Wages Of Workers Research Articles

Estimating labor market monopsony power from a forward-looking perspective

This paper proposes a new approach to estimate the monopsony power of the labor market based on a forward-looking model of firm wage posting and worker job separation. In contrast to the literature, workers make job switching decisions based on firm-specific wage growth trajectories associated with different employers. The model is estimated using a matched employer employee panel data from Germany. The separation elasticity estimated from this model is greater than that from the conventional approach, suggesting that ignoring worker responses to heterogeneous wage growth rates lead to a potential overestimation of the actual monopsony power.

Optimizing Road Pavement Projects Through Earned Value Concepts

Every construction project faces constraints of cost, schedule, and quality that must be managed to achieve the desired objectives. This research aims to control the aspects of time and cost in construction projects by applying the Earned Value Concept and Crash Program methods. The subject of the study is the Preservation of Roads and Bridges project in Bireuen City - BTS, Lhokseumawe/Aceh Utara, Krueng Mane Buket Rata, SP. Krueng Geukeueh - PEL. Krueng Geukeueh (PEL. Lhokseumawe). The data analyzed includes the Budget Plan (RAB), project schedule, and reports on planned and actual work. This data is processed into three main indicators: BCWS, BCWP, and ACWP, which are then analyzed through Schedule Variance (SV), Cost Variance (CV), Schedule Performance Index (SPI), and Cost Performance Index (CPI). The analysis results show that during weeks 22 to 23, the project had a positive Schedule Variance (SV) (0), which then turned negative during weeks 24 to 28, with an average Schedule Performance Index (SPI) of 1.0096, indicating that project execution was ahead of schedule. Meanwhile, the Cost Variance (CV) was positive throughout the project, and the average Cost Performance Index (CPI) was 1.2118, indicating that actual costs did not exceed the budget. The application of the Crash Program method resulted in changes in heavy equipment rental costs and worker wages, from IDR 1,440,469,946.99 over 50 days to IDR 1,853,072,988.06 over 25 days, with a cost increase of IDR 412,603,041.07 and an acceleration ratio of 1.29. This research demonstrates that the Earned Value Concept and Crash Program methods are effective in controlling time and cost in construction projects, thereby helping to achieve better efficiency in project management.

Beyond party and the pocketbook: racial resentment, hostile sexism, and perceptions of corporate political activity

Abstract Recent controversies over “woke” businesses have challenged traditional partisan political alignments, leading to increased criticism on the right of corporate political activity. This paper explores how the public evaluates corporate political activity, focusing specifically on whether individuals believe corporations are doing too much (or too little) to advance social and political goals. We are especially interested in how social identities and pocketbook considerations shape perceptions of corporate political activities not explicitly tied to social issues. Does racial resentment, for example, influence perceptions of corporate political activity designed to increase worker wages or improve health care? Or are the effects limited to efforts to achieve racial equality? We find that racial resentment and hostile sexism have spillover effects, affecting perceptions of corporate political activity across issue areas. Partisan affiliation, political ideology, and personal pocketbook considerations, in contrast, play a more limited role. Previous research has demonstrated the effect of racial resentment and sexism on support for welfare policies. We add to this literature by showing that racist and sexist opposition extends to corporate political activities that might not be explicitly identified as socially progressive.

Implementation and Constraints of Minimum Wage Regulations for Informal Sector Workers in Semarang Regency

Minimum wage rules were created as a safety net for employers to provide a living wage for their workers. However, in reality this rule is difficult to implement in the informal sector. Based on the research location in Semarang Regency, the purpose of this study is to determine and examine the implementation of minimum wages, determine and examine the obstacles in implementing regulations regarding minimum wages, and explain the form of legal protection provided by the government to guarantee adequate wages for informal sector workers in Semarang Regency. The research approach method used is socio-legal and applies analytical descriptive research specifications. The results of the study show that the rules regarding minimum wages have not been enforced in the informal sector. This obstacle is caused by 3 aspects. For example, from the aspect of workers, there are informal sector workers whose competence is below that of formal sector workers. From the aspect of employers, the provision of wages is highly dependent on business income. From the government's side, there is a distinction in the imposition of rules regarding minimum wages where minimum wage rules only apply in the formal sector. So that the form of legal protection for informal sector workers is non-existent. The only effort is to provide assistance and law enforcement if there has been a case of violation of the rights of informal sector workers.

