Load Frequency Control Research Articles

Robust Load Frequency Control for Uncertainties Multi-area Power Systems with Couplings of Systems Dynamics and Reconfigurable Communication Networks

Robust Load Frequency Control for Uncertainties Multi-area Power Systems with Couplings of Systems Dynamics and Reconfigurable Communication Networks

Intelligent Event-Triggered ${H}_{\infty }$ Load Frequency Control for Power Systems With Multiple-Resource Delays

Intelligent Event-Triggered ${H}_{\infty }$ Load Frequency Control for Power Systems With Multiple-Resource Delays

Predictor-Based Load Frequency Control for Large-Scale Networked Control Power Systems

Predictor-Based Load Frequency Control for Large-Scale Networked Control Power Systems

Optimized PID Controller for Load Frequency Control in Multi-Source and Dual-Area Power Systems Using PSO and GA Algorithms

Optimized PID Controller for Load Frequency Control in Multi-Source and Dual-Area Power Systems Using PSO and GA Algorithms

An overview of the current Advanced Techniques for Frequency Regulation in grid-connected and off-grid Microgrids.

The integration of renewable energy sources into the power system is an important step towards a sustainable energy transition. This transition could subsequently introduce substantial variability that critically impacts key operational parameters, such as frequency and voltage. This variability poses significant challenges, especially within microgrid configuration, both in grid-connected and isolated modes. Therefore, ensuring the stability of these parameters I paramount of their operational efficiency, reliability, and longevity. Despite these challenges, recent advancements in the field have led to the development of numerous advanced methodologies and control strategies designed to mitigate the impact of renewable sources on microgrid frequency stability. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of these state-of-the-art technologies and methodologies, including cutting-edge technologies such as adaptive load frequency control and Time-series prediction-based approaches. It offers insights into their application, effectiveness, and advantages in frequency control during microgrid operation, contributing to the ongoing discourse on integrating renewable energy sources with enhanced grid stability. Moreover, the discussion section provides insights and barriers impacting the implementation of these technologies in the current microgrid system and the power grid in general.

Improved Memory Event-Triggered Load Frequency Control in Multi-Area Power System With Renewable Energy

Improved Memory Event-Triggered Load Frequency Control in Multi-Area Power System With Renewable Energy

T-S Fuzzy based Load Frequency Control of Multi-Area Power System with Hybrid Delays: Performance Analysis and Improvement

T-S Fuzzy based Load Frequency Control of Multi-Area Power System with Hybrid Delays: Performance Analysis and Improvement

Delay-Dependent Stability Evaluation for Temperature Control Load Participating in Load Frequency Control of Microgrid

Delay-Dependent Stability Evaluation for Temperature Control Load Participating in Load Frequency Control of Microgrid

Design of a robust controller for the load frequency control of interconnected power system

Design of a robust controller for the load frequency control of interconnected power system

Detection and Defense Method Against False Data Injection Attacks for Distributed Load Frequency Control System in Microgrid

Detection and Defense Method Against False Data Injection Attacks for Distributed Load Frequency Control System in Microgrid

Sliding Mode Without Reaching Phase Design for Automatic Load Frequency Control of Multi-Time Delays Power System

Sliding Mode Without Reaching Phase Design for Automatic Load Frequency Control of Multi-Time Delays Power System

A Novel Load Frequency Control Strategy for a Modern Power System by Considering State-Space Modeling and Stability Analysis

A Novel Load Frequency Control Strategy for a Modern Power System by Considering State-Space Modeling and Stability Analysis

Load Frequency Control of a Single Area System Using Fuzzy Logic Controller and Comparison with Integral and PID Controller

Load Frequency Control of a Single Area System Using Fuzzy Logic Controller and Comparison with Integral and PID Controller

Optimization of load frequency control using grey wolf optimizer in micro hydro power plants

Micro hydro power plants (MHPP) is one of the renewable energy that can be utilized as a distributed generation with controllable power output. One common issue in MHPP systems is the non-constant rotation of the generator caused by load fluctuations. This instability leads to variable frequencies, which can potentially harm electrical equipment. To address this problem, the volume of water entering through the governor can be adjusted to synchronize the turbine and generator rotation with the load. This approach helps dampen frequency oscillations and ensures that the system operates within desired limits. Therefore, there is a need for technology that can enhance the performance of micro hydro power plant units, specifically load frequency control (LFC). This research proposes the application of the grey wolf optimizer (GWO) algorithm to optimize the PID controller parameters for MHPP LFC. MHPP has been modeled in both isolated and grid-connected modes using Simulink MATLAB R2020a. The best cost function value for an isolated mode system was obtained with ISEim, yielding a value of 0.067653, while for a grid-connected mode system, it was achieved with ISEgm, with a value of 0.015861. The results of the frequency deviation response performance of the LFC using GWO indicate that the fastest settling time was achieved with the cost function ITAEim in isolated mode, and with IAEgm in grid-connected mode. The cost function that produces the smallest peak overshoot and peak undershoot parameter values varied depending on changes in the system load.

