LNG Supply Research Articles

Exploring the stability and dynamic responses of dual-stage series ORC using LNG cold energy for sustainable power generation

Utilizing LNG cold energy for power generation is critical for improving energy efficiency of LNG supply chain. Current studies on power generation systems that use LNG cold energy primarily focus on steady-state simulations and optimizing key parameters. However, there is a notable gap in research regarding dynamic simulations to understand the dynamic behaviors of these systems. To address this, a dynamic model for a dual-stage series ORC system that harnesses LNG cold energy was proposed focusing on its dynamic responses. A comparative analysis of its stability under two different control strategies were conducted identifying the cascade control strategy as the superior method. The effects of various parameters, such as LNG temperature, mass flow, and composition, along with exhaust gas pressure, temperature, and composition, on the stability and dynamic response of the system were investigated. The results indicate that fluctuations in LNG mass flow have the most significant impact on system stability, while exhaust gas pressure has the least. Additionally, most parameters effectively returned to their setpoints after disturbances when managed by the cascaded control strategy. This research provides valuable insights into the operational characteristics of the dual-stage ORC, demonstrating its potential for sustainable power generation by leveraging the recovery of LNG cold energy.

Recommended LNG Commercialization Strategy to Maintain Business Sustainability in the Global LNG Market: A Case Study of PPTETS

LNG supply and demand growth have steadily increased in the past 12 months, recovering from pandemic-related outages in early 2021. Supported by increased LNG supply and demand, a surge in LNG trading has been seen across the world, and there is no indication of slowing down in the near future. Those situations become the opportunity for an LNG seller who has the potential uncommitted LNG supply to be offered to the buyer. PPTETS (which is not a complete name of the company, but a real Singapore registered company), which is owned 100% by PPTET Ty (which is not a complete name of the company, but a real Japan registered company), which is a joint venture company between Pertamina and various Japanese utility & power companies, is required to anticipate that opportunity. With consideration of the dynamic changes in global LNG market development, PPTETS needs to formulate the company’s business strategy, which is intended to seize future business opportunities. The main objective of this research is to formulate a PPTETS LNG commercialization business strategy to generate profit and maintain sustainability in the global LNG market. The analysis will consider both primary and secondary data, with underlying theoretical for external factors such as PESTEL analysis and Porter’s Five Forces, while for internal factors analysis will utilize a resource-based view and VRIO. As a synthesis of the company’s internal and external analysis, SWOT analysis and TOWS matrix will then be utilized. Finally, based on the analysis and formulation that has been conducted, it could be concluded that PPTETS has the opportunity and capabilities to maintain its business sustainability by trading in the global LNG market. After considering several findings from both external and internal factors of primary and secondary data, aside from cost focus leadership as a generic competitive strategy, there are 3 (three) specific business strategies recommended to PPTETS in order to generate profit and maintain sustainability, which are (i) collaboration with Pertamina, (ii) developing PPTETS internal procedures, and (iii) further PPTETS’ business development.

中国天然气生产供应能力的影响因素分析及对策研究

中国天然气生产供应能力的影响因素分析及对策研究

Taking Stock of Methane Policies Across the LNG Supply Chain: What is the Role of LNG Importers and Exporters in Pursuing Further Emission Reductions?

Taking Stock of Methane Policies Across the LNG Supply Chain: What is the Role of LNG Importers and Exporters in Pursuing Further Emission Reductions?

Influence of LNG supply on gas market flexibility: Croatia case study

The analysis of natural gas consumption trends shows that gas consumption in Croatia is extremely seasonal, with high fluctuations during peak consumption. The objective of the research was to show the importance of each part of the system in providing flexibility. By analyzing the movement of gas flow, data was obtained on the contribution of each part of the system to the overall flexibility. The flexibility factor of natural gas imports at interconnection points, based on flexible supply contracts, was negative due to higher imports in the summer months. Additionally, production has been steadily declining, so this source of flexibility has less opportunity to provide a significant amount of flexibility. The LNG terminal as a new gas import point into the system, has not yet been considered a possible source of flexibility. The LNG volumes from the new terminal were analyzed using an analogous methodology. The results of the research showed the analysis of the flexibility of each segment of the gas system and the movement of flexibility before and after the introduction of LNG into the market. Finally, the novelty of this research could be described as the definition of flexibility calculations for each part of the natural gas system.