Permanently marginalized? Securing living hours among part-time workers in hotels and restaurants in Northern Europe

This paper offers a comparative perspective on the wage and working conditions of marginal part-time workers (less than 15 hours per week) in the Danish, Irish and Norwegian hotel and restaurant sector. Each of the three countries belongs to distinct industrial relations models with different sectoral traditions of multi-employer bargaining, political intervention and union strength. We focus on social partner initiatives, over time, covering trade unions, employers and national governments’ unilateral, bipartite or tripartite measures to secure ‘living hours’ for workers with contracts of few hours. Analytically, we seek inspiration from the work on industrial relations regimes by Visser (2009) and combine it with the concept of living hours. We find that social partners have introduced a series of initiatives to secure living hours, notably to protect and increase hourly wages and secure guaranteed weekly working hours. However, while securing minimum wages and income through either bipartite, tripartite or unilateral measures seem relatively successful in all three countries, the attempts to guarantee minimum weekly working hours and thus secure living hours prove more difficult and mainly has had an impact in Denmark.

The dilemmas of minimum wages of RMG workers in Bangladesh in the age of globalisation and neoliberalism: a qualitative case review

The dilemmas of minimum wages of RMG workers in Bangladesh in the age of globalisation and neoliberalism: a qualitative case review

The impact of a minimum wage increase on hours worked: heterogeneous effects by gender and sector

AbstractA minimum wage increase could lead to adverse employment effects for certain subgroups of minimum wage workers, while leaving others unaffected. This heterogeneity could be overlooked in studies that examine the overall population of minimum wage workers. In this paper, we test for heterogeneous effects of a minimum wage increase on the hours worked of minimum wage employees in Ireland. For all minimum wage workers, we find that a 10% increase in the minimum wage leads to a one‐hour reduction in weekly hours worked, equating to an hours elasticity of approximately −0.3. However, for industry workers and those in the accommodation & food sector, the impact is larger, with elasticity −0.8. We also find a negative impact on the hours worked among men on minimum wage, with no significant effect for women. This is due to the disproportionate number of men working in sectors that show the greatest impact on hours. In line with suggestions from the recent literature, we attempt to identify directly those in receipt of minimum wage using hourly wage data, while also studying the dynamic impact on hours worked over multiple time periods using a fully flexible difference‐in‐differences estimator.

The Role of the Federal Internal Audit Board in Enhancing Performance Efficiency to Reduce Financial and Administrative Corruption

This research aims to enhance the efficiency of the performance of internal control and auditing bodies by establishing the Federal Internal Control Council, which would reduce the phenomenon of financial and administrative corruption in government institutions. The descriptive (analytical) approach was relied upon in the applied aspect; as data related to the field study were collected, relying on two types of tools, the first is the questionnaire and the second is the available data on cases of administrative corruption discovered in government institutions, where indicators of descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were used; To analyze the results of the study and with the help of the statistical program (SPSS) as well as using the program (SmartPLS) to show the compatibility between the proposed study structures, it was concluded that the role played by internal audit in any service or profit-making facility constitutes an important axis in the work of that facility because it is considered the safety valve and the controller of the extent of the commitment of that economic unit to the instructions in force in its operational work and the extent of its commitment to accounting systems and financial reports, which will be reflected in the efficiency and effectiveness of that economic unit in standing against attempts to exploit its work in administrative and financial corruption operations, which is considered one of the dangerous factors that destroy the work of that facility internally and externally. The study recommends encouraging the provision of appropriate and fair wages that take into account the level of economic growth (the rush of salaries is a pretext for bribery, embezzlement and other economic crimes), and training must be sufficient to raise awareness of the risks of corruption associated with job performance, and training programs may refer to codes or behavioral standards in specific areas.

Increasing expenditures on home- and community-based services: Do home care workers benefit?

To examine the association of Medicaid home- and community-based services (HCBS) expenditures on the home care workforce. We use two national, secondary data sources from 2008 to 2019: state-level Medicaid HCBS expenditures and the American Community Survey, in which we identify direct care workers in the home (i.e., home care workers), defined as nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides or personal care aides working in home health care services, individual and family services, and private households. Our key explanatory variable is HCBS expenditures per state per year. To estimate the association between changes in Medicaid HCBS expenditures and the workforce size, hourly wages and hours worked, we use negative binomial, linear, and generalized ordered logit regression, respectively. All models include demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, the number of potential HCBS beneficiaries (individuals with a disability and income under the federal maximum income eligibility limits), indicators for minimum wage and/or overtime protections for direct care workers, wage pass-through policies, and state and year fixed effects. We exclude states with incomplete reporting of expenditures. States' HCBS expenditures increased between 2008 and 2019 after adjusting for inflation and the number of potential HCBS beneficiaries. Yet, home care workers' wages remained stagnant at $11-12/h. We find no association between changes in Medicaid HCBS expenditures and wages. For every additional $1 million in Medicaid HCBS expenditures, the expected number of workers increases by 1.2 and the probability of working overtime increased (0.0015% points; p < 0.05). Results are largely robust under multiple sensitivity analyses. We find no evidence of a statistically significant relationship between changes in state-level changes in Medicaid HCBS expenditures and worker wages but do find a significant, but small, association with hours worked and workforce size.