Wind Power Frequency Control in Doubly FED Induction Generator Using CFMPC-FOPID Controller Scheme

Because the majority of wind turbines operate in maximum output power tracking mode, power system frequency cannot be supported. However, if the penetration rate of wind power increases, the system inertia related to frequency modulation may decrease. In addition, frequency stability will be severely affected in the event of significant disturbances to the system load. Due to the high penetration of wind power in isolated power systems, this study suggests a coordinated frequency management approach for emergency frequency regulation. In order to prevent the phenomenon of load frequency control in doubly fed induction generators (DFIGs), a unique efficient control scheme is developed. The Cascaded Fractional Model Predictive Controller coupled with Fractional-Order PID controller (CFMPC-FOPID) is developed to provide the DFIG system with an efficient reaction to changes in load and system parameters. The proposed controller must have a robust tendency to respond quickly in terms of minimum settling time, undershoot, and overshoot. Nonlinear feedback controllers are designed using frequency deviations and power imbalances to achieve the reserve power distribution between generators and DFIGs in a variety of wind speed conditions. It makes upgrading quick and easy. In Matlab/Simulink, a simulation model is built to test the viability of the suggested approach.

Employment of renewable based sources in amalgamated frequency-voltage control restructured system with TSA trained IPD(1+I) controller

The existing effort explores automatic load frequency control learning and automatic voltage regulator for manifold areas and sources under restructured situations. Sources in Area_1 are bio-diesel and thermal; diesel and thermal plants in Area_2. Thus, each area consists of two generating companies and two distributing companies. A unique attempt has been undergone to perform a deuce phase controller integral-proportional-derivative with one plus integral (IPD(1 + I)) controller. Various examination expresses that IPD(1 + I) is an excellent controller when compared with proportional-derivative (PD) and proportional-integral-derivative-filter (PIDN) from outlook regarding crest overshoot, grade-of-fluctuations, crest undershoot as well as the subsiding period in case of bilateral contacts. In an attempt to secure the controller's attributes bio-enthused meta-heuristic tunicate search algorithm (TSA) is applied. Along with that, renewable source solar energy in the form of solar photovoltaic has been merged in both the operating areas. Action in existence of hydrogen aqua electrolyser – fuel cell (HAE (FC)) has also been examined using IPD(1 + I) controller for bilateral contact, in order to obtain noteworthy outcomes in a dynamic presentation. It is pragmatic that the best responses are obtained for the scheme with the inclusion of both PV and HAE (FC). Also, IPD(1 + I) parameters values at nominal condition has been analyzed to confirm its suitability for varied loading conditions without the need for optimization.

Load frequency control of a two-area power system with renewable energy sources using brown bear optimization technique

Load frequency control of a two-area power system with renewable energy sources using brown bear optimization technique

Switching-like dynamic event-triggered load frequency control for multi-area power systems with electric vehicles under DoS attacks

The load frequency control (LFC) for multi-area power systems with electric vehicles (EVs) is investigated under Denial of Service (DoS) attacks. First, a new dynamic event-triggered mechanism is proposed, where the event parameters can be switched according to whether DoS attacks occur or not. Then, a time-delay model with parameter uncertainty is developed by considering the state of charge (SOC) of EVs batteries and DoS attacks. Particularly, asymptotic stability criterion with prescribed H∞ performance is derived, and the relationship between the packet losses induced by DoS attacks and the event parameters is revealed. Further, a co-design scheme of the controller gain and the event-triggered weighting matrix is provided. Finally, simulation results show that the proposed method is advantageous to resist DoS attacks and save communication resources.

New input‐to‐state stability conditions of linear systems with interval time‐varying delays and their application to power systems

AbstractIt is commonly believed that the Lyapunov‐Krasovskii functional method plays an important role in obtaining input‐to‐state stability conditions of systems with interval time‐varying delays. For a system with an interval time‐varying delay, an appropriate functional should be constructed during applying the method. Nevertheless, the delay has an interesting property that the delay in different delay intervals can have varying impacts on the system. In a way, the property is not considered adequately for the Lyapunov‐Krasovskii functional method, which may give rise to conservative conditions. This article proposes a new input‐to‐state stability analysis method by taking advantage of the ignored property. When the new method is adopted, multiple functionals are constructed for the delay in the different delay intervals. This means that the multiple functionals method is more applicable in practice than the Lyapunov‐Krasovskii functional method. With the help of the proposed method, new input‐to‐state stability conditions for linear delay systems are derived. A numerical example is presented to show that the obtained conditions are effective. At last, the newly derived conditions are applied to power systems with delayed load frequency control schemes.

Reliable quantized sampled‐data LFC for semi‐Markov jump interconnected multi‐area power systems: Dealing with incomplete TRs

AbstractThis article aims to address the reliable quantized sampled‐data load frequency control (LFC) synthesis problem for semi‐Markov jump interconnected multi‐area power systems (IMAPSs) suffering from incomplete transition rates (TRs) and actuator failures. Primarily, the semi‐Markov process configurated with incomplete TRs is utilized to model the structural and coefficient switchings of IMAPSs, which enables a more precise representation of reality and a wider range of application. Subsequently, in order to reduce the control cost and facilitate data processing, an aperiodic quantization sampling mechanism is introduced. Furthermore, a mode‐dependent and comprehensive actuator faulty model is scheduled to portray various stochastically occurring actuator failures, which is more in line with practical application. Then, by fully utilizing the state information of sampled intervals, a two‐sided looped functional with some matrices that are not required to be strictly positive is constructed to enhance the flexibility. In what follows, on the basis of stochastic analysis technique and looped functional, sufficient conditions with two scenarios are established in the form of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs) to guarantee the stochastic stability with an performance of the resultant semi‐Markov jump IMAPSs. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed control synthesis methodology is validated through a numerical simulation.