Prospects for Russian Gas in China for the Period until 2035

The article presents an analysis of the current state and forecasts for the longterm development of the Chinese natural gas market, as well as the prospects for increasing Russian supplies of fossil fuels to this market. It is expected that by the end of 2030 China can catch up and overtake Europe in terms of gas consumption. By 2030, the total demand for gas in China will be 390–560 billion cubic meters. m, which is almost 1.5 times higher than in 2022. During the period of economic slowdown, the imbalance of supply and demand in the global hydrocarbon market leads to its destabilization. In order to predict such situations in advance, specialists from international and Russian organizations (International Energy Agency, BP plc, Energy Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Energy Economics of Japan) and consulting companies (IHS Markit) periodically prepare papers on the evolution of world energy markets and the consequences for major countries. gas consumers. Almost all studies are not yet ready to name the period of peak demand for gas in China in the foreseeable future, which gives grounds to name the 21st century of gas transformation. In this article, a study was made of the Chinese gas market and an analysis of the factors of the longterm dynamics of demand for this energy resource. The author also made an attempt to assess the expansion of our country’s participation in the Chinese gas market, and prepared interim recommendations on using the potential for developing energy cooperation between China and Russia. At the same time, the northeastern provinсes of China, located near the Russian border, after the launch of the Power of Siberia gas pipeline, will be saturated with Russian gas. At the same time, the insufficient development of gas infrastructure — pipeline capacities, gas storage facilities, distribution networks — in China will not allow increasing exports when Russia builds additional capacities. To an even greater extent, this applies to the Power of Siberia — 2 gas pipeline project. The most promising way to increase Russian gas exports to China is the organization of Russian LNG supplies to the coastal regions of China, where a steady growth in gas demand is predicted.

Relevance and potential of the Arctic Sea Routes on the LNG trade

The retreat of the ice around the freezing waters of the Arctic Ocean is opening new waterways where shipping activity could transport commodities between continents. One of the essential products is natural gas - LNG, which is transported in large tankers from exporters to importers. This study aims to explore the dynamics of the LNG trade by using these new tentative routes with conventional sea lanes and estimating the changes in the LNG trade. We utilize Agent-Based Modeling to develop a global LNG model with interactive GIS features, where the agents are the players in the LNG market. The results demonstrate the preponderance of the North-East Passage (NEP, Eurasian Arctic waters) over the North-Western Passage (NWP, the Canadian Arctic) in providing a shortcut connecting Europe with Asia. This passage favors a growing exporter like Russia with exporting facilities in Siberia and future strategic projects to increase liquefaction capacity. The NEP becomes crucial when considering scenarios of a European ban on Russian imports, as European countries are planning due to the crisis with Russia. On the importing side, the Asian Pacific and South Asian importers are the winners with a diverse and shorter LNG supply source. Future Canadian projects may also benefit from these new highways. However, there are also substantial challenges to providing the NEP with the proper infrastructure and systems to make the Polar LNG journeys safe and sound shortly. Beyond that, the Arctic sea corridors may alleviate the high LNG transit through the conventional routes and their chokepoints, but they are not a replacement for the conventional ones, not even with the most favorable conditions.