The Effect of Job Insecurity on Women’s Mental Health

Job insecurity on women’s mental health is a growing concern in these days in labour market, where economic instability. Women often experience heightened jobs insecurity due to factors like gender discrimination, caregiving responsibilities and the prevalence of part time or temporary positions. This insecurity can lead to significant psychological distress, manifesting as anxiety, depression and diminished self- esteem. The objective is to examine how job insecurity influences mental health outcomes in women, to identify the specific factors contributing to job insecurity for women. The study is based on secondary data such as books, journals, newspaper, government reports and internet etc. The main finding of the study is to increase psychological distress, organizational role to support for reduce negativity, stress and insecurity in women workplace and enhance their capability in workplace. The study suggests that increased job securities, fair wages and transparent communication regarding job expectations and security. The government should take steps for them maintain mantle health, supporting program, including counseling services and stress management workshops. They should equal rights to women in workplace to maintain women’s mental health.

Environmental shocks and agriculture: implications of floods on labor market outcomes

Abstract Floods often displace people and exacerbate their access to finance, affecting the livelihood of daily wage workers in least-developed countries. In August 2017, Nepal experienced the heaviest rainfall in more than 60 years, severely flooding about 80 per cent of the land in the southern part of the country. Using the two-way fixed effects approach and an event study design, we evaluate the impact of severe flooding on the wages of agricultural workers. We show that the 2017 floods resulted in a 9–10 per cent decrease in cash wages among agricultural households while in-kind wages of agricultural laborers increased significantly after the floods, implying that in-kind wages helped mitigate the adverse effects of floods on cash wages. We also investigate changes in assistance, loan-seeking behavior, loan repayment, and collection behavior as mechanisms leading to the risk-mitigating behavior by farmers.

Primary healthcare services' accessibility and quality under compulsory social health insurance in Kazakhstan.

Between 2020 and 2022, there was a rise in employment and entrepreneurial activity, despite some unemployment growth. In the Compulsory Social Health Insurance (CSHI), insured individuals, especially privileged and wage workers, increased. However, certain contributors, like those exempt from contributions and single social taxpayers, decreased, possibly due to legislative changes or the economic climate. The study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and accessibility of medical services within the frameworks of Compulsory Social Health Insurance and the state Guaranteed volume of free medical care based on data regarding waiting times and the volume of services provided. This retrospective study analyzed data from 2020 to 2022 on patients receiving care under Kazakhstan's Mandatory Social Medical Insurance System (MSMIS) and Guaranteed Volume of Free Medical Care. Data included insurance status, labor market indicators, and medical service procurement. Descriptive statistics were calculated, and t-tests, with p-values indicating statistical significance (p < 0.05). It has been identified that overall, the execution of the plan for all types of medical care in Kazakhstan, including Almaty, reaches 100.0%, indicating sufficient financial support for the healthcare system. Rehabilitation centers and COVID-19 testing services stand out with shorter waiting times, whereas comprehensive diagnostic and advisory services require significantly longer waiting periods. The Guaranteed Volume of Free Medical Care typically offers a greater number of services with shorter waiting times compared to MSMIS, except for specialized medical care services in diagnosing new formations, where the Guaranteed Volume of Free Medical Care also has shorter waiting times but provides a greater number of services. The study has allowed us to identify differences in the availability and volume of medical services provided between Compulsory Social Health Insurance and the state Guaranteed volume of free medical care.

Race, inclusion, and equity: do ESOP jobs deliver for Black workers?

ABSTRACT This paper investigates whether ESOPs closed the wage gap and provided better benefits for millennial workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. The four factors that will be the focus are wages, non-wage benefits, COVID-19 outcomes, and risk of catching COVID-19. The sample size of this study is 4,417, and logit regressions were used to analyse data from Round 20 of the National Longitudinal Study of Youth, collected in 2021. The study found that ESOP jobs provide higher wages and more non-wage benefits than non-ESOP jobs. ESOP workers were less likely to experience a work stoppage during the COVID-19 pandemic. There were no significant differences in the risk of catching COVID-19. Scholarship focuses on ESOPs’ ability to close the wealth gap between Black and White workers. While ESOPs do provide better wages than non- ESOP jobs, there is a large disparity between the wages of Black and White ESOP workers.

