Living Lab Approach Research Articles

Green roof installation as a living lab for outdoor learning in higher education

Technology and construction knowledge are harder to understand among higher education students if the teaching and learning process is only conducted inside the classroom. Learning should be versatile, and the subject will be more interested in experiencing the students with materials and processes outside the classroom. It also boosts site awareness, especially when the students must collaborate on the design and construction technology for the site. Thus, a living lab approach was introduced to prepare students with sound designer and construction technical knowledge. The research aims to expose students and the community to extensive green roof installation as part of teaching and learning activities. The green roof subject was selected as it was an example of engaging design students with current technology. The participation from various student backgrounds are from Master of Science in Green Architecture, Bachelor of Science in Architecture, Bachelor of Science in Building Surveying, Diploma in Landscape Architecture and other communities from the nearby campus. The results show the materials and process of building an extensive green roof on campus and significant to the design and build consultant/contractor, academicians, students, and nearby community to understand the process involved in site. The discussion part elaborated on the issues of green roofs, such as managing green roofs and biodiversity.

Reflecting on Living Labs as Multi-Stakeholder Collaborative Networks to Evaluate Technological Products for People Living with Dementia.

Dementia is a growing societal challenge putting pressure on care systems across Europe. Providing supporting technology for people living with dementia, referring to both people with dementia and their caregivers, is an important strategy to alleviate pressure. In this paper, we present lessons learned from the Interreg NWE Project Certification-D, in which we evaluated technological products with people living with dementia, using a Living Lab approach. Living Labs were set up in five different countries to conduct field evaluations at the homes of people living with dementia. Via an open call products from small to medium enterprises across northwestern Europe were selected to be evaluated in the Living Labs. In this paper, we describe the setup of and reflection on Living Labs as multi-stakeholder collaboration networks to evaluate technological products in the context of dementia. We reflect on the experiences and insights from the Living Lab researchers to execute and operate the Living Labs in such a sensitive setting. Our findings show that Living Labs can be used to conduct field evaluations of products, that flexibility is required to adopt a Living Lab in various care settings with different stakeholder compositions and expertise, and that Living Lab researchers serve as both a linking pin and buffer between people living with dementia and companies and thereby support the adoption of technological products. We close the paper with a proposal of best practices to encourage inclusivity in, and scalability of, Living Labs in the context of dementia.

City Logistics landscape in the era of on-demand economy: challenges, trends and influencing factors

To minimize the negative impact of on-demand logistics, the EU-funded LEAD project is creating Digital Twins in six cities, testing different innovative solutions for shared-connected and low-emission logistics operations via a Living Lab approach. This paper presents the results of a survey carried out among 125 qualified participants/experts, to identify the factors that most influence urban freight transport and on-demand deliveries, broken down and analyzed by type of respondent (i.e., public/private sector or academia). The survey provides insights about the different sensitivities of practitioners, operators and experts with respect to the mechanisms that govern urban freight transport. Among the six categories identified, new technologies, consumer requirements and economic and demographic elements were selected as the factors that most influence on-demand logistics.

MAGPIE: Towards the European Green port of the Future

The Horizon 2020 Green Deal project MAGPIE began in October 2021 with a living lab approach to demonstrate solutions for smart, green, and integrated multimodal transport. Solutions include green energy carriers, digital solutions, and non-technological solutions for truck, train, inland waterway vessels, and maritime transport to, from, and in ports. The demonstrations will take place in the port of Rotterdam region and be evaluated based on the roll-out potential to other ports. All developments in MAGPIE will culminate in a Master Plan with the roadmap towards smart and green ports. MAGPIE will work with key stakeholders in transport and logistics to evaluate the exploitation potential and to ensure market uptake of the project results. This paper discusses the project plans and preliminary developments, looks ahead to the results of the project.