Optimization of the risk-based small-scale LNG supply chain in the Indonesian archipelago

The electricity supply in Indonesia is considered inefficient, as indicated by the increase in the Cost of Generation Provision (CGP) in the 2016–2021 period. Indications of high supply chain risks are not commensurate with the low demand for LNG. Nevertheless, every power plant on small islands must be served by minimizing costs. This study aims to develop a risk-based small-scale supply chain model to distribute LNG in archipelagic areas by minimizing infrastructure costs, including investment and operations. This paper formulates a risk-based small-scale LNG (SS-LNG) model with milk runs, which are rarely applied in LNG supply chains, thus impacting cost efficiency and the sustainability of LNG supply in Indonesia. The simulation was carried out using the vehicle routing problem with milk run (VRPMR) method. The optimization results show that the 2-vessel scheme is an optimal and efficient risk-based SS-LNG supply chain model. However, it appears that changing the scheme from 1 to 2 vessels generally increases the infrastructure tariff by 3%, or USD 0.11 per MMBTU. This risk-based supply chain model is able to ensure a fuel cost efficiency of 27% for power plants.

Using genetic algorithm for fleet assignment of small-scale LNG supply chain

This paper presents the development of a model of how to assign LNG carriers from a single LNG source to a number of scattered small-scale power plants in a milk-run operation strategy. Typically, researchers assume that ports/terminals to be visited are as given parameters. In this paper, the specifications of ports/terminals (infrastructures) are considered in the model as a consequence of the selected LNG carriers. The objective is to determine the optimum size and number of LNG carriers for a particular route by minimizing the unit logistics costs which include shipping costs and required infrastructures (ports and facilities) costs. The proposed approach of this paper is a metaheuristic by using genetic algorithm. The computational results shows that the optimal solution can be achieved in a relatively short period of time and the optimum cuve satisfies the law of deminishing returns. Finally, some encouraging computational results and suggestions for further study are presented.

Probability of Risk Factors Affecting Small-Scale LNG Supply Chain Activities in the Indonesian Archipelago

In Indonesia, the CoS for power supply increased from Rp. 1025 to Rp. 1334/KWh from 2016 to 2021, respectively; this indicates an inefficient process in electricity provision. One contributing factor to this inefficiency is the existence of many high speed diesel (HSD)-fueled power plants. These are distributed across the Indonesian archipelago with a supply chain that only uses sea transportation. The absence of an economical small-scale LNG (SS-LNG) supply chain also demonstrates the inadequate infrastructure for distributing LNG to refineries. This study aims to analyze the probability of risks that occur in SS-LNG supply chains in the Indonesian archipelago. The analytical methods used are descriptive statistical analysis and Delphi analysis through in-depth interviews and Focus Group Discussions (FGD) with experts. Results showed that the SS-LNG supply chain process in Indonesia includes LNG loading, unloading, shipping, picking, storage, regasification, and distribution. There are 30 risk indicators that may occur, with the highest risks including ship accidents, equipment damage, lack of transport ships, bad weather, earthquakes, tsunami, poor safety cultures, and low levels of safety leadership. These risk indicators can be used in implementing SS-LNG.

Qatar's prospects in the global gas market

The article analyzes Qatar's prospects in the global gas market and potential shifts in its export policy. It presents an analysis of the costs of supplying LNG from Qatar to European and Asian markets, examines Qatar's long-term LNG supply contracts, and conducts revenue calculations for export strategies. The article underscores the need for Qatar to diversify its approach to LNG exports, emphasizing the importance of not only securing sales volumes through long-term contracts but also adapting to changing gas market conditions by reserving a portion of volumes for spot sales to more effectively monetize its expanding capacities.

Китайские перспективы российского газа

The subjects of the study are the current state and forecasts of the long—term development of the Chinese natural gas market. The purpose of the work is to establish prospects for increasing the supply of fossil fuels to the Chinese natural gas market. During the period of economic slowdown, the imbalance of supply and demand in the global hydrocarbon market causes its destabilization. It is justi-fied based on the conclusions of experts from international and Russian organ-izations that it is currently impossible to predict in the foreseeable future the period of peak demand for gas in China, which gives reason to call the XXI century the time of transformation of the gas industry. Based on the results of the study factors of long-term dynamics of gas demand, an attempt is made to assess the possibilities of expanding Russia's participation in the Chinese gas market and proposals are formulated to im-prove the use of the potential for the development of energy cooperation be-tween China and Russia. It has been established that the most promising direction for increasing Russian gas exports to China is the organization of Russian LNG supplies to the coastal regions of China, where a steady increase in gas demand is predict-ed. Conclusions are drawn based on the conclusions of experts from interna-tional and Russian organizations that the increase in LNG exports will con-tribute to the inflow of capital to the gas market of our country, which will have a positive impact on entrepreneurial activity in related sectors of the economy.