A qualitative exploration of the COVID-19 pandemic on health and nutrition behaviours during the first 1000 days in Sri Lanka.

This study sought to understand reported impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on maternal and child health and nutrition behaviours during the first 1000 days of life. This qualitative and participatory substudy was embedded within mixed methods formative research conducted during 2020-2022 across two urban, three rural and one estate sector site in Sri Lanka. Semi-structured interviews among caregivers of children aged 6-23 months (n = 34), influencers of caregivers, such as health workers (n = 37), leaders (n = 10) and pregnant women (n = 20) were conducted. Participatory workshops (n = 14) triangulated interview findings. Interview data were analyzed to identify salient themes using Dedoose. Numerical data from voting conducted in workshops were summed and triangulated with interview data. Findings suggest that the COVID-19 pandemic and imposed restrictions shaped maternal and child health and nutrition behaviours through a complex interplay of factors. Imposed restrictions and changes to the food system contributed to temporary unemployment for wage workers and reduced purchasing power to maintain food security for vulnerable households. While deciding whether to seek care, fears of infection prevented usual care-seeking decisions. Also, reduced incomes and disrupted public transportation made transport to health care facilities for antenatal care services difficult. Once women reached facilities, medical services and quality of care were negatively impacted. Implementing expanded community-based services during home visits focused on the first 1000 days and beyond was one effective strategy to maintain maternal and child health and nutrition during the early pandemic in Sri Lanka.

Modeling the operational and labor costs of autonomous robotaxi services

Autonomous vehicle (AV) companies are rolling out driverless taxi-type services in cities around the world, promising to enhance road safety, promote equity, and foster environmental sustainability while simultaneously threatening the jobs of current taxi and ride-hailing drivers. The potential impacts of these “robotaxi” services hinge upon not only whether AV technology becomes sufficiently performant, but also whether AV services become economically competitive. In this study, we develop ground-up cost models for a traditional taxi and a robotaxi service to compare their relative competitiveness. We draw on direct observations of commercially available robotaxi services, semi-structured interviews with AV operational and regulatory experts (N = 27), and archival documents to include the most detailed accounting of frontline robotaxi labor roles to date. We find that labor remains a significant cost for existing robotaxi services but that robotaxi operating costs are still lower than those of traditional taxi services. Ultimately, utilization rates and annual mileage will serve as the most influential factors for robotaxi competitiveness. Finally, if jobs shift from traditional taxi to robotaxi services, the total number of frontline jobs could decrease by between 57% and 76%, but the distribution of worker wages would shift higher. Transportation planners, researchers, and policymakers should continue accounting for labor costs in an AV future, as these costs will influence where AV deployment and job losses are (and are not) likely to occur, and should proactively investigate alternative career paths for potentially displaced frontline workers. Robotaxi costs are highly sensitive to lower labor ratios (i.e., fewer vehicles per worker), but firms reach economies of scale relatively quickly. Robotaxi firms should weigh marginal labor cost reductions against impacts to passengers and workers.

Mediating role of burnout on the association between work-related boredom and insomnia among Korean wage workers.

This cross-sectional study aimed to determine the mediating role of burnout in the relationship between work-related boredom and insomnia among Korean workers. Data from 30,992 wage workers in the sixth Korean Working Conditions Survey were analyzed. The odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for insomnia according to work-related boredom were estimated using a survey-weighted logistic regression model. A mediation analysis was performed with burnout as the mediator. The survey-weighted logistic regression model revealed that work-related boredom was significantly associated with an increased risk of insomnia. In the mediation model, both the total and direct association of work-related boredom on insomnia were statistically significant. Moreover, the indirect association, mediated by burnout, was also significant, accounting for 23.38% of the total association. Our findings burnout may play a mediating role between work-related boredom and insomnia.