Defining patients needs and expectations for eHealth-based cardiac rehabilitation in Germany and Spain: living lab data from the TIMELY study

Abstract Background eHealth innovations have set the stage to optimize personalized care and provide assistance for disease control to patients with CAD. TIMELY is the first artificial intelligence (AI)-driven eHealth approach that employs internet of things devices and is based on cardiac rehabilitation (CR) components. To guarantee acceptance and usability of eHealth solutions, patients are actively participating in development through a Living Lab approach. Purpose To define patients' needs for an eHealth-based lifestyle intervention and self-care support. Methods The Living Lab approach included a guided survey conducted among CAD patients at CR centers in Germany and Spain during inpatient or outpatient CR, respectively. Questions referred to current use of technology and patients' opinion on the usefulness of suggested features of a future eHealth application. Ratings for usefulness/importance were recorded on a 5-point Likert scale reported as median score. Results 79 patients (20% female) were interviewed (DE, n=49; ES, n=30). Patients' mean age was 57 years (range 37–79), educational level was 87% ≤ high school and 13% > high school. All patients owned a smartphone that they also used for information (76%) and documentation (43%). Patients rated the importance of all CR components (regular exercise, healthy diet, stress management, smoking cessation, risk factor reduction) along the continuum of care as “very high” (5/5). Individual need for regular exercise support after structured CR was rated “high” (4/5). Exercise reminders, suggestions on activities, update of recommended training heart rate, evaluation of training progress, and achieved goals were rated “useful” (4/5) to “very useful” (5/5). The importance of support for diet, stress management, overall risk factor management, and medication was rated 3/5. Usefulness of a learning/education tool was rated 4/5, while motivational messages scored 3/5 and individual feedback of a person or virtual agent scored 4/5 and 3/5, respectively. The availability of electronic health records was evaluated as “very useful” (5/5) remote ECG monitoring and blood pressure management were rated as “useful” (4/5). The range of all items accessed was 1–5, indicating large interindividual differences. No significant differences existed between female and male patients or German and Spanish patients, though the importance of sharing training progress with family/ friends was rated higher by men (3/5) compared to women (1/5) and higher by Spanish (4/5) compared to German patients (2/5). Conclusions CR patients expressed a strong need for individual support of regular physical exercise and updated training recommendations. The observed inter-individual differences regarding usefulness and acceptance indicate the need for a highly adaptive system to prevent exclusion from eHealth access. CR patients from Germany and Spain showed equally high acceptance of eHealth components for the management of CAD. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding sources: Public grant(s) – EU funding. Main funding source(s): European Commission Horizon 2020

Challenges for planning climate change resilience through the co-creation living lab approach in the Mediterranean coastal town of Piran

Climate change resilience for urban coastal communities is a pressing matter considering hazards like sea-level rise, coastal flooding and erosion. Adapting to such changes and creating climate change resilience should be an all-stakeholder process. This paper discusses the early stages of stakeholder participation through a co-creation living lab (LL) approach in the Mediterranean coastal town of Piran. To achieve climate change resilience ecosystem-based approaches (EBAs) are used as tools, while in Piran the novel coastal city LL (CCLL) approach is supposed to facilitate a process to achieve acceptance and implementation of such EBA solutions, through consented decision of representative stakeholders from each of the quadruple helix framework, including citizens. During this process several organisational limitations were encountered such as the question of incentivizing stakeholders, man-hour devotion, appointing contact persons within large organisations, and the challenge of organising continuous personal face-to-face meetings. Parallel to previous findings that defining a shared vision is necessary for a successful CCLL, we emphasize that newly retrieved specific challenges identified through personal communication with stakeholders, and capitalising on those, further motivated the stakeholders. These specific challenges represent pressing issues, for example: how to retrieve and revalorize the historical water management system; how to improve the existing early warning system; how to empower and educate, through climate action, the town's community that is facing population decline through tourism gentrification. The experience by the authors of this paper suggests that continuous interaction with stakeholders and facilitating multidisciplinary activities based on stakeholder's prior knowledge and experience, are best practices in the co-creation of the urban living lab.
 Funding This research has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No. 101003534. Acknowledgments The authors would like to acknowledge and thank all the engaged stakeholders for their involvement and sharing their visions, as well as previously project-engaged colleagues at ZRS (She Mackenzie Hawke, Blaz Lenarcic, Irina Moira Cavaion and Kristjan Nemac), and the SCORE project partners for their input and guidance.

A Living Lab Approach to Prepare Students to Be Confident Innovators

This article examines the development of a living innovation lab to support university students in becoming confident innovators. Given the effervescence of the Quebec innovation field and the Canadian ambitions to develop a nation of innovators, universities must teach innovation approaches and bridge the gap between the skills developed in university and those expected by the job market. Accordingly, we have created an Innovation Lab at Concordia University, including student interdisciplinarity, mentors, and partners. We have adopted challenge-based learning and a systemic design approach to help students develop innovation skills. We describe the Innovation Lab initiative and share reflections on the essential elements, including the need for flexibility, creating a failure-positive environment for students, proactively attending to teamwork, and contextual limits on creativity.

A Living Lab Approach towards Promoting Innovation

The transformation projects developed in the context of digital education, sustainable development research and social innovation, and social entrepreneurship have turned the West University of Timişoara (WUT) into an active contributor to the Smart Specialization Strategy at local, regional, and national levels, from its previous status of a passive receiver of policy and R&D strategies. By exploiting open innovation tools integrated into entrepreneurship and aimed at relevant community research, WUT is currently actively involved in the incubation and/or acceleration of more than 200 start-ups, meant to enhance research relevance to actively promote higher technology readiness levels (TRLs) and social acceptance of research results. Building on top of three priority pillars - Digital, Green, and Well-Being, WUT has reconsidered its open innovation strategy and action plan to benefit the community, using a multistakeholder approach. In this context, the Digital & Green Living Lab, with cross-cutting priorities such as entrepreneurship and Culture and Creative Industries, focuses on meaningful transformation projects that contribute to enhanced community well-being. In this direction, important contributions were already achieved toward the digital transformation of educational programs and administrative sectors. Through its sustainable development vision, WUT acts on functional teams working in circular economy consortia, renewable energies, and environmental research.

Virtually Fenced Goats for Grazing Fire Prone Juniper in Coastal Norway Wildland–Urban Interface

For millennia, the coastal heathlands of Western Europe were managed by regular burning cycles for improved grazing. In recent decades, this practice has generally been neglected. In Norway, the result is accumulation of degenerated heather and highly combustible Juniperus communis (juniper) encroachment, i.e., an increasing fire threat to a rising number of homes in the wildland–urban interface (WUI). In the present study, goats grazing a 1.2 ha site partly encroached by fire-prone juniper were studied in a living lab approach. Twelve wethers (castrated male goats) wearing solar-powered Nofence GPS collars were virtually fenced to protect villa gardens bordering the site during eight weeks from 18 April 2022. Besides some early operator errors, tree shadows and cloudy days limiting battery charging, the system worked well. Photographs taken prior to and after the grazing revealed that only 39% of the junipers had 90+% remaining foliage while for 41%, the foliage was reduced to below 10%, making them far less fire-prone. The goats were frequently visited by neighborhood residents of all ages, school classes, and kindergartens. Moreover, local newspapers and TV stations broadcasted the initiative. Although divided regarding debarked deciduous trees, the neighbors stated that the goats were well accepted. Despite some limited loss of garden plants, all interviewed residents bordering the site were positive about the goats “bringing life to the forest” and, if possible, welcomed them back for other grazing periods. Virtually fenced grazing goats may represent a sustainable solution for reducing fire hazards in the WUI also elsewhere.

Living Lab: Design a digital health intervention for healthy diet of ethnic minority adolescents

Abstract Eating habits cultivated during adolescence continue through adulthood, and can widen the health gap in adulthood for vulnerable ethnic minority adolescents (EMA). Living Lab is a methodological approach through which stakeholders co-create innovations as citizen scientists in real-life settings. This study aimed to design a digital health intervention (DHI) for enhancing the heathy diet of EMA using the Living Lab approach. The DHI’s content and strategies were derived through literature reviews and focus group interviews. The Living Lab was structured by using 5 principles: real-life setting, user engagement, multi-stakeholder participation, multi-method, and co-creation. It has four activity phases of discovering problems, exploring solutions, solving problems, and disseminating solutions putting more emphasis on the use of digital device and multiple stakeholders such as peers and teachers in co-ideation. DHI participants were grouped into equal proportions of EMA and Korean-ethnic peers. The DHI operates for 2 hours once a week for 4 weeks, with orientation and wrap-up sessions before and after the DHI. Each activity of the co-working process is designed by applying behavior change techniques such as prompts/cues, framing/reframing, and credible sources in a digital educational environment: creating content using Google Jamboard and Padlet, and working on the metaverse platform ZEP. The responses and feedback from the participants are received through an online reflection diary weekly. Usability and acceptability of digital technology are assessed by an online survey on completion of the DHI. The efficacy of DHI is assessed through the change in dietary behavior and food literacy. This study was designed to enable EMA recognize the harmful effects of an unhealthy diet and co-create solutions through dynamic activities in a digital environment. Further, it may serve to change the cultural sensitivity of native peers that influence the health choices of EMA. Key messages • Digital-based intervention would be an effective way for vulnerable ethnic minority adolescents to engage in healthy diet. • The Living Lab approach was used as an essential strategy to develop a digital health intervention to improve the healthy diet of ethnic minority adolescents.

Defining patients needs and expectations for eHealth-based cardiac rehabilitation in Germany and Spain: living lab data from the TIMELY study

Abstract Background eHealth innovations have set the stage to optimize personalized care and provide assistance for disease control to patients with CAD. TIMELY is the first artificial intelligence (AI)-driven eHealth approach that employs internet of things devices and is based on cardiac rehabilitation (CR) components. To guarantee acceptance and usability of eHealth solutions, patients are actively participating in development through a Living Lab approach. Purpose To define patients' needs for an eHealth-based lifestyle intervention and self-care support. Methods The Living Lab approach included a guided survey conducted among CAD patients at CR centers in Germany and Spain during inpatient or outpatient CR, respectively. Questions referred to current use of technology and patients' opinion on the usefulness of suggested features of a future eHealth application. Ratings for usefulness/importance were recorded on a 5-point Likert scale reported as median score. Results 79 patients (20% female) were interviewed (DE, n=49; ES, n=30). Patients' mean age was 57 years (range 37–79), educational level was 87% ≤ high school and 13% > high school. All patients owned a smartphone that they also used for information (76%) and documentation (43%). Patients rated the importance of all CR components (regular exercise, healthy diet, stress management, smoking cessation, risk factor reduction) along the continuum of care as “very high” (5/5). Individual need for regular exercise support after structured CR was rated “high” (4/5). Exercise reminders, suggestions on activities, update of recommended training heart rate, evaluation of training progress, and achieved goals were rated “useful” (4/5) to “very useful” (5/5). The importance of support for diet, stress management, overall risk factor management, and medication was rated 3/5. Usefulness of a learning/education tool was rated 4/5, while motivational messages scored 3/5 and individual feedback of a person or virtual agent scored 4/5 and 3/5, respectively. The availability of electronic health records was evaluated as “very useful” (5/5) remote ECG monitoring and blood pressure management were rated as “useful” (4/5). The range of all items accessed was 1–5, indicating large interindividual differences. No significant differences existed between female and male patients or German and Spanish patients, though the importance of sharing training progress with family/ friends was rated higher by men (3/5) compared to women (1/5) and higher by Spanish (4/5) compared to German patients (2/5). Conclusions CR patients expressed a strong need for individual support of regular physical exercise and updated training recommendations. The observed inter-individual differences regarding usefulness and acceptance indicate the need for a highly adaptive system to prevent exclusion from eHealth access. CR patients from Germany and Spain showed equally high acceptance of eHealth components for the management of CAD. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding sources: Public grant(s) – EU funding. Main funding source(s): European Commission Horizon 2020

Capacity development for water reuse in in-formal partnerships in northern Namibia

In central northern Namibia, challenges in water governance related to scarcity meet needs in capacity development on municipal levels. Reuse of treated water in agriculture forms a technical innovation in urbanizing arid regions, because it potentially contributes to both improving water availability and reducing pollution from waste water in arid regions. Governing this transformative approach entails a complexity of processes and actors at different levels and in a range of sectors. The aim of this research is to assess the potential of an informal municipal partnership to (a) support capacity development in implementation of innovation in urban water systems (here: water reuse), and (b) compensate for lack of coordination in governance. Establishing a municipal partnership for wastewater treatment was part of a living lab approach analyzing the potential for water reuse, in collaboration of an interdisciplinary team of researchers, municipal decision-makers, engineers and farmers. Findings show the potential and limitations in capacity development in municipal water governance by means of an informal partnership. The lessons learnt on establishing an informal municipal partnership for learning and capacity development in water governance provide valuable insights for water governance in both research and practice, in particular but not limited to the field of water reuse as means of transforming socio-hydrological relations toward sustainability. The research thus contributes to research on water reuse governance, and to transformative research on water in social-ecological systems.

Exploring the potential of local stakeholders’ involvement in crisis management. The living lab approach in a case study from amsterdam

This article presents the outcome of research into the potential of local stakeholders’ involvement in crisis management in two Amsterdam neighborhoods. It addresses the recognized challenge of enabling and improving collaboration between established formal response organizations and local actors engaged in extending and emergent organizational behavior during crises. To further explore the potential of local actors in responding to a crisis, the authors adopted the living lab approach to bring together actors from established response organizations, the municipality and local stakeholders. The so-called Amsterdam Crisis Resilience Living Lab, set up in the Zuidas and Indische Buurt neighborhoods, enabled the co-creation of knowledge produced by both formal organizations and local stakeholders in close collaboration with researchers from the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam and the Institute for Societal Resilience. The results and lessons learned show potential of collaboration between formal, traditional response organizations and local stakeholders in crisis response. Strengthening the links between them can ultimately lead to a more inclusive and resilient crisis management approach.In addition the article shows the added value of the living lab approach in bringing together multiple responding stakeholders from different backgrounds.

Sustainable and Active Program-Development and Application of SAVING Methodology.

The SAVING project aimed to create a sustainable and active aging program to promote the transition to sustainable aging in residential structures for the elderly (RSEs), developing research activities to apply the best strategies and good practices regarding the promotion of an active, healthy, and sustainable aging regarding social, economic, environmental, and pedagogic aspects. All this innovative methodology was built on a living-lab approach applied in one RSE, that was used as a case study. The results showed that the creation of the SAVING Brigade allowed not only increased reflection and mutual learning, but also created better conditions to face uncertainties and obstacles. Moreover, the use of indicators supported the basic themes and enabled comparison with other studies, between institutions or programs. Finally, the Action Plan acted as a tool for the development of previously defined strategies. It is possible to conclude that the breadth of the concept of quality of life encompasses the physical health of the individual, their psychological state, their social relationships, their perceptions, and the relationship with the characteristics of the context in which they are inserted. Therefore, active, sustainable, and healthy aging should be the goal.

The relationship between the living lab approach and successful implementation of healthcare innovations: an integrative review

ObjectivesThe concept of living labs as a research method to enhance participation of end-users in the development and implementation process of an innovation, gained increasing attention over the past decade....

ENTERPRISE MODELLING METHODOLOGY FOR SOCIO-CYBER-PHYSICAL SYSTEMS DESIGN: CASE FROM CYBERSECURITY EDUCATION AND CLIMATE-SMART AGRICULTURE

ENTERPRISE MODELLING METHODOLOGY FOR SOCIO-CYBER-PHYSICAL SYSTEMS DESIGN: CASE FROM CYBERSECURITY EDUCATION AND CLIMATE-SMART AGRICULTURE

A research agenda for evaluating living labs as an open innovation model for environmental and agricultural sustainability

The magnitude of environmental challenges we are facing today requires the involvement of a diversity of stakeholders and collaborators to develop socially, culturally, and economically robust sustainability practices. Living labs catalyse the development of user-centric solutions for complex environmental issues by exploring, co-creating, testing, and evaluating innovations within real-world contexts. The living lab approach is relatively new in the environmental and agricultural sectors but is quite well established in many areas such as information and communication technology. For living labs to play a greater role in environmental sustainability, we present a research agenda related to the evaluation and effectiveness of living labs in the context of environmental and agricultural sustainability. We refer to evaluation as the act of assessing the process and outcomes of a living lab, and effectiveness as the level to which a living lab is successful in achieving a certain desirable process or outcome. Our research agenda is based on empirical research using an adapted Delphi method – a process to iteratively gather input from a panel of experts – involving a total of 44 researchers and experts in the domains of living labs, evaluation methods, and agro-environmental issues. The resulting integrated research agenda identifies important gaps in both research and practice to improve the impact of living labs. Our findings highlight the need to better understand effective use of this collaborative, open innovation approach in research and management focused on environmental and agricultural sustainability. Future research should investigate the knowledge gaps for we have identified in terms of diversity of stakeholders, key dimensions of evaluation and how to enable effectiveness of living labs.

