers that describe a study on probabilistic live loads in office buildings surveyed in Kanpur, India. The paper presents a probabilistic live load model and its application to sustained load and extraordinary load. Parameters for sustained load are established from actual survey data. Probability distribution of the sustained load is represented by log-normal and gamma distributions. Predicted extraordinary loads based on the present survey are calculated with parameters selected from the work done in Australia (Choi ECC. Struct. Engr. 67 (1989) 421–437; Proc. Instn. Civil Engrs Structs. Bldgs. 94 (1992) 307–314). A lifetime maximum load, comprising a sustained load process and an extraordinary load event, has been evaluated and compared with previous predicted values and those given in codes of practice.

An Evaluation of the Rules of Thumb for Estimating Cooling Load for Office Buildings

This Technical Note reports on an evaluation of the rules of thumb in cooling load estimation for office buildings In Hong Kong. Such rules of thumb currently employed by several leading local building services engineering (BSE) consulting firms were collected and evaluated by a number of different approaches: manual calculation; computer simulations and field measurement. It was found that existing rule of thumbs would in general lead to an over-estimation of air conditioning cooling load for office buildings design in Hong Kong. Based on the results of the evaluation, a new set of design rules of thumb for estimating the cooling load in office building in Hang Kong is proposed.

Fire Loads in Office Buildings

The results of a fire load survey, carried out in Kanpur, India, are presented. Eight office buildings with a total floor area of about 11,720 m2 were surveyed. The inventory method was used in the present survey. Details of survey methodology and processing are given. Analyses have been made to determine the influence of room use, room floor area, and floor level on fire loads. It is found that room use and room floor area are major parameters affecting the fire loads in a room. An attempt is made to calculate the composition of fire loads in the buildings surveyed. In office buildings wood and paper contribute to a substantial portion of the total fire load. The movable contents contribute to about 88% of the total fire load. The fire loads obtained from the survey have been compared with those of similar surveys in the United States and the United Kingdom.

95/01920 Measuring computer equipment loads in office buildings

95/01920 Measuring computer equipment loads in office buildings

Discussion of “ Extraordinary Live Load in Office Buildings ” by Edmund C. C. Choi (November, 1991, Vol. 117, No. 11)

Discussion of “ <i>Extraordinary Live Load in Office Buildings</i> ” by Edmund C. C. Choi (November, 1991, Vol. 117, No. 11)

Extraordinary Live Load in Office Buildings

Loads due to extraordinary events are investigated using data from the Sydney live‐load survey. A total of 1,989 extraordinary events of normal crowding, emergency crowding, and furniture stacking are studied. Parameters for a multiple extraordinary load model are obtained from the actual survey data. It is observed that not just the number of extraordinary load cells but all other parameters are area dependent. The mean and standard deviation of the number of people in a crowd for both normal crowding and emergency crowding decrease with decreasing floor area. Load due to furniture stacking shows a similar trend of variation. The numbers of load cells for the three types of extraordinary events are also observed to be different. Data from the present survey are compared with those from previous surveys. Present parameters are compared with values assumed by previous investigators. Extraordinary loads are predicted by using the extraordinary load model with the present parameters. They are observed to be, in general, 30% larger than values obtained using parameters assumed by previous workers.

Characteristics of fire loads in office buildings

A study was made to determine the effects of various parameters on the fire load characteristics of office buildings. This and future studies are expected to form the basis for improving fire resistant design requirements.

Analysis of Live Loads in Office Buildings

An analysis of live loads in offices is presented which applies probabilistic live load models to the results of a recent survey of office buildings in the United States conducted by the National Bureau of Standards. The results are compared to a study of live loads in offices in the United Kingdom and the design loads currently specified by ANSI A58.1-1972. On the basis of this study, a new expression for computing allowable reductions in live loads is proposed.

Design Live Loads in Buildings

Based upon surveys of the actual live loads in office buildings and warehouses, and upon a consideration of probable actual live loads in apartment buildings and places of assembly, this paper develops and proposes a system for the reduction of basic live loads in the design of building members.