Оценка обеспеченности человеческим капиталом аграрного сектора экономики

Abstract. The formation and use of human capital in the agricultural economy must meet modern economic requirements and the level of development of agricultural production. The assessment of the efficiency of the use of human resources and the quality of products plays a key role in adapting to changing market conditions. Therefore, it is important to constantly strengthen human resources to ensure a prompt response to market challenges. At the same time, agricultural production is currently undergoing changes in all key areas. This article analyzes the availability and efficiency of the use of agricultural enterprises' labor resources, based on statistical data for the Russian Federation. In this regard, the purpose of this scientific study is to analyze the availability of human capital in agriculture. The objectives of the study include carrying out a qualitative and quantitative assessment of labor resources. Methods. The methodological basis is based on the general scientific principles of a systematic approach. The analysis uses logical, factorial, comparative and strategic methods, as well as methods of qualitative research of the main trends in the presence and use of human capital in agriculture. Results. The analysis of the formation and use of human capital in agriculture in its quantitative and qualitative assessment in the Russian Federation is carried out: the dynamics of rural population density and the number of workers, the growth rate of wages of agricultural workers, the grouping of those employed in agriculture by level of education, gender and age is given. Scientific novelty. As a result of the research, new theoretical and practical conclusions were obtained, including: 1) identification and classification of socio-economic conditions that promote or, conversely, hinder the effective use and preservation of human capital in the agricultural sector; 2) comprehensive schemes for the formation of human capital in the agricultural sector are proposed, taking into account internal and external factors; 3) the need for the formation of a comfortable socio-economic environment in rural areas is justified; 4) confirmed the need to provide special support measures to attract highly qualified specialists to rural areas.

REFORMA TRABALHISTA: UM OLHAR SOB A ÓTICA DA NEGOCIAÇÃO COLETIVA

The concept of labor reform has long been intertwined with the dynamics of collective bargaining, a process by which workers, organized in unions, negotiate with their employers to secure better employment conditions. Over the decades, collective bargaining has evolved from a nascent concept to a cornerstone of labor rights, shaping the landscape of working conditions, fair wages, and employee benefits. This article explores the historical context of collective bargaining in labor reform, the critical role it plays in improving working conditions, and its broader impact on economic stability. By examining the evolution of labor rights, the bargaining outcomes that improve the workplace, and the economic ramifications of collective bargaining, we can gain a comprehensive understanding of its importance in contemporary discussions of labor reform. The role of collective bargaining in improving working conditions cannot be overstated. Through negotiations, unions have been instrumental in securing fair wages and comprehensive benefits for workers, which are crucial to promoting economic well-being and job satisfaction.

Project Acceleration Analysis Using the Crashing Method with The Alternative of Additional Labor and Additional Working Hours in Drainage Work

Project work delays often occur due to differences in site conditions, design changes, weather influences, and planning errors. The problem faced is the project duration, where if the project duration is accelerated or crashes, there will be several options to cut the project duration. This is the problem that becomes the topic of the thesis/journal, namely "Analysis of Project Acceleration with the Crashing Method with Alternatives for Adding Manpower and Additional Working Hours in Drainage Works". The author uses the primary method, with sources of RAB, Time Schedule, working drawings and analysis of city unit prices. As well as secondary research methods with sources, from relevant books, and project data such as price lists and wages. From the results of the study it can be concluded that the total wages of workers under normal conditions is IDR. 16,864,000.00 with the duration of project work for 30 working days. From the results of the analysis in this study, the total wages of workers with alternative labor additions of IDR. 19,672,000.00 with the duration of project construction work for 25 working days or 15.15% faster than the normal duration. Meanwhile, the total wage for workers with the alternative of additional working hours (overtime) is IDR. 25,052,300.00 with the duration of the project construction work for 25 working days or 15.15% faster than the normal duration. A more economical alternative to completing the project is the addition of manpower because it saves IDR. 2,228,000.00 from additional working hours (overtime), from normal wages.

Vulnerability of the informal sector in an emerging economy: a multi-level analysis

ABSTRACT This study investigates the determinants of vulnerability and the vulnerability gap between workers in an emerging economy’s formal and informal employment sectors. To this end, a multi-level model combined with a fixed-effect model was employed to capture idiosyncratic and covariate vulnerabilities. The results from the multi-level model show signs of a ‘cycle of vulnerability’ for informal workers, in that covariate shocks indirectly impact idiosyncratic shocks, which in turn leads them to suffer more from covariate vulnerability. Compared to those with formal employment, informal workers are 1.2% more likely to fall into poverty in the future. Among wage workers, informal wage workers had higher vulnerability indices than formal sector workers, with a vulnerability gap of 3.1%. These gaps are more significant when accounting for time-invariant unobserved heterogeneity. Based on these results, it is vital to consider idiosyncratic and covariate components to reduce vulnerability in the informal sector. Specifically, for informal workers who engage in business and industry sectors at high risk of income shocks, the government should monitor and provide them with legal frameworks that will prevent them from being exposed to a high risk of vulnerability. Additionally, a policy expanding voluntary social insurance should be promoted to support informal groups.