Prospects for Russian gas in China

The article presents an analysis of the current state and forecasts for the long-term development of the Chinese natural gas market, as well as the prospects for increasing Russian supplies of fossil fuels to this market. It is expected that by the end of 2030 China can catch up and overtake Europe in terms of gas consumption. By 2030, the total demand for gas in China will be 390-560 billion cubic meters, which is almost 1.5 times higher than in 2022. During the period of economic slowdown, the imbalance of supply and demand in the global hydrocarbon market leads to its destabilization. In order to predict such situations in advance, specialists from international and Russian organizations (International Energy Agency, BP plc, Energy Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Energy Economics of Japan) and consulting companies (IHS Markit) periodically prepare papers on the evolution of world energy markets and the consequences for major countries. gas consumers. Almost all studies are not yet ready to name the period of peak demand for gas in China in the foreseeable future, which gives grounds to name the 21st century of gas transformation. In this article, a study was made of the Chinese gas market and an analysis of the factors of the long-term dynamics of demand for this energy resource. The author also made an attempt to assess the expansion of our country's participation in the Chinese gas market, and prepared interim recommendations on using the potential for developing energy cooperation between China and Russia. At the same time, the northeastern provinces of China, located near the Russian border, after the launch of the Power of Siberia gas pipeline, will be saturated with Russian gas. At the same time, the insufficient development of gas infrastructure — pipeline capacities, gas storage facilities, distribution networks — in China will not allow increasing exports when Russia builds additional capacities. To an even greater extent, this applies to the Power of Siberia-2 gas pipeline project. The most promising way to increase Russian gas exports to China is the organization of Russian LNG supplies to the coastal regions of China, where a steady growth in gas demand is predicted.

US-EU: shaping anti-Russian energy geopolitics

The unfolding crisis of the world order reveals that a struggle for advantages in energy domain has acquired a distinctive geopolitical dimension. The rivalry between Russia and the West has come to the forefront of world politics. Energy became a frontline in the confrontation, and the Ukrainian conflict has spotlighted the trend. The article embraces a range of key issues of energy geopolitics involving Russia, the United States and Europe (EU). The US managed to develop a huge export potential of LNG as a result of revolution in technologies of shale gas and oil production. This capacity enables the US to play a crucial role in the West’s sanctions aimed at undermining Russian energy sector and shrinking Russia’s share in world markets. The United States and the EU focus their efforts on cutting off Russia’s energy ties with Europe and increasing American LNG supplies to European countries. This tectonic shift entails far-reaching strategic implications that will have a great impact on all parties involved.

The possibilities of Russia-Vietnam cooperation in the fuel and energy sphere

The author has made an attempt to show a great potential of Russia-Vietnam cooperation in the fuel and energy sphere basing on the identification of the emerging trends and needs of Vietnamese economy and Russian possibilities.
 In particular, the article shows the state and perspectives of hydrocarbon and energy sectors of the Vietnam national economy. It demonstrates that: the decline in oil production due to the exhaustion of existing oil fields in Vietnam and the inability to meet the growing demand for gas on its own show the necessity of the increase in hydrocarbon import; instability and high cost of energy production relied on renewable energy sources want to increase the capacity of traditional types of energy. The obstacles are such factors as a significant growth of the world prices, and increasing dependance on LNG suppliers, as well as the climate agenda.
 To settle the problems, Russia being the leader at the world energy and fuels can contribute significantly to Vietnams energy security. Besides, Moscow maintaining leading positions in construction and exploitation of advanced NPPs could make for Hanois return to the national nuclear program. Enhancing cooperation in the hydrocarbon supplies sphere, the implementation of large-scale projects in the nuclear sphere meets both Russias and Vietnams national interests.