Embedding non-industrial private forest owners in forest policy and bioeconomy issues using a Living Lab concept

International policies have set sustainable development goals that put emphasis on bioeconomy strategies based on renewable resources. The forestry sector, by providing bio-based products, is expected to take part in this bioeconomy with, among other things, the reduction of society's dependence on fossil fuels. Nevertheless, in Europe, the forestry sector is facing an increase in the number of small private forest ownerships, called non-industrial private forests (NIPF), where wood mobilization is difficult due to both ownership fragmentation and the lack of interest of non-industrial forest owners in existing forest-wood chains. Although many policy instruments have been put in place to address this situation, the problem persists for two main reasons. First, a lack of use of policy instruments by forest owners and second, a lack of collaboration between stakeholders. To provide solutions, we propose a methodology to design territorial projects with non-industrial forest owners in the framework of a Living Lab innovation process. This paper presents both the general method developed and analyzed through open and user-centered innovation concepts and its practical implementation in the Vosges department in France. Our results show how the Living Lab approach can improve the acceptance, adoption and use of policy instruments by NIPF owners and how it promotes multi-stakeholder collaborations to design and deploy innovative solutions. The main interest of our study is to provide a methodology to pilot a forestry Living Lab for policy makers and practitioners, based on rigorous concepts of innovation management. Finally, future developments and limitations of our study are discussed in a global research perspective.

Capacity Needs Assessment in Transport Innovation Living Labs: The Case of an Innovative E-Mobility Project

Cities around the globe are implementing innovative transport solutions as part of measures to address pertinent socio-economic and environmental challenges in urban areas and help drive the transition to low carbon development. Planning and implementing such solutions require an effective and collective approach that includes the needs and aspirations of all relevant stakeholders. In the planning and implementation of urban transport projects, capacity building components have assumed great significance but seem to be the most eluded activity for project implementers. The Living Lab concept, which allows for co-creation in innovation development, presents the opportunity to adopt innovative participatory approach in capacity building activities in transport projects; and is largely seen as a potential catalyst for rapid transformation to low carbon and sustainability transitions in cities. To this end, this paper highlights the usefulness of the Living Lab approach and provides some perspectives on how key elements of the approach are adapted in the process of assessing the capacity needs of nine (9) cities in planning and implementing e-mobility innovations. The cities are participating in an innovation research project. In the case studied, the project’s capacity needs assessment process was analyzed using an assessment framework built on four (4) key elements of the Living Lab approach, namely: extent of real-life contextualization, level of participation, diversity of stakeholders, and the time span of engagement. Insights from the assessment suggest that relevant project partners and city representatives with diverse expertise were actively involved from the onset and throughout the first 5 months of the project in defining and refining the capacity needs of partner cities based on local e-mobility conditions. This co-creative process helped determine priority areas where the need for capacity building mostly lied. Designing and operationalizing capacity building interventions tailored to the identified needs, as realized in the project, could therefore help build the necessary capacity and complement other measures aimed at developing e-mobility in the project’s partner cities.

Living Lab Concept for Sensor Based Energy Performance Assessment of Houses

All the social, economic and industrial development depends on the availability of energy. Since energy demand is increasing exponentially throughout the world, more and more CO2 is being emitted out into the atmosphere, giving rise to global warming. Therefore, establishing a sustainable environment is becoming increasingly important. It has been found through research that domestic sector contributes a great deal to the rising energy consumption. Due to prevailing energy crisis, efforts are being made to reduce the increasing energy consumption and make efficient use of energy by making the buildings energy efficient. For this, realistic assessment of energy use patterns in existing houses and buildings is necessary to assure dataset accuracy. Living lab concept integrated with sensor technologies can be used for assessment of such patterns. This paper presents living lab concept for sensor-based energy performance assessment of Houses. First, detailed literature review to benchmark concepts of energy efficiency of buildings, living labs concept, sensor based assessment, energy audit, and application of living lab concept has been discussed. Thereafter, sensors based living lab assessment and living lab approach has been introduced as being utilized by the author in a research project for development of guidelines for energy efficient housing. The paper also highlights important parameters to be monitored that effect energy performance. The concept reflects usefulness of living lab concept for sensor-based energy performance assessment of houses that help in substantial reduction in the energy consumption. As such data can be utilized for both realistic energy simulations by improving level of development of models as well as better usage comparisons with modeled analysis, hence helping in identifying true and effective improvement measures