Response to Comment on “LNG Supply Chains: A Supplier-Specific Life-Cycle Assessment for Improved Emission Accounting”

Response to Comment on “LNG Supply Chains: A Supplier-Specific Life-Cycle Assessment for Improved Emission Accounting”

Comment on “LNG Supply Chains: A Supplier-Specific Life-Cycle Assessment for Improved Emission Accounting”

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVLetter to the EditorNEXTComment on “LNG Supply Chains: A Supplier-Specific Life-Cycle Assessment for Improved Emission Accounting”Timothy Q. Donaghy*Timothy Q. DonaghyGreenpeace USA, 702 H Street NW, Suite 300 Washington, DC 20001, United States*Email: [email protected]More by Timothy Q. Donaghyhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-6449-3228 and Lorne StockmanLorne StockmanOil Change International, 714 G St. SE #202, Washington, DC 20003, United StatesMore by Lorne StockmanCite this: ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. 2022, 10, 41, 13549–13551Publication Date (Web):October 4, 2022Publication History Received11 July 2022Revised19 September 2022Published online4 October 2022Published inissue 17 October 2022https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.2c04146Copyright © Published 2022 by American Chemical SocietyRIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views542Altmetric-Citations1LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (949 KB) Get e-AlertsSUBJECTS:Computer simulations,Hydrocarbons,Lipids,Natural resources,Optical properties Get e-Alerts

China’s LNG import risk assessment based on the perspective of global governance

The uncertainty of LNG import risks will have a significant impact on China's energy security. This paper establishes a multi-agent game model based on the current LNG transportation network and global LNG supply and demand pattern, evaluates the LNG import risks faced by China under the global governance model, and simulates and predicts the optimal LNG import strategy of China in 2030. The research results show that between 2007 and 2020, China’s LNG import risks increased rapidly compared with political risks and national risks. From the perspective of risk identification, the comprehensive risk of China's imports from Southeast Asia and Australia is lower. However, due to the increasing demand gap for LNG, the Middle East, and Africa are still necessary supply sources. It is estimated that by 2030, the future LNG market will be oversupplied, and the United States is expected to become the world's top LNG supplier. China will reduce its dependence on Africa and the Middle East, and import a large amount of natural gas from the United States, Australia, Qatar, and Russia to reduce supply risks. From the perspective of import market competition, the new analysis model proposed in this article provides an effective tool for exploring the optimal strategy for LNG import.

Editorial: Green and sustainable LNG supply chain: A bridge to a low carbon energy society

Editorial: Green and sustainable LNG supply chain: A bridge to a low carbon energy society

An optimization approach to increasing sustainability and enhancing resilience against environmental constraints in LNG supply chains: A Qatar case study

Natural gas is an essential fuel in the transition towards a sustainable energy future as it is a cleaner source of fuel compared to other hydrocarbon sources. To enable natural gas delivery from the producer to consumers, natural gas is liquified to enhance transportation efficiency and reliability. This study contributes towards advancing decision support systems within the LNG supply chain to enhance sustainability and resilience. Five scenarios are investigated in terms of vessel types (Conventional, Q-Flex, Q-Max, and mixed fleet), delivery operation modes (single discharge and multi-discharge), and different bunker fuels (HFO, LNG, and dual-fuel). The Mixed Integer Programming model is used to schedule, assign and deliver a fixed number of LNG cargoes within one month considering total transportation costs and emissions. The developed model, which is implemented using the Binary Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm subjected to economic and environmental objectives within an overarching strategic aim for sustainability and resilience. The results demonstrate that using LNG as a bunker fuel supports the reduction in the total emissions within LNG transportation leading to enhancing the resilience of LNG delivery operations against growing environmental constraints. Outputs of the study indicate that the multi-discharge LNG-fuelled operation mode can achieve a cost reduction of 23.4% and a total emission reduction of 19.7% relative to a single discharge operation mode, where boil-off gas has a minor impact compared to the emissions released from fuel